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1834:, the Presidential Palace) was still too violent for De la RĂșa to leave by car to his official residence at Olivos. Thus, the President's security detail decided to take him out of the Casa Rosada on board an Air Force helicopter. The iconic images of De la RĂșa's "escape" by helicopter were broadcast throughout the country. The violence slowly abated. By the end of the day, 26 people had died, five of them in Buenos Aires.
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1737:. The military also pointed out that they would only intervene if their deployment was authorized by a law voted in Congress, something impossible given the Peronist majority in both Houses. The Argentine military was unwilling to take the blame if violence grew worse, learning from what had previously happened when President
1527:(bearing in mind that the weekly withdrawal limit was higher than the total savings of the majority of the Argentine population), for whom the economic crisis caused a breach of political confidence. Protests were held throughout December, although the largest and most important protests were those held on 19 and 20 December.
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1781:("pot banging") took place throughout Buenos Aires and other major cities, signaling the middle-class' own unrest. 19 December concluded with the resignation of Domingo Cavallo, who had lost whatever support he had within the government. Groups of protesters mobilized throughout Buenos Aires, some of them arriving to
1927:
While de la RĂșa's term expired in 2003, some argued that only a president legitimated by popular vote would be able to bring
Argentina out of the crisis. To that end, RodrĂguez SaĂĄ was designated as interim president for only three months, until presidential elections were held on 3 March. If needed,
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The government coalition was strained from the first moment; the FrePaSo leaders resented being "junior members" of the government (being forced to that position after losing their bid to the
Governorship of Buenos Aires), while the Radicals were divided between their left- and right-leaning factions
1724:
The first option considered was to deploy the military to contain the violence. However, Argentine legislation forbids military intervention in domestic security matters unless the police and security forces are overwhelmed, a situation quickly pointed out by the
Chairman of the Joint General Staff
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were a disaster for the government, which lost many of its seats in the Senate and the
Chamber of Deputies to the Peronists. The election results marked also a growing unrest within Argentina's voters, who took to cast millions of null or blank votes. The Peronists seized the opportunity to appoint
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As violence expanded, President De la RĂșa tried to impose censorship on all news outlets from Buenos Aires. The idea was to use the state of siege to force the television networks to stop transmitting current events and broadcast emergency programming. This plan also failed because De la RĂșa's own
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on its foreign debt, an announcement received by rousing applause from the members of
Congress. He then proceeded to announce the issuing of a "third currency" (alongside the peso and the dollar) to boost consumption. Later on, RodrĂguez SaĂĄ announced that he would extradite every former military
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to be
President Pro-Tempore of the Argentine Senate, a situation which added to De la RĂșa's political weakness since in the Argentine system the President Pro-Tempore of the Senate is next in line for the Presidency after the Vice President. With no Vice President of its own, Puerta's designation
1522:
At the beginning of
December 2001, the IMF cut off the flow of funds to Argentina and capital flight became uncontrollable, with 25% of all the money in Argentine banks having been withdrawn since the beginning of 2001. On 2 December, Finance Minister Cavallo announced a national cash-withdrawal
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According to the
Acephaly Act, Puerta would only be president until the Legislative Assembly (a joint session of the Senate and the House of Deputies) convened and appointed a new president from either one member of Congress or a provincial governor to complete the resigning President's period.
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from banks. Rioting and protests became widespread on 19 December 2001, immediately following the president's declaration of a state of emergency and his resignation on the following day. A state of extreme institutional instability continued for the next twelve days, during which the successor
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to mediate between the government and the opposition in mid-December failed. Between 16 and 19 December there were several incidents involving unemployed activists and protesters who demanded the handing-out of food bags from supermarkets. These incidents ended up with outright looting of
1868:), where 5 people were killed and 227 were injured. These crimes were investigated and brought to court. Seventeen people were charged with murder, attempted murder, including the then-Secretary of Security Enrique Mathov and the former head of the Argentine Federal Police, Ruben Santos.
1822:
With his options steadily being reduced, De la RĂșa went onto national television at 4 p.m. to offer the
Peronists to join the government and try to bring some peace to the country. At that time, a caucus of Peronist governors was taking place at a country villa in the province of
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and other forms of non-cash payments, the enforcement of these measures caused delays and problems for the general population and especially for businesses. Massive queues at every bank and growing reports of political crisis contributed to inflame
Argentina's political scenario.
