462:". In 1873 the Revd. Ffinden opposed it, as "Coffee drinking, bagatelle & other games" had been allowed and "the effects of tobacco smoke & spitting" were seen when the children returned in the morning. Emma got Darwin to get the approval of the education inspectorate in London, and just before Christmas 1873 the Darwins and Lubbocks got the agreement of the school committee, offering to pay for any repairs needed "to afford every possible opportunity to the working class for self improvement & amusement". A furious Ffinden huffed that it was "quite out of order" for the Darwins to have gone to the inspectorate behind his back. In the autumn of 1874 Darwin let off steam at Ffinden and formally resigned from the school committee on health grounds.
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on us all, if we have to believe such rubbish" and told Emma that it was "all imposture" and "it would take an enormous weight of evidence" to convince him otherwise. At a second séance Huxley and George found that
Williams was nothing but a cheat, to Darwin's relief. Emma told Hensleigh's daughter Snow that Charles "won't believe it, he dislikes the thought of it so much". Snow remembered that her uncle "used to look upon it as a great weakness if one allowed wish to influence belief" and when Emma said that "he does not always act up to his principles" Snow thought that was "what one means by bigotry", to which Emma said "Oh yes, he is a regular bigot".
1403:. Darwin wrote to Graham expressing doubts about the conclusions – "The chief one is that the existence of so-called natural laws implies purpose. I cannot see this." He was swayed by one – "You have expressed my inward conviction.. that the Universe is not the result of chance", but then qualified this by his "horrid doubt" that such beliefs might have arisen as the human mind evolved, and were no more to be trusted than "the convictions of a monkey's mind, if there are any convictions in such a mind". He still supported natural selection as the engine of social progress, pointing out that "The more civilised so-called Caucasian races have beaten the
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1338:"like rabbits" into their burrows. They appeared to "enjoy the pleasure of eating" showing "eagerness for certain kinds of food", sexual passion was "strong enough to overcome... their dread of light", and he saw "a trace of social feeling" in their way of "crawling over each other's bodies". Experiments showed that they dragged leaves into their burrows narrow end first, having somehow got a "notion, however rude, of the shape of an object", maybe by "touching it in many places" with a sense like "a man... born blind and deaf" and a rudimentary intelligence.
430:"Old Darwin is the dearest, sweetest, loveliest old grandpa that ever was. And on the whole he impresses me with his strength more than any man I have seen yet. There is a charming kind of quiet strength about him and about everything he does. He isn't burning and eager like Huxley. He has a mild blue eye, and is the gentlest of gentle old fellows. long white hair and enormous white beard very picturesque... guileless simplicity... I am afraid I shall never see him again, for his health is very bad. Of all my days in England I prize today the most."
666:, Busk, Spencer, and Spottiswoode). Huxley eagerly used a review to attack "anonymous slander", telling Darwin that he "ought to be like one of the blessed gods of Elysium, and let the inferior deities do battle with the infernal powers." Mivart confidentially pleaded to make amends, but Huxley told Darwin that the "most effectual punishment" was to "give him the cold shoulder". Darwin was itching to speak his mind, and when no apology had come by 12 January 1875 he wrote vowing never to communicate with Mivart again.
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1317:, came out in November 1880 Darwin devoted all his attention to getting his friends to sign a testimonial he wrote, then rushed it to Gladstone before the re-opening of Parliament at the start of January and was overjoyed when Gladstone agreed to recommend a civil list pension of £200 a year, backdated six months. As Darwin passed on the good news to Wallace, Emma organised the family accounts so that Charles could distribute the surplus from the year's £8,000 investment income to the children.
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Down House and for two hours regaled a silent Darwin with comments from his latest pamphlet on "Turkish terrorism", and "launched forth his thunderbolts with unexhausted zest". Before leaving he asked Darwin if evolution meant that the future belonged to
America as the Eastern civilisations decayed; after thinking it over, Darwin responded "Yes." Watching Gladstone's "erect alert figure" walking away, he said "What an honour that such a great man should come to visit me!"
650:'s address to the British Association later that month laid claim to "wrest from theology the entire domain of cosmological theory" and led to calls for his prosecution for blasphemy. Lyell, now nearly blind and in deteriorating health, wrote to Darwin applauding the boost to "you and your theory of evolution" despite his qualms about the hereafter. Darwin was sympathetic, but did "not feel any innate conviction" of life after death. The October issue of the
1436:, found it "difficult to resist the pessimist view of creation", but "when I look back... to the days I have spent in intercourse with you and yours, that view takes wings to itself and flies away." That summer Darwin was in his "happiest spirits", chatting "deliciously" for hours and in the evenings asking for Bach and Handel to be played repeatedly. Romanes, visiting with his wife and baby, thought the old man as "grand and good and bright as ever".
1729:, was not in the country at the time. The other Westminster Abbey staff present were minor canon Rev. John Henry Cheadle (? – ?); minor canon Rev. John Troutbeck (1832–1899); Canon Thomas James Rowsell (1816–1894); Canon Alfred Barry (1826–1910); Canon Robinson Duckworth (1834–1911); Rev. Samuel Flood Jones, precentor, (1826–1895); the Chapter Clerk, Charles St. Clare Bedford (1810–1900); and Frederick Bridge, organist (1844–1924) (according to
1518:), herself making a rapid recovery from illness. Darwin daily told Laura of his symptoms and feelings. One day he came out into the garden and, putting his arms round Emma, said "Oh Laura, what a miserable man I should be without this dear woman." Another afternoon he joined her in the drawing-room and said "The clocks go dreadfully slowly, I have come in here to see if this one gets over the hours any quicker than the study one does."