1805:, and the resignation of Cavallo did nothing to calm down the situation. The De la RĂșa administration had agreed with the military to participate in an emergency handing-out of food, however, the plan failed due to lack of cooperation from the Ministry of Social Development.
1274:, the downsides of his economic policies became more and more apparent starting in 1997. Maintaining the convertibility of pesos to dollars required the government of Argentina to obtain an abundant supply of American dollars. At first, this supply was maintained by the
1999:. In an ironic twist of events, Duhalde was called to complete the term of the man who beat him in the elections, Fernando de la RĂșa. This was not to be a provisional presidency, as Duhalde was designated to complete the interrupted term of De la RĂșa until the
1980:
RamĂłn Puerta refused to take over as interim President again, resigning as President Pro-Tempore of the Senate. With no President, Vice President or President Pro-Tempore of the Senate, the Presidency of Argentina was placed in the hands of the next-in-line:
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took place on Buenos Aires, with some protesters entering the Congress Palace and burning furniture. On 30 December, RodrĂguez SaĂĄ called for a summit of Peronist governors at the Presidential holiday retreat of Chapadmalal, 19 kilometres (12 miles) south of
1935:
However, RodrĂguez SaĂĄ didn't seem at all satisfied with being a caretaker president. From the first moment, RodrĂguez SaĂĄ embarked on ambitious projects aimed at giving him popularity. In his inaugural speech, he announced that Argentina would
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networks, implemented workers' self-management across hundreds of factories and rejected trade unionism and political parties. Around a third of the population participated in these creations and these efforts have been repeatedly praised by
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1964:. Of the fourteen Peronist governors, only five attended. Realizing that he lacked support from his own party, RodrĂguez SaĂĄ returned to his home province to announce his own resignation to the Presidency after barely a week in office.
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The Peronist governors assembled at San Luis -arguably the most powerful men in Argentina at the period- were divided on whom to nominate. There were three "natural candidates", who were the governors of the three largest provinces:
1812:, acting under orders from the government, proceeded to try to control the protests. An attempt by a federal judge to halt police operations was disregarded, and the situation worsened with the arrival of new groups of protesters.
255:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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All told, 36 people were killed by police forces during the December riots, including 7 children. The largest incidence of violence was in the Plaza de Mayo of Buenos Aires, in what would become known in Argentina as the
1405:
to a number of senators to approve a controversial Labor Reform Act. The head of SIDE, Fernando de Santibañes, was a personal friend of De la RĂșa. The crisis came to a head in October 2000 when Vice President
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While various officials and police officers have been charged and sentenced to prison, as of 2016 the majority of cases pertaining to violence during the December riots have not moved forward.
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Later that night, De la RĂșa addressed the nation to announce the state of siege and to call the Peronists to negotiate a "government of national unity". Following the broadcast, spontaneous
1721:, a top Peronist) was strangely mild in restoring order. With violence mounting across Argentina's major cities, President De la RĂșa began to consider alternative measures to restore order.
1827:. Three hours later, Humberto Roggero, head of the Peronist bloc of the House of Deputies, announced that the Peronist Party would not be a part of a "government of national unity".
1816:
Media Secretary refused to carry out his instructions. The state's repression was thus broadcast both within Argentina and abroad, causing further mobilizations toward the Plaza.
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against the policies of de la RĂșa's government. The strike had a high participation rate, including strikes in sectors that rarely participated in general strikes, such as the
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Violent incidents between the police and protesters spread throughout the country. The most notorious ones took place at the Plaza de Mayo, where five people were killed.
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1606:. Thousands of people participated in looting, truck-robbery, and street-blocking. From 13 to 19 December, seven people were killed by security forces and shopowners.
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The majority of the participants in the protests were unaffiliated with any political party or organization. Over the course of the protests, 39 people were killed by
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Camaño was to take over until a new Legislative Assembly was convened. The Assembly convened on 1 January 2002, and debated extensively before designating Senator
189:
1430:, who had previously served as Economy Minister between 1991 and 1996, and who was the original author of the Convertibility plan during Menem's presidency.
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officer charged with human rights abuses during the Dirty War who was requested by foreign courts. Another measure was to stand down the state of siege.