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harmful tendencies to revealed religion of Mr. Darwin's views, but.. I had fully determined.. not to let my difference of opinion interfere with a friendly feeling as neighbours, trusting that God's grace might in time bring one so highly gifted intellectually and morally to a better mind." Darwin was equally haughty in return, condescending that "If Mr. F bows to Mrs D. and myself, we will return it". He found that dealing with
1451:, the Crown Prince of Germany and eminent physicians at the start of the Seventh International Medical Congress. Later, Erasmus became gravely ill and died on 26 August, and at the funeral at Downe on 1 September Charles, looking "old and ill", was a picture of "sad reverie". Subsequently, Darwin inherited half Erasmus's estate. William announced that this made Darwin's wealth over a quarter of a million pounds, "
937:. Bradlaugh and Besant were accused of obscenity and committed for trial on 18 June 1877. A fortnight beforehand they subpoenaed Darwin for their defence, expecting his support. Appalled, he wrote protesting the "great suffering" this would put him to, and advised that he would have to denounce the defendants as he had "long held an opposite opinion" on birth control, as evidenced by an extract from the
314:. He thought these new proposals impractical if voluntary and politically horrifying if enforced by compulsory registration, even were they the "sole feasible" way of "improving the human race". He felt it better simply to publicise the "all-important principle of inheritance" and let people pursue the "grand" objective for themselves. In any case it was too late for his own infirm offspring.
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his children and embraced them with tears. Emma's notes state that after the worse of the distress he said "I was so sorry for you – but I could not help you... there never were such good nurses as you & Henrietta – Where is Mammy", and when told she was lying down, "I am glad of it... Don't call her I don't want her", and often "It's almost worth while to be sick to be nursed by you".
1313:, Lyell's old secretary, pleaded with Darwin to help him find "some modest work". Hooker persuaded Darwin it was hopeless, noting that Wallace had "lost caste" over spiritualism and a £500 bet he had won by proving the world was a globe to a rich flat-earth fanatic who then started litigation which cost Wallace more than the bet had won. When Wallace's "best book" to date,
1385:, together with William and young Bernard. The sky was "like lead" and an attempt at climbing brought spots before his eyes and a doctor's diagnosis that his heart condition was "precarious". He wrote to Hooker that "Illness is downright misery to me... I cannot forget my discomfort for an hour must look forward to Down graveyard as the sweetest place on earth."
1330:, his old opponent. They had a long and "awfully friendly" discussion, and when Argyll asked if it was not "impossible to look at without seeing that they were the effect and the expression of Mind?", Darwin looked at him "very hard" before replying that he could see the "overwhelming force" this argument might have, but he could no longer accept it.
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counter-petition, then on Huxley's advice seeking support lobbying for a pre-emptive bill to provide for regulated vivisection with what he called a "more humanitarian aspect". The hint to the fox-hunting houses of parliament that a ban could lead to further restrictions helped, and though Cobbe's bill reached the
627:, misinterpreting advocacy of divorce in cases of criminality or advice as " the most oppressive laws, and the encouragement of vice in order to check population", talking of "hideous sexual criminality". A furious Darwin told George to take legal advice while he contacted the publisher of his books and the
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Galton proposed a commemorative stained glass window in the Abbey, with panels symbolising the works of nature, each contributed by a different country. The evolution pane did not proceed, but the Royal
Society formed a committee which decided on a bronze plaque in the Abbey, and a statue for the new
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In London he made an unannounced visit to the house of
Romanes on 15 December. Romanes was absent, and Darwin declined the concerned butler's invitation to come in. He crossed the street, stumbled and clutched the railings before getting a cab. The next morning Dr. Clark pronounced him fine, but Emma
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name any one who has said that the evolution of species depends only on natural selection?" and set out multiple causes, including "use and disuse of parts". He called
Thomson's criticism appropriate to "theologians and metaphysicians", and was only stopped by Huxley from using "irreverent language".
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On 13 November Hooker's wife Fanny died suddenly, and a devastated Hooker felt unable to return home after the funeral and brought his family to Downe. Emma looked after the children, and when Hooker returned to Kew, Darwin urged "hard work" to overcome his "utter desolation". Later, Darwin mentioned
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had hired the medium
Charles Williams, and they sat round the table in the dark, but as the room grew stuffy Darwin went upstairs to lie down, missing the show, with sparks, sounds and the table rising above their heads. While Galton thought it a "good séance", Darwin later wrote "The Lord have mercy
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in New York warning him "What, that 'orrid hold hinfidel 'Uxley? Why, we don't think hanythink of 'im in
Hingland! We think 'e's 'orrid!", himself writing that "I am quite wild over Huxley... what a pleasure to meet such a clean-cut mind! It is like Saladin's sword which cut through the cushion." and
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The Downe tradesmen were disappointed, the publican pointing out that it "would have helped the place so much, for it would have brought hosts of people down to see his grave". The joiner had "made his coffin just the way he wanted it, all rough, just as it left the bench, no polish, no nothin", but
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Frank brought
Bernard from the nursery to the garden. As they walked past the drawing-room window Bernard noticed his aunts and said "Why are Bessy and Etty crying? because Grandpa is so ill?" Grief-stricken, Frank eventually said "Grandpa has been so ill that he won't be ill any more." They reached
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Dr
Allfrey attended and gave some relief, then after he left at 8 a.m. Charles began violent vomiting, after two hours gasping "If I could but die" repeatedly. Frank and Henrietta returned to join Bessy, who persuaded a worn out Emma to take an opium pill and rest. Charles woke in a daze, recognised
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Once home, this did not hold him back from working hard at his root cells, as well as still doing his walks round the
Sandwalk, receiving visitors and dealing with letters. In one he argued with an American feminist that women are "inferior intellectually". In February he was "miserable to a strange
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countered this, and Butler took affront at Darwin's preface which said that Krause's essay predated Butler's book, when it clearly had passages written later. Darwin had to admit that Krause had revised his essay, and spent a week in February 1880 drafting responses, then was persuaded to ignore the
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For a year the vicar had refused to speak to any of the Darwins, and when two evening lectures were proposed for the village, Lubbock had to act as an intermediary in requesting use of the schoolroom. The committee agreed, but Ffinden refused to co-operate, writing that "I had long been aware of the
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Hurried arrangements were made, and Emma saw it "nearly settled. It gave us all a pang not to have him rest quietly by Eras – ; but William felt strongly, and on reflection I did also, that his gracious & grateful nature would have wished to accept the acknowledgement of what he had done".
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George helped Frank and Jackson (the butler) to carry Darwin to and from his bed. On the nights of 11 and 12 April, Darwin had excruciating attacks of pain. On Saturday 15 April they were visited by the Lichfield family. Darwin joined them for dinner but had a giddy attack and fell down, and had to
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stating that "our natural rate of increase, though leading to many and obvious evils, must not be greatly diminished by any means." The practice of contraception would "spread to unmarried women & would destroy chastity on which the family bond depends; & the weakening of this bond would be
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was now devoted to worm experiments which included Darwin shining different colours of lights at them at night, his sons playing different musical instruments to them, different scents and kinds of food. Other stimuli were ignored, but a bright white light or a touch of breath would make them bolt
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Darwin again took up his work on worms. As ever, he corresponded widely, encouraging and helping fund research and collecting anecdotes. Emma supported his commitment, saying that "if it was a condition of his living, that he shd do now work, she was willing for him to die". For their autumn break
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had turned against Darwinism, and he sent a copy of it to Krause. In the summer he became bogged down with the proofs of his preface about Erasmus, and Henrietta edited out controversial points. The publisher John Murray was satisfied, but Darwin vowed "never again" to be "tempted out of my proper
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Into the spring of 1878 Darwin and Frank again filled the house with experiments on the movement of plants. To Frank it was "as if an outside force were compelling him", and in March the strain brought back his old sickness of attacks of dizziness. Dr. Clark in London prescribed a "dry diet" which
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On 7 September the baby, named Bernard, was born at Down House, but his mother suffered a fever and convulsions, and died four days later at the age of 26. Darwin thought it the "most dreadful thing", and Frank in a state of shock and grief moved into Down House with the baby. The contractors were
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Darwin tabulated the results, Galton checked his statistics, and they found the crossed plants significantly superior to self-fertilised ones in height, weight, vigour and fertility. The same principle would apply to people, and though the attempt to get a question on the census had failed, George
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had tried blood transfusions between different breeds of rabbits without success. Darwin continued to look for proof of inheritance of acquired characteristics, amassing evidence of blacksmith's children being muscular and babies born with scars matching those of their parents. He would not follow
1659:"was sitting in the front seat as eldest son and chief mourner, and he felt a draught on his already bald head; so he put his black gloves to balance on the top of his skull, and sat like that all through the service with the eyes of the nation upon him". Darwin was buried beneath the monument to
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government's support for the Turks. Marx thought this a hypocritical preference for a Christian oppressor, and complained about Darwin's support for the "piggish demonstration". On 10 March Gladstone, while doing the rounds of his backbenchers and visiting Lubbock, turned up with his entourage at
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and thought of how, but for her untimely death, she would now "have grown into a delightful woman... Tears still come into my eyes, when I think of her sweet ways". He completed his memoir on 3 August, concluding that after his book on fertilisation was published, "my strength... will probably be
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demanding anti-vivisection legislation. Though Darwin was an animal lover and had never carried out vivisection, he persuaded her that "Physiology can only progress by experiments on living animals". During his spring break in London he took the matter up with his contacts, at first thinking of a
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Emma later noted that he had woken her saying "I have got the pain & I shall feel better or bear it better if you are awake". He had taken the antispasmodic twice, and afterwards said "I am not the least afraid of death- Remember what a good wife you have been to me – Tell all my children to
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At home, a heated discussion with Hooker ended with Darwin lying in bed with his memory gone and "a severe shock continually passing through my brain". Emma feared an epileptic fit, but the doctor put him on a diet and in September he returned to work on insectivorous plants. His correspondence
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after 1883), proposing that society should breed out mental and physical disability and improve the nation's stock by introducing "a sentiment of caste among those who are naturally gifted". Families would be registered and incentives offered so that the best children chosen from each "superior
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stating that "it would be acceptable to a very large number of our countrymen of all classes and opinions that our illustrious countryman Mr. Darwin should be buried in Westminster Abbey". It was "very influentially signed". Newspapers took the request up, sending a public plea to Emma and the
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had become Darwin's leading protégé, but a conflict between his reasoned scepticism and earlier longing for faith came to a head when his sister died. His attempt to get solace from a leading spiritualist came to nothing. Darwin invited Romanes to Downe to help him recover. Romanes had earlier
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For two years, Emma had organised a winter reading room in the local school for local labourers, who subscribed a penny a week to smoke and play games, with "Respectable newspapers & a few books... & a respectable housekeeper..there every evening to maintain decorum." This was a common
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about the anti-vivisection cause, accusing it of committing "a crime against humanity" by holding back the "progress of physiology", then commented that we "ought to be grateful" to worms, which reached a depth of "five or six feet" even "here at Down" where he expected to be buried shortly.
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Darwin struggled on, by February 1875 telling George that "I know full well the feeling of life being objectless & all being vanity of vanities", and Hooker that he was even "ready to commit suicide". The death of Lyell on 22 February had him feeling "as if we were all soon to go". Their
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All day on Tuesday the hearse was drawn by four horses the 16 miles from Downe to Westminster in cold drizzling rain. Next morning the Abbey filled with mourners including international dignitaries and scientists. At midday on Wednesday 26 April 1882 the full pomp of a state occasion began.