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Duhalde was one of the top leaders of the Peronist Party. However, many had thought that Duhalde's political career was ruined after his defeat in the
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in the 1999 elections was its promise to uphold the convertibility plan. One of de la RĂșa's campaign slogans declared "With me, one peso, one dollar" (
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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1426:, who himself was forced to resign following negative reception to his shock program. After only two weeks in office, LĂłpez Murphy was replaced by
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1705:" took place in Buenos Aires and other major cities of Argentina, and thousands took the streets and main plazas in protest. (video in Spanish)
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Throughout the day new lootings took place, and the Government believed that Peronist agitators were fueling the protests, especially in the
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Because of the worsening economic situation and mounting foreign debt, the government enacted two enormous campaigns of debt-expansion and
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resigned as well. While the degree of instability subsided, the events of December 2001 would become a blow against the legitimacy of the
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There were also some unpopular designations to the Cabinet. The most notorious one was the appointment of former Mayor of Buenos Aires
1924:, Governor of San Luis. The Peronists' easy majority in both houses of Congress ensured that RodrĂguez SaĂĄ was elected on 22 December.
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When he heard the Peronists' response, De la RĂșa decided to resign from office. The situation on Plaza de Mayo (right in front of the
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and security forces, most of them during sackings in provinces governed by the Peronists opposition. Of the 39 killed, nine were
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1293:-based economy was unable to maintain a sufficient flow of dollars to the state, and the system began to require more and more
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The crisis also caused the resignation of all the FrePaSo Cabinet ministers, leaving de la RĂșa without political support. The
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party) in that year's presidential elections. However, the Alliance (as it was known) failed to achieve a majority in the
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2188:"Unintentional democratisation? The Argentinazo and the politics of participatory budgeting in Buenos Aires, 2001-2004"
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began to withdraw their deposits from the banks, summarily causing the collapse of the Argentine banking system due to
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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1948:, arguably one of the most corrupt figures in Argentine politics. RodrĂguez SaĂĄ also courted the powerful Peronist
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What had begun as rioting by unemployed and leftist-leaning groups had turned into a middle-class protest with the
1243:, had assumed the role of president in December 1999 in the middle of a recession, which was caused in part by the
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Social unrest was also growing. Since the late 1990s, protest movements had formed in Argentina, notably the
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De la RĂșa's political situation was precarious. His arrival to power in 1999 had been possible thanks to the
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decided on an even more extreme freezing of the bank deposits, which was then coupled with the so-called
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would be held on 17 March. The winner would take office on 5 April for the balance of de la RĂșa's term.
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Throughout the morning, groups of protesters converged on Plaza de Mayo despite the state of siege. The
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The December 2001 crisis was a direct response to the government's imposition of "Corral" policies (
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in a move that was recognized as an attempt to wrestle power from the other Peronist governors.
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2482:"States of unrest III: Resistance to IMF and World Bank policies in poor countries: Argentina"
2022:. The fixed exchange rate system was abandoned soon afterwards, which was followed by a large
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De la RĂșa's economic policies suffered a severe blow in March 2001 when Economy Minister
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1317:). Despite a changing international economic situation (including economic downturns in
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2442:"The Dynamics of Collective Violence: Dissecting Food Riots in Contemporary Argentina"
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With Ălvarez having resigned a year earlier, the President Pro-Tempore of the Senate,
675:. This period of instability occurred during the larger period of crisis known as the
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2997:
2447:. Department of Sociology, State University of New York â Stony Brook. Archived from
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1917:
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1508:. This was compounded by the IMF's decision to refuse to refinance Argentina's debt.
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1602:. Looting occurred in various commercial districts in the country's interior and in
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against the Argentine government, rallying behind the motto "All of them must go!" (
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With military intervention no longer an option, De la RĂșa resorted to declare a
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1321:, one of Argentina's key economic partners), and mounting demands for increased
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limit of $ 250/week. Popular opinion was very negative, especially amongst the
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679:, an economic, political, and social crisis that lasted from 1998 until 2002.
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assumed as interim president of the Senate in charge of the Executive Branch.
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2358:"Pobre presidente: el documental Jorge Batlle, entre el cielo y el infierno"
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resigned from office. He was briefly replaced by the then-Defense Minister
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and other large cities around the country. It was preceded by a popular
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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De la RĂșa's position had become unsustainable, and an attempt by the
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The crisis reached a breaking point on 29 November 2001, as major
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measures. They featured prominently during the March 2001 crisis.
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major roads and highways demanding government subsidies and other
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executive order commanding them to fight the subversive guerrilla
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neighborhoods of some cities, largely instigated by the striking
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resigned, citing De la RĂșa's unwillingness to tackle corruption.
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1920:. As a temporary arrangement, the governors decided to nominate
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funds. As the privatization process was completed, Argentina's
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With regard to the economy Duhalde and his Economy Minister
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meant that De la RĂșa had a virtual Peronist Vice President.
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throughout the country. Following the broadcast, a strong "
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committed itself to maintain the status quo at all costs.
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Protests in the city of Buenos Aires on December 20, 2001.
285:{{Translated|es|Crisis de diciembre de 2001 en Argentina}}
2249:"Amid Riots, Argentine President Declares State of Siege"
2308:"Argentine Leader, his Nation frayed, abruptly resigns"
1594:
During the time of the strike, there were riots in the
1844:
1305:
One of the key factors leading to the victory of the
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While political reforms under the previous president
1717:(which ultimately answered to Buenos Aires Governor
248:
2212:SĂĄenz, Robert; Cruz Bernal, Isidora (Spring 2003).
1347:
Alianza para el Trabajo, la Justicia y la EducaciĂłn
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1300:
419:President Fernando de la RĂșa resigned from office.
2421:"Argentina teeters on possible economic collapse"
2328:Que Se Vayan Todos: Argentina's Popular Rebellion
1967:
3170:
2479:
2413:"Argentina in state of siege after deadly riots"
2211:
1985:, who was the Speaker of the House of Deputies.
1530:Although people could still use their money via
696:, which restricted people's ability to withdraw
429:returned to power after two years of opposition.
1874:
1772:(coast guard) to contain the growing violence.
1255:) passed in 1991 which pegged the value of the
2433:"The events that triggered Argentina's crisis"
2066:List of cases of police brutality in Argentina
2038:, occupied unused land and factories, created
273:accompanying your translation by providing an
239:Click for important translation instructions.
226:expand this article with text translated from
2529:
2397:] (in Spanish). Argentina: Sudamericana.
2214:"The driving forces behind the 'Argentinazo'"
1566:
1206:
2484:. World Development Movement. Archived from
2034:During the unrest millions of people formed
1976:Former President Eduardo Duhalde (2002â2003)
894:Anglo-French blockade of the RĂo de la Plata
709:that would persist for the following years.
2423:. CNN.com. 21 December 2001. Archived from
2115:. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 20 December 2021
2109:"ÂżCuĂĄntos muertos dejĂł la crisis del 2001?"
1648:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
538:
361:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2536:
2522:
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2103:
2101:
2080:Jorge Batlle: entre el cielo y el infierno
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1199:
1668:Learn how and when to remove this message
315:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
2435:. BBC News - Business. 21 December 2001.
1971:
1878:
1792:
1760:) throughout the country, deploying the
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1357:, which managed to defeat the incumbent
1339:Alliance for Work, Justice and Education
1241:Alliance for Work, Justice and Education
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192:of all important aspects of the article.
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2107:
2098:
1474:congressional elections of October 2001
849:United Provinces of the RĂo de la Plata
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2543:
2440:Javier Auyero, Timothy Patrick Moran.
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2246:
2185:
2133:
1332:
1325:from the left and some Peronists, the
889:French blockade of the RĂo de la Plata
188:Please consider expanding the lead to
3229:December 2001 events in South America
3199:Riots and civil disorder in Argentina
2517:
2388:
2355:
2330:. Montreal: Kersplebedeb. p. 56.
2247:Krauss, Clifford (19 December 2001).
2159:
692:) at the behest of economic minister
626:
3189:1998â2002 Argentine great depression
2134:Moreno, Federico (27 January 2006).
2077:De la RĂșa's resignation is shown at
1646:adding citations to reliable sources
1613:
1555:on 18 December, taking place in the
1413:
1393:broke out when it was reported that
1232:1998â2002 Argentine great depression
208:
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
2605:Dreadnought race with Brazil, Chile
2356:Lagos, José Gabriel (22 May 2024).
1797:Police intervention in the conflict
16:Period of civil unrest in Argentina
13:
2136:"Four years after the Argentinazo"
1845:Victims and criminal investigation
817:Viceroyalty of the RĂo de la Plata
803:Governorate of the RĂo de la Plata
99:"December 2001 riots in Argentina"
14:
3245:
2083:, a 2024 documentary directed by
2029:
1992:as president almost at midnight.
395:Crisis of the Convertibility plan
34:This article has multiple issues.
3219:Presidency of Fernando de la RĂșa
2160:Klein, Naomi (24 January 2003).