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at Trinity College, they were given guided tours. The engineering professor James Stuart showed Emma and Darwin round his workshop and later wrote of "A strong.. looking man with iron grey hair.. rough hewn from a rock with a heavy..hammer,... A man of genius.. indeed one of 'the few'."
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He suffered more bouts of nausea and pain, then at 3.25 p.m. groaned "I feel as if I should faint". Emma was called and held him as he suffered excruciating pain, then lost consciousness and died at 4 p.m. on Wednesday 19 April 1882. Dr Allfrey signed the death certificate which gave
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mother's fortune", and Darwin redrafted his will. He sent a note to his sister Caroline about her half of Erasmus's estate, enclosing a miniature of their mother and commenting that he could not remember her face, though he did recall her "black velvet gown" and the "death scene".
1422:
proposing to "make land common property" as morally just. The landowner Darwin responded that such books had "a disastrous effect" on his mind, he hoped that Wallace would not "turn renegade to natural history" while adding that "I have everything to make me happy and contented".
1635:
That Sunday, Church sermons praised Darwin, saying Natural Selection was "by no means alien to the Christian tradition" (if interpreted correctly) and seeking a "reconciliation between Faith and Science". On Tuesday there was a massive demand for admission cards to the funeral.
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Darwin seemed "fully up to the average, so on Tuesday 18 April the Lichfields left and George went to Cambridge. Darwin stayed up late later than usual in the evening, chatting to Bessy. Just before midnight he again had agonising pain, and woke a flustered Emma to ask for the
1060:. Romanes launched on the study of comparative psychology, and in August was given a standing ovation for his talk at the British Association. In November the Darwins were staying with the Litchfields, and Romanes drove there to introduce his fiancé and present his new book,
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Downe was snowed in, and an outbreak of swine fever involved Darwin as magistrate signing orders daily to allow movement of stock. He wrote to Kovalevsky "I make sure, but wofully slow progress, with my new book" on worms. In late February he visited London, and called on
1024:
Darwin wrote to Hooker's wife thanking her for bananas sent from Kew, "such splendid ones that even a L.L.D. may be excused for enjoying them. There was a tremendous crowd & hooting & cheering at the Senate House yesterday, with a suspended monkey &c".
1148:. Despite her father's opposition the young couple prevailed, with Darwin giving his son £5,000 of railway stock and assuring Farrer that Horace would have a suitable inheritance. The wedding took place on 3 January 1880, with the families not on speaking terms.
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They visited Hensleigh and Fanny to celebrate the announcement that Frank's wife Amy was five months pregnant, and Charles and Emma would shortly become grandparents. Darwin decided to leave a posthumous memoir for his family, and on Sunday 28 May 1876 he began
806:. This drew on a painstaking series of experiments, protecting the plants from insects and controlling the pollination of flowers, counting the seeds and checking them for fertility, repeated for up to ten generations with detailed records kept at every stage.
188:. His ideas on evolution were increasingly accepted in scientific circles despite some bitter disputes, and he received numerous honours. As well as writing out his own autobiography for his family, he wrote an introduction to a biography of his grandfather
1284:, his largest botany book at 600 pages with 196 wood-cuts, sighing "I am turned into a sort of machine for observing facts & grinding out conclusions." When on 13 October he got the request he had feared from Aveling, for permission to dedicate the
1117:
he called this an "abominable mystery". He sought explanations such as a long earlier development having taken place in an area where the fossil record had been lost, possibly a sunken continent, or relatively rapid development having been spurred by
445:, and offered the self-financing Wallace the work of assisting him. Wallace quoted seven shillings an hour, mentioning that he was "dipping into politics" proposing nationalisation of coal mining. Emma found out and had the task given to their son
1754:
proclaiming that Great Britain had "lost a man whose name is a glory to his country". Religious writers of all persuasions praised his "noble character and his ardent pursuit of truth", calling him a "true Christian gentleman". In particular the
1537:, and though Darwin was not up to talking for very long, he enjoyed George's news. Emma remembered how Darwin was "gracious & tender" when being attended for his illness, and would say "It is almost worth while to be so to be nursed by you".
348:, explaining what had upset the parishioners. Ffinden now usurped control of the village school which had been run for years by a committee of Darwin, Lubbock and the incumbent priest, with a "conscience clause" which protected the children from
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written a refutation of theism, and had taken Darwin's advice to pause, but now wanted to publish. Darwin counselled anonymity, and suggested study of the evolution of religious reasoning, giving him unused notes on instinct from his work on
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Emma had a headache, so she and Darwin let their boys to stand in for them at a dinner in his honour at which Huxley chided the university for failing to honour Darwin twenty years earlier. On the Sunday, after a "brilliant luncheon" with
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and Sarah at Southampton, and he got William to write to Abbot withdrawing the endorsement that had been printed as advertising copy in the magazine: even association with free thought in distant America could damage his respectability.
1001:(L.L.D.) in front of crowds of students, who strung a cord across the chamber with a monkey-marionette which was removed by a Proctor then replaced by a "missing link", a beribboned ring which hung over the crowd through the ceremony.
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and George, incorporating ideas from Galton and new anecdotes. He bought from Lubbock the Sandwalk he had been renting for years, but the price seemed excessive and affected their friendship. News of a dispute involving the removal of
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To Hooker he wrote of "Pleasant memories of long past days... many a discussion and... a good fight". Hooker valued their arguments "as iron sharpeneth iron" and, longing to "throw off the trammels of official life" and retire from
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Emma wanted a quiet Easter, so Laura and Henrietta left on 4 April, but on the 4th and 5th Darwin suffered attacks, noting "much pain". He recorded his own symptoms, and continued to note sporadic attacks. He took capsules of
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Attacks on Darwin's theory continued, and when the official report of a scientific voyage slighted "the theory which refers the evolution of species to extreme variation guided only by natural selection" he responded in
907:, the "Grand Old Man" of British politics. Three months earlier Darwin had backed the outcry against the "Bulgarian horrors" when 15,000 (Christian) Bulgarian rebels were massacred by Muslim "Turkish" troops of the
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was published in October 1881 and within weeks thousands had been sold. It brought a flood of letters, with many "idiotic" enquiries, and a "worn out" Darwin escaped with Emma to visit Horace and Ida in Cambridge.
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remained opposed, and unveiling of the statue had to wait till 1885, after his retirement. The pomp and ceremony was attended by the Prince of Wales, scientists and the family, though not Emma, and led by Huxley.
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in May, and on 5 August 1873 the Darwins went to visit them for a few days. They arrived to hear that a fortnight previously the Farrer's servants had been called to an accident. Earl Granville's riding companion
1506:
and prescribed morphine pills for the pain. Darwin lay prostrate in despair, then a younger doctor, Dr. Norman Moore, assured him that his heart was only weak and within days Darwin was back at work, writing to
1585:
Arrangements were made for burial in St. Mary's churchyard at Downe, with Brodie Innes offering to perform the rites, and the customary black edged letters were sent out to friends, relatives and colleagues.
618:
made a statistical analysis of first cousin marriages (three times more frequent in "our rank" than in the lower) and, influenced by Galton, published an article on "beneficial restrictions in marriage".
1490:
Darwin, "quite set up", returned to his experiments on plant roots standing in an ammonia solution, preparing sections and looking for "physiological division of labour" through his microscope.
1632:
this was returned and replaced by one "you could see to shave in". He added that "They buried him in Westminster Abbey, but he always wanted to lie here, and I don't think he'd have liked it."
1277:, and to spare him the stress of getting between London stations and changing trains Emma arranged a private railway carriage. At Cambridge he showed Emma around the "scenes of my early life".
985:, and though Wallace now lived only a few miles away, Darwin avoided him, diplomatically writing that he "wished to come over to see you, but driving tires me so much that my courage failed."
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incorporating additions from the hundreds of letters and scores of monographs that had been sent to Darwin in the seven years since it had been published. Parts were altered or discarded, and
1203:
In April, Gladstone defeated the Tories at the general election, delighting Charles and Emma Darwin though not all their relatives, and a buoyant Charles sent a large subscription to Abbot's
413:
on Galton. His latest essay boldly dismissed prayer, divine morals and "future rewards & punishments". Darwin urged him not to publish it for some months, and "to pause, pause, pause."
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parish church and associated village amenities, despite problems with control being seized by a new High Church vicar, and he remained on good terms with the Church's patron, the Revd.
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over time. Emma feared that the day-trip involving two hours train journey and a 24-mile drive would "half kill" him, but he was in wonderful form even after digging in the hot sun.
510:
from presidency of the Linnean Society, allegedly spurred on by Owen, led Darwin to write "What a demon on earth Owen is. I do hate him". With Huxley's assistance he updated the
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articles to Darwin in book format, he declined in a four-page letter marked PRIVATE emphasising that he confined his writing to science and avoided aiding attacks on religion.
662:
the Mivart argument and Hooker rallied the X Club (a dining club formed in November 1864 to support the evolutionary "new reformation" in naturalism, including Huxley, Hooker,
174:, his work on evolution-related experiments and investigations continued, with the production of books on the movement of climbing plants, insectivorous plants, the effects of
1141:
370:
2204:; Darwin's publications, private papers and bibliography, supplementary works including biographies, obituaries and reviews. Free to use, includes items not in public domain.
1366:, and found he had no "heart or strength... to begin any investigation lasting for years". "Never happy except when at work", he was at a loose end until he remembered his
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describing Darwin's work with purple Latin prose, to some good humoured heckling from the students, and distanced the dignitaries from "the unlovely tribe of apes" saying
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carried a resolution praising Darwin's unravelling of "the immutable laws of the Divine Government", shedding light on "the progress of humanity". The Unitarian preacher
1125:
Although he tired more quickly now, Darwin still worked for several hours a day. Emma ensured he took holidays, in autumn 1879 joining the Litchfields for a month in the
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degree" with a cough. On 7 March 1882 he had a seizure while on the Sandwalk 400 yards from the house and struggled back to collapse in Emma's arms. Dr. Clark diagnosed
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was accepted. While Darwin (on holiday with the Farrers, now on good terms) was delighted by the press coverage, he was disappointed to find no mention in its text of
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Darwin's research and experiments on plants and animals continued, and his extensive writings countered the arguments against evolution, particularly those put by the
44:
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were ill and arrived home at Christmas 1872 for nursing. Darwin turned from his insectivorous plants to a more leisurely update of his monograph on climbing plants.
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to Frank and, despondent, turned down Gladstone's invitation to become a Trustee of the British Museum. Early in June 1881 Emma and the Litchfields took him to the
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in his position as treasurer and persuaded the village labourers, who were suffering from wage cuts and a threat to their jobs in a farm slump, not to disband the
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325:, Busk, Spencer, and Spottiswoode) raised a £2,000 collection for him, primed by Darwin with £300. Darwin's spirits were again downcast when Lyell's wife died.
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from New York wrote that "The nation's grandest temple of religion opened its gates and lifted up its everlasting doors and bade the King of Science come in."
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brought in to extend the house for him, and Frank carried on with mechanical chores for his father, making a fair copy of the memoir and correcting proofs of
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took care of the seven Huxley children while Huxley and Hooker went on holiday to the continent. Having young children in the house was like the 1850s again.