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23:
2630:National Reorganization Process
2480:Mark Ellis-Jones (April 2003).
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2218:International Socialism Journal
1725:and the Chiefs of Staff of the
1573:General Confederation of Labour
1301:Fernando de la RĂșa's presidency
1278:of nearly all of the Argentine
1028:National Reorganization Process
968:General Confederation of Labour
919:British investment in Argentina
810:Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires
771:Indigenous peoples in Argentina
180:may be too short to adequately
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
3204:Police misconduct in Argentina
2301:
2296:Argentina plunges into turmoil
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2274:
2240:
2205:
2186:Dennis, Rodgers (April 2005).
2179:
2153:
2127:
2071:
1968:Designation of Eduardo Duhalde
1788:
1715:Buenos Aires Provincial Police
1609:
283:You may also add the template
190:provide an accessible overview
1:
2091:
1441:(IMF), named "The armoring" (
1437:under the supervision of the
1349:), a coalition formed by the
723:
2415:. CNN.com. 20 December 2001.
1875:RodrĂguez SaĂĄ Administration
1745:movements of the 1970s (see
1511:
796:Governorate of New Andalusia
7:
3035:Water supply and sanitation
2054:
2001:2003 presidential elections
1997:1999 presidential elections
1439:International Monetary Fund
1239:, as the candidate for the
10:
3250:
2382:
2341:Gelderloos, Peter (2010).
2326:Whitney, Jennifer (2003).
2298:BBC News, 20 December 2001
1848:
1567:General strike and looting
1515:
1315:Conmigo, un peso, un dĂłlar
1270:had succeeded in reducing
1229:
996:1963 Argentine Navy revolt
907:Rise of Argentine Republic
677:Argentine great depression
247:Machine translation, like
3130:
3048:
2963:
2954:
2870:
2861:
2748:
2739:
2662:
2653:
2555:
980:Post-WW II (1955 to 1976)
618:, sometimes known as the
520:
515:
507:No centralized leadership
481:
476:
440:
435:
400:
378:
356:
348:
336:
331:
228:the corresponding article
2753:Administrative divisions
2389:Reato, Ceferino (2015).
2036:neighbourhood assemblies
1866:Masacre de Plaza de Mayo
1711:province of Buenos Aires
813:(1661-1671), (1759-1788)
2061:1989 riots in Argentina
1768:(border guard) and the
1579:declared their seventh
934:Radical Phase (1916â30)
454:Government of Argentina
294:For more guidance, see
2922:Science and technology
2501:Cite journal requires
2467:Cite journal requires
2281:Crisis grips Argentina
1977:
1906:José Manuel de la Sota
1892:
1865:
1858:Plaza de Mayo Massacre
1798:
1706:
1458:
1446:
1346:
1314:
1253:Ley de Convertibilidad
1252:
1145:Science and technology
1045:Guerra de las Malvinas
986:RevoluciĂłn Libertadora
924:Conquest of the Desert
687:
660:
628:[aÉŸxentiËnaso]
592:Economic emergency law
392:Political instability
3234:2000s political riots
3194:Protests in Argentina
2162:"Out of the ordinary"
1975:
1886:at his office in the
1882:
1796:
1689:
1226:The Argentine economy
516:Casualties and losses
296:Knowledge:Translation
267:copyright attribution
2727:World Heritage Sites
2600:Arms race with Chile
2310:by Clifford Krauss.
1922:Adolfo RodrĂguez SaĂĄ
1884:Adolfo RodrĂguez SaĂĄ
1766:National Gendarmerie
1642:improve this section
1571:On 13 December, the
1561:Greater Buenos Aires
1424:Ricardo LĂłpez Murphy
1399:intelligence service
1323:monetary sovereignty
1261:United States dollar
1189:Argentina portal
1006:Argentine Revolution
1001:Arturo Umberto Illia
884:Juan Manuel de Rosas
874:Bernardino Rivadavia
707:Argentine government
703:Adolfo RodrĂguez SaĂĄ
673:Argentine presidency
663:), which caused the
661:ÂĄQue se vayan todos!
616:December 2001 crisis
554:Economy of Argentina
528:39 civilians killed.
84:improve this article
2645:December 2001 riots
2640:Trial of the Juntas
2585:War of Independence
2488:on 9 November 2005.
2427:on 24 October 2007.