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and developing work in science. A section headed "Religious Belief" opened just before his marriage, and frankly discussed his long disagreement with Emma. (
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and take the proceeds, but to keep some protection for their longer term security by keeping the books open while distributing their surplus funds. His old
525:. Darwin left the proofs to George, and turned again to Plants. The new edition was published on 13 November with the price cut to the bone at 9 shillings.
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friendship had cooled after Lyell declined to back natural selection, and Darwin pleaded illness rather than take part as a pall-bearer at the funeral in
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hollow in the struggle for existence" and telling Graham that elimination of "lower races" by "higher civilised races" was inevitable in the progress of
1370:. On 22 April 1881, exactly 30 years after Annie's burial, he re-read the passages about her and Emma's letter of that time, and added a note under his
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dispute, writing to Huxley "I feel like a man condemned to be hung who has just got a reprieve". Butler took the silence as a tacit admission of guilt.
399:, which Darwin had difficulty in following, but hoped that both their efforts towards "the extension of knowledge... add to the happiness of mankind".
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had been killed in a fall from his horse, and was subsequently laid out in state for two days in the Farrer's drawing room. Although an opponent of the
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had come round to Darwinism, and on Saturday 17 November the family attended the Senate House for a ceremony in which Darwin was awarded an honorary
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Despite Ffinden's continuing opposition, Emma's project of a parish reading room for labourers was restarted and opened before Christmas. Darwin saw
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1601:, Canon of Westminster. Farrar suggested a petition to overcome any objections to an agnostic being buried in the Abbey, and approached the Revd.
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in the village. Darwin withdrew from the committee and cut his annual donation to the church, but continued with the Friendly Society work.
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legal career had been ended by stomach illness and he had spent two years going to spas. He began writing topical essays, the first in the
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helped, and refused to charge his patient so Darwin sent £100 towards the development of a fungus-proof potato by a "highly respectable"
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While Emma ensured that he took short breaks, Darwin pressed on with work as "my sole pleasure in life" and finished the first draft of
203:, England, on 19 April 1882. He had expected to be buried in St Mary's churchyard at Downe, but at the request of Darwin's colleagues,
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1144:(Effie Wedgwood's husband). Farrer was more concerned that his daughter by his first marriage wanted to marry the unsuitable sickly
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struggled with his medical studies, and after finishing his thesis on animal tissues he was to assist with plant tissues at Downe.
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with hearty wishes for success in the "good cause of truth" and 'free religion'. The Liberal success even got the militant atheist
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retire early. He did better on the Sunday, and on Monday was well enough to walk, supported on both sides, as far as the orchard.
720:, the Home Secretary announced a Royal Commission of inquiry to resolve the arguments, with Huxley co-opted on to the Commission.
578:, who settled into Brodie Innes's old house in the village and married Amy Ruck on 23 July. At this time the family was joined by
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went amiably on Thursday 28 September with Darwin introducing his old friend the Revd. Brodie Innes, and defending agnosticism
1084:. In March 1879 he arranged for it to be translated as a book to which he would add a biographical preface. This would counter
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maintained that "true Christians can accept the main scientific facts of Evolution just as they do of Astronomy and Geology",
449:, so Darwin had to write apologetically to Wallace, adding "I hope to Heaven that politics will not replace natural science."
321:(a dining club formed in November 1864 to support the evolutionary "new reformation" in naturalism, including Huxley, Hooker,
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977:. He could not "endure being idle" and turned to his next book, on plant movement. Emma got him away for his autumn break to
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727:, a 450-page catalogue of plant experiments, sold out quickly and in July a 1,000 copy reprint sold out within a fortnight.
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on ape-brain inheritance, which Huxley thought "pounds the enemy into a jelly... though none but anatomists" would know it.
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1833:
Langer, William L. (Spring 1975). "The origins of the birth control movement in England in the early nineteenth century".
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Darwin unsuccessfully tried to get government support for the Belfast potato breeder from the Permanent Secretary,
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kept him indoors and he was visited by eminent scientists. He seemed bright and animated, but told the geologist
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as Erasmus Alvey 'Ras' Darwin had been; Charles Darwin himself had not been a member of the Cambridge Apostles.
344:, had been imposing his ideas since taking over the parish in November 1871. Darwin had to write to the patron,
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A fortnight after Gladstone's visit, the leading secularist, militant atheist and unofficial Liberal candidate
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2232:. Vol. III (1882–1886). London and New York: Macmillan and Co & The Times Office. pp. 1–11
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Darwin had long been concerned that his children could have inherited his weaknesses. He was proud that
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which still maintained "that the doctrines... are most dangerous and pernicious" and infuriated Darwin.
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During 1874 Darwin contacted many of his old friends to assist with experimentation on insectivorous or
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as President of the Royal Society to telegraph the Darwins asking if they would consent to burial in
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set aside work on jellyfish to graft vegetable plants in experiments aimed at finding out about the "
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by the Irish philosopher William Graham arguing the validity of traditional beliefs in the face of
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would be "a small book of little moment. I have little strength & feel very old." He wrote to
840:. He found this candid private memoir easy going, covering his childhood, university, life on the
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who had been a student with Frank at Cambridge. Plants experimented on were members of the genera
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caused public outrage by publishing do-it-yourself contraceptive advice from an American doctor,
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In June 1873 Darwin resumed work on his insectivorous plants, with some distractions as his wife
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for his much needed "rest" which, as usual, meant working furiously away from home. He visited
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planned a 12 shilling half-price edition to replicate the success of the cheap revision of the
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Huxley was also ill, needing a rest and harried by a neighbour suing over a damp basement. The
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in America worked to spread acceptance of its ideas despite difficulty in coming to terms with
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1957:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 13230 – Darwin, C. R. to Graham, William, 3 July 1881"
1554:. She had difficulties finding it at first, and with the assistance of Bessy gave him brandy.
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and free religionists, proud of his Dissenting upbringing, supported his naturalistic views.
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1495:
1215:, and public controversy about atheism erupted. He was prevented from taking his seat in the
1192:, celebrating its 21st anniversary, though wrongly claiming that before its publication only
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claimed that earlier evolutionists had correctly seen the mind as controlling evolution, and
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from the village to carry out plant experiments, and put his son up for a Fellowship of the
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Darwin's Westminster Abbey funeral expressed a public feeling of national pride, with the
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1231:, and Darwin had sent written thanks which he now feared would be published to his shame.
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of Annie, "When I am dead, know that many times, I have kissed & cryed over this."
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appeared to go against Darwin's view of gradual evolution, and in a July 1879 letter to
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1200:– even "Darwin's Bulldog" was still not committed to the central plank of his theory.
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In mid July 1877 his work on the sex life of plants culminated in the publication of
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Friedman, W. E. (11 December 2008). "The meaning of Darwin's 'abominable mystery'".
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said that Darwin's doctrine was consistent "with strong religious faith and hope".
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that he thought the book would "help to burst the bubble of 'Natural Selection'."
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whose "roaring" about the freedom of science had Darwin retreating to his plants.
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published as he wrote his next book on flowers. In February 1877 he attended the
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which Darwin cited as showing a small effect produced by first-cousin marriages.
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The service was conducted by Canon George Prothero (1818–1894), since the Dean,
1133:, though this was not a meeting of minds. On return the Darwins were visited by
1012:'Mores in utroques dispares' – the moral nature of the two races is different".
911:, and supported Gladstone's calls for Russian intervention in opposition to the
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by "Physicus". Darwin read it with "very great interest", but was unconvinced.
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continued, funding worthy projects and acknowledging countless gifts including
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by procedural requirements of the oath of allegiance, and secularists such as
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1932:"Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D. 22 July [1879] » letter: 12167"
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While her children and relatives attended the funeral, she stayed at Downe.
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1879:"Letter no. 11238 – Charles Darwin to Hyacinth Hooker – (18 November 1877)"
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Having company helped. Henrietta brought her friend Laura Forster (aunt of
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had presented such inheritance as a significant factor in human evolution.
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movement. On a visit to London in January 1874 Darwin attended a séance at
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211:) arranged for Darwin to be given a major ceremonial funeral and buried in
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toured the country leading protests. Aveling had been writing a series on
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The subpoena was dropped, and Darwin was not held back from holidaying at
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of plants, different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and
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family" would marry and reproduce. Darwin, aware that of his brood only
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2019:"[Reminiscences of Charles Darwin's last years.] CUL-DAR210.9"
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Back at Downe, a letter from Wallace promoted the socialist ideas of
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The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom
1530:, and was attended by Dr. Moore and a local physician, Dr. Allfrey.
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featured, as a 70th birthday tribute to Charles Darwin, an essay by
804:
The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom
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seemed to have inherited his interest in natural history, coming to
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had good health, had already dismissed the aims as too "utopian" in
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in which the previously supportive, though unscientific, author of
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and Ffinden was increasing his private hostility to Christianity.
151:'s ideas of "hereditary improvement" (which would later be called
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2226:"CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN (Obituary Notice, Friday, April 21, 1882)"
1035:
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Darwin entered to a roar of approval. The Public Orator gave his
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due out in November 1875 with "illustrations... drawn by my son,
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Wallace was suffering "ever-increasing anxiety" over funds, and
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Darwin continued painfully rewriting his books with the help of
299:'s latest "hereditary improvement" ideas (which would be called
147:. Worries about family illnesses contributed to his interest in
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1675:, "His body is buried in peace, but his name liveth evermore".
1668:
1667:, and as the coffin was lowered, the choir sang an anthem from
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1341:
By mid march he was writing the final chapters of what he told
1045:'s officers for help in supporting an orphan – the grandson of
962:
for the first time, examining how worm castings had buried the
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The manuscript was completed in April 1874, and the publisher
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A requested visit from the eminent but atheist German Doctor
716:
on 4 May 1875 a week before the scientist's bill reached the
156:
2559:
The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms
2543:
The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species
1577:
the Sandwalk and Bernard gathered a bouquet of wild lilies.
1363:
The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms
1268:
The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms
971:
The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species
382:, Wilberforce had always thought Darwin a "capital fellow".
2120:
1810:
Fruits of philosophy: a treatise on the population question
912:
200:
140:
1605:, Dean of Westminster. Lubbock took up a petition in the
1433:
838:
Recollections of the Development of my mind and character
553:
421:
During a visit in November 1873 the Harvard philosopher
2486:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
1620:
declared the 1860 debate was "ancient history" and the
741:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
574:
magazine brought in sacks of mail to be dealt with by
2230:
Eminent Persons; Biographies reprinted from The Times
1447:
and on 3 August dined by special invitation with the
2503:
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
1610:
children to consent, as foreign tributes poured in.
433:
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2086:
723:The demand for Darwin as an author was shown when
646:was overshadowed as he drafted George's response.
359:, an unwelcome move from the point of view of the
234:On the Origin of Species through Natural Selection
2511:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
2732:
2070:Words of Anthem composed by J. Frederick Bridge.
1684:George John Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll
821:in May 1876, promptly going on to a revision of
654:carried George's response and an "apology" from
635:, threatening to "take his business elsewhere".
564:running lab tests on the plant's digestion, and
2447:Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands
1038:breeder. He also responded to an appeal asking
783:
192:. In his last book, he returned to the effect
170:Despite repeated problems and delays caused by
2527:On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants
1643:The service included a specially commissioned
1067:
738:Now Darwin turned to work on a new edition of
2431:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
2260:
2101:
1360:Before Easter he sent off his manuscript for
1280:In September 1880 he completed the proofs of
352:indoctrination. Ffinden began lessons on the
340:A new reforming High Church vicar, the Revd.