2228:on 24 February 2021
2018:), and a regulated
2008:Jorge Remes Lenicov
1401:, had paid massive
1371:Chamber of Deputies
1351:Radical Civic Union
1333:October 2000 Crisis
1245:Convertibility plan
1076:December 2001 riots
1066:Trial of the Juntas
1060:Return to democracy
939:The Infamous Decade
854:Congress of TucumĂĄn
844:War of Independence
631:), was a period of
562:Convertibility plan
543:1998â2002 Argentine
352:19â20 December 2001
2899:Electricity sector
2570:Colonial Argentina
2316:, 21 December 2001
2313:The New York Times
2286:, 20 December 2001
2253:The New York Times
1978:
1893:
1799:
1758:state of emergency
1707:
1690:19 December 2001,
1553:convenience stores
1420:José Luis Machinea
1359:Justicialist Party
1282:'s industries and
1237:Fernando de la RĂșa
1170:Years in Argentina
789:Colonial Argentina
669:Fernando de la RĂșa
667:of then-president
596:Debt restructuring
493:Fernando de la RĂșa
427:Justicialist Party
410:Fernando de la RĂșa
275:interlanguage link
3214:2001 in Argentina
3166:
3165:
3126:
3125:
2950:
2949:
2857:
2856:
2827:Political parties
2822:National Congress
2768:Foreign relations
2735:
2734:
2595:Generation of '80
2565:First inhabitants
2404:978-950-07-5203-9
2192:eprints.lse.ac.uk
1904:of Buenos Aires,
1687:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1414:March 2001 Crisis
1391:political scandal
1223:
1222:
1120:Jewish Argentines
1048:
929:Generation of '80
914:1853 Constitution
612:
611:
608:
537:
536:
533:
532:
472:
471:
325:
324:
317:
307:
306:
240:
236:
207:
206:
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
3241:
3146:
3139:
3088:National symbols
2961:
2960:
2917:
2904:Economic history
2888:
2868:
2867:
2746:
2745:
2660:
2659:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2454:on 15 June 2007.
2453:
2446:
2436:
2428:
2416:
2408:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2224:. Archived from
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2140:Socialist Worker
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2105:
1914:Carlos Reutemann
1770:Naval Prefecture
1688:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1622:
1614:
1585:financial sector
1463:money laundering
1215:
1208:
1201:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1042:
756:
746:
728:
727:
630:
625:
604:
598:
545:great depression
539:
522:
521:
505:
504:
491:
490:
489:
466:
465:
452:
451:
442:
441:
373:
369:
367:
366:
341:
329:
328:
320:
313:
286:
280:
253:Google Translate
238:
234:
217:
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209:
202:
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193:
170:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3184:Protest marches
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3122:
3103:Public holidays
3044:
3003:Life expectancy
2946:
2915:
2884:
2853:
2812:Law enforcement
2731:
2649:
2610:Infamous Decade
2551:
2542:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2431:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2354:
2350:
2339:
2335:
2324:
2320:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2279:
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2265:
2263:
2245:
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2231:
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2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2074:
2057:
2032:
1990:Eduardo Duhalde
1970:
1877:
1853:
1847:
1791:
1756:(essentially a
1680:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1639:
1623:
1612:
1569:
1544:Catholic Church
1520:
1514:
1428:Domingo Cavallo
1416:
1335:
1303:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1041:
1030:
1020:
1019:
991:Arturo Frondizi
981:
973:
972:
954:
944:
943:
909:
899:
898:
869:
859:
858:
834:
824:
823:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
781:
780:
766:
744:
737:
726:
694:Domingo Cavallo
623:
594:
590:
584:
580:
576:
570:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
529:
511:
510:
499:
496:
487:
485:
468:
460:
456:
446:
393:
391:
385:
383:Economic crisis
374:
364:
362:
344:
321:
310:
309:
308:
303:
302:
301:
284:
278:
241:
218:
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197:
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187:
175:This article's
171:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3247:
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3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:Emergency laws
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
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3110:
3105:
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3022:
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3020:
3015:
3005:
3000:
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2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:Stock Exchange
2924:
2919:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:Communications
2891:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2844:Vice President
2841:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:National Parks
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2687:Extreme points
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2503:|journal=
2477:
2469:|journal=
2437:
2429:
2417:
2409:
2403:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2348:
2333:
2318:
2300:
2288:
2273:
2239:
2204:
2178:
2152:
2126:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:Federico Lemos
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2031:
2030:Social changes
2028:
1983:Eduardo Camaño
1969:
1966:
1955:New riots and
1902:Carlos Ruckauf
1876:
1873:
1851:Pocho Lepratti
1846:
1843:
1810:Federal Police
1790:
1787:
1762:Federal Police
1754:state of siege
1719:Carlos Ruckauf
1699:state of siege
1676:
1675:
1626:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1581:general strike
1568:
1565:
1516:Main article:
1513:
1510:
1506:capital flight
1415:
1412:
1408:Carlos Ălvarez
1397:, Argentina's
1334:
1331:
1302:
1299:
1295:sovereign debt
1257:Argentine peso
1230:Main article:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1140:Rail transport
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1037:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
971:
970:
965:
955:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
910:
905:
904:
901:
900:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
870:
865:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
839:May Revolution
835:
830:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
814:
807:
800:
792:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
773:
767:
762:
761:
758:
757:
749:
748:
739:
738:
731:
725:
722:
610:
609:
601:
600:
558:Argentine peso
548:
547:
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
525:
518:
517:
513:
512:
497:
483:
482:
479:
478:
474:
473:
470:
469:
459:
457:
445:
438:
437:
433:
432:
431:
430:
420:
417:
414:state of siege
402:
398:
397:
380:
376:
375:
360:
358:
354:
353:
350:
346:
345:
342:
334:
333:
323:
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304:
300:
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292:
281:
259:
256:
245:
242:
235:(January 2023)
223:
222:
221:
219:
212:
205:
204:
184:the key points
174:
172:
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158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3246:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:2001 protests
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3018:Ethnic groups
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
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2962:
2959:
2957:
2953:
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2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2909:Foreign trade
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2849:Supreme Court
2847:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
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2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
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2779:
2776:
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2774:
2771:
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2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
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2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
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2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
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2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Falklands War
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
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2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
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2508:
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2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2395:Twelve nights
2392:
2387:
2386:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2343:Anarchy Works
2337:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:exchange rate
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1962:Mar del Plata
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:Carlos Grosso
1942:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
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73:This article
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3058:Architecture
3025:Prostitution
3013:Demographics
2886:Central Bank
2785:Human rights
2758:Constitution
2644:
2615:World War II
2494:cite journal
2486:the original
2460:cite journal
2449:the original
2425:the original
2394:
2390:
2368:. Retrieved
2366:(in Spanish)
2361:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2321:
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2291:
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2252:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2226:the original
2221:
2217:
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2166:The Guardian
2165:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2112:
2078:
2033:
2024:depreciation
2012:pesificaciĂłn
2011:
2005:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1956:
1954:
1950:trade unions
1943:
1934:
1926:
1898:
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1839:RamĂłn Puerta
1836:
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1800:
1776:
1774:
1751:
1739:Isabel PerĂłn
1723:
1708:
1664:
1655:
1640:Please help
1628:
1604:Buenos Aires
1599:
1593:
1591:workplaces.
1570:
1549:supermarkets
1541:
1532:credit cards
1529:
1525:middle class
1521:
1499:
1484:
1479:RamĂłn Puerta
1471:
1466:
1459:El Megacanje
1451:Megaexchange
1432:
1417:
1387:
1375:Buenos Aires
1336:
1326:
1306:
1304:
1268:Carlos Menem
1265:
1235:
1075:
1044:
832:Independence
711:
681:
645:Buenos Aires
633:civil unrest
619:
615:
613:
585:
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571:
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477:Lead figures
423:RamĂłn Puerta
386:
326:
311:
271:edit summary
262:
233:
225:
198:October 2010
195:
179:
177:lead section
146:
140:October 2010
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2988:Immigration
2875:Agriculture
2800:Transgender
2682:Environment
2677:Earthquakes
2580:Viceroyalty
2575:Governorate
2391:Doce noches
2119:20 December
2113:El Cronista
2072:Documentary
2020:devaluation
1957:cacerolazos
1889:Casa Rosada
1832:Casa Rosada
1803:cacerolazos
1789:20 December
1778:cacerolazos
1610:19 December
1449:) and "The
1447:El blindaje
1435:refinancing
1385:provinces.
1288:agriculture
1130:Nationality
1081:Kirchnerism
820:(1776â1814)
806:(1549-1776)
799:(1534-1542)
776:Inca Empire
743:History of
665:resignation
620:Argentinazo
412:declared a
401:Resulted in
332:Argentinazo
3209:2001 riots
3173:Categories
3118:Television
3093:Newspapers
3078:Literature
2983:Healthcare
2968:Corruption
2916:(currency)
2778:ministries
2773:Government
2590:Civil Wars
2266:21 January
2092:References
2049:anarchists
2044:mutual aid
1849:See also:
1741:issued an
1703:cacerolazo
1600:piqueteros
1487:piqueteros
1465:about the
1100:Corruption
1011:Montoneros
959:Juan PerĂłn
867:Civil Wars
724:Background
701:president
624:pronounced
582:2001 riots
578:Cacerolazo
467:Protesters
230:in Spanish
110:newspapers
39:improve it
2993:Languages
2978:Education
2942:Transport
2832:President
2763:Elections
2707:Mountains
2655:Geography
2625:Dirty War
2545:Argentina
2363:la diaria
2261:0362-4331
1930:ballotage
1747:Dirty War
1735:Air Force
1695:De la RĂșa
1692:President
1658:June 2007
1629:does not
1589:unionized
1518:Corralito
1512:Corralito
1502:investors
1491:blockaded
1467:megacanje
1272:inflation
1110:Etymology
1035:Dirty War
963:Eva PerĂłn
745:Argentina
689:Corralito
641:Argentina
567:Corralito
407:President
388:Corralito
379:Caused by
371:Argentina
289:talk page
182:summarize
45:talk page
3153:Category
3098:Painting
3030:Religion
2932:Taxation
2817:Military
2790:Intersex
2741:Politics
2620:Peronism
2549:articles
2284:BBC News
2055:See also
1918:Santa Fe
1825:San Luis
1575:and the
1477:Senator
1383:Santa Fe
1369:and the
1363:Peronist
1353:and the
1327:Alliance
1307:Alliance
1165:Timeline
1158:See also
1125:Military
952:Peronism
734:a series
732:Part of
573:CorralĂłn
357:Location
265:provide
3137:Outline
3068:Cuisine
3050:Culture
2956:Society
2937:Tourism
2880:Banking
2863:Economy
2717:Regions
2702:Islands
2672:Climate
2557:History
2383:Sources
2370:30 July
1938:default
1910:CĂłrdoba
1862:Spanish
1650:removed
1635:sources
1587:and un-
1563:areas.
1557:Rosario
1495:welfare
1455:Spanish
1443:Spanish
1379:CĂłrdoba
1355:FrePaSo
1343:Spanish
1311:Spanish
1284:pension
1259:to the
1249:Spanish
1105:Economy
684:Spanish
657:Spanish
649:Rosario
637:rioting
436:Parties
287:to the
269:in the
232:.
124:scholar
3158:Portal
3113:Sports
3063:Cinema
3008:People
2722:Rivers
2667:Cities
2547:
2401:
2259:
2040:barter
1764:, the
1536:checks
1403:bribes
1367:Senate
1319:Brazil
1291:export
1135:Postal
1093:Topics
736:on the
718:minors
714:police
653:revolt
587:ApagĂłn
368:
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
3144:Index
3108:Radio
3083:Music
3073:Humor
3040:Women
2998:LGBT+
2973:Crime
2914:Peso
2697:Flora
2692:Fauna
2452:(PDF)
2445:(PDF)
2393:[
2232:7 May
2197:7 May
2171:6 May
2145:6 May
1361:(the
1280:state
606:edit
249:DeepL
131:JSTOR
117:books
2837:list
2795:LGBT
2507:help
2473:help
2399:ISBN
2372:2024
2268:2023
2257:ISSN
2234:2018
2199:2018
2173:2018
2147:2018
2121:2022
2042:and
1912:and
1749:).
1733:and
1731:Navy
1727:Army
1633:any
1631:cite
1559:and
1551:and
1395:SIDE
1381:and
1115:LGBT
1013:and
961:and
698:cash
635:and
614:The
349:Date
263:must
261:You
103:news
2807:Law
1916:of
1908:of
1860:" (
1644:by
1453:" (
1015:ERP
639:in
251:or
86:by
3175::
2498::
2496:}}
2492:{{
2464::
2462:}}
2458:{{
2360:.
2255:.
2251:.
2222:98
2220:.
2216:.
2190:.
2164:.
2138:.
2111:.
2100:^
2051:.
2026:.
2003:.
1928:a
1864::
1729:,
1534:,
1469:.
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1345::
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1297:.
1263:.
1251::
720:.
686::
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2471:(
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1856:"
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1665:(
1660:)
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55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