2463:On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties
2164:
2126:
2045:
2013:
1996:
1981:
1896:
1742:Natural History Museum at South Kensington.
548:. Helpers included Hooker and his assistant
458:facility to save men from "resorting to the
123:Between 1873 and 1882, the life and work of
2624:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
2198:The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online
2075:
810:analysed data from lunatic asylums and the
796:The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants
279:
60:"Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms"
2267:
2253:
1733:, he composed an anthem for the funeral).
1533:On the 10th, George arrived back from the
1190:The Coming of Age of the Origin of Species
903:As a "thorough Liberal", Darwin supported
794:at the printers and with his old essay on
707:at first supported a petition drawn up by
609:
2631:The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
2223:
2176:. London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group.
2148:Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place
1680:William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire
1558:remember how good they have been to me".
1188:Huxley titled his Royal Institution talk
493:
155:). He continued to help with the work of
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2455:Geological Observations on South America
1902:
1795:
1688:Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby
1249:
1105:The origin and swift diversification of
532:
16:Life of Charles Darwin from 1873 to 1882
2081:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
1992:
1990:
1388:
1355:
942:the greatest of all evils to mankind."
528:
231:In the aftermath of the publication of
2733:
2580:The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin
2439:Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle
2220:Text and notes for most of his letters
2142:
2057:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1832:
1783:
1714:; and last but by no means least Rev.
1651:to music composed for the occasion by
1395:Then he was perked up by the 400-page
761:Huxley in discarding these ideas, and
452:
425:amused the X Club with his story of a
2248:
1678:Pallbearers at the funeral included:
1100:
988:
896:philosophy of another Murray author,
682:. In March Darwin took the proofs of
2032:
1987:
1835:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1498:that he had "received his warning".
1485:
1426:
730:
441:Darwin tackled a new edition of the
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
2567:The Autobiography of Charles Darwin
2002:
1813:. San Francisco: Reader's Library.
1304:
163:. There was continuing interest in
135:continued with investigations into
13:
2274:
2191:
1471:Charles Darwin's views on religion
1443:while his portrait was painted by
848:Charles Darwin's views on religion
614:As well as working on the proofs,
481:'s house with relatives including
335:
165:Charles Darwin's views on religion
14:
2752:
1072:The German scientific periodical
623:attacked this anonymously in the
2415:Extracts from Letters to Henslow
1736:
1320:
1183:
1151:
892:principles fitted well with the
828:
265:and man's descent from animals.
25:
2638:History of evolutionary thought
2551:The Power of Movement in Plants
2063:
2051:
1718:; Stanley and Farrar were both
1712:John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury
1273:they visited Horace and Ida in
465:
185:The Power of Movement in Plants
36:needs additional citations for
2588:More Letters of Charles Darwin
1975:
1949:
1871:
1789:
1777:
1463:in company with the notorious
1062:A Candid Examination of Theism
369:'s daughter Effie had married
1:
2240:– via Internet Archive.
2218:Darwin Correspondence Project
2136:
2093:. Faber & Faber. p.
1936:Darwin Correspondence Project
1883:Darwin Correspondence Project
867:
226:
1122:between insects and plants.
900:, who had impressed Darwin.
878:Cross and Self Fertilisation
785:Cross and Self Fertilisation
473:was attracted to the recent
167:, but he remained reticent.
7:
1068:Biography of Erasmus Darwin
945:
10:
2757:
2107:The Funeral of Mr Darwin,
1905:American Journal of Botany
1761:William Benjamin Carpenter
1580:
1265:
1254:Darwin as photographed by
1028:
395:from "a sincere admirer",
2605:
2404:
2282:
2150:. London: Jonathan Cape.
1573:" as the cause of death.
931:, in a sixpenny pamphlet
568:at Harvard. Enquiries to
562:University College London
2478:Fertilisation of Orchids
2470:On the Origin of Species
2423:The Voyage of the Beagle
2337:On the Origin of Species
2127:Desmond & Moore 1991
2072:Westminster Abbey, 1882.
2046:Desmond & Moore 1991
1997:Desmond & Moore 1991
1982:Desmond & Moore 1991
1770:
1727:George Granville Bradley
1603:George Granville Bradley
1544:
1261:
673:, parish and vivisection
416:
385:
342:George Sketchley Ffinden
280:Family matters, eugenics
196:have on soil formation.
172:Charles Darwin's illness
2658:things named for Darwin
2208:Works by Charles Darwin
1647:setting words from the
1234:In June, after sending
995:University of Cambridge
610:Controversy with Mivart
2597:List of described taxa
2290:Darwin–Wedgwood family
1377:He left the proofs of
1258:
550:William Thiselton-Dyer
541:
145:with his previous work
2330:Publication of theory
2325:Development of theory
1704:Alfred Russel Wallace
1589:In London Galton got
1333:The billiard room at
1266:Further information:
1253:
1229:The National Reformer
1227:in Bradlaugh's paper
1158:Evolution Old and New
1142:Thomas "Theta" Farrer
1090:Evolution Old and New
558:John Burdon-Sanderson
536:
485:, as well as Huxley.
371:Thomas "Theta" Farrer
357:of the Anglican faith
255:Alfred Russel Wallace
2519:Insectivorous Plants
2366:Insectivorous Plants
1700:Joseph Dalton Hooker
1696:William Spottiswoode
1692:James Russell Lowell
1591:William Spottiswoode
1420:Progress and Poverty
1397:The Creed of Science
1390:The Creed of Science
1356:No heart or strength
1286:Darwin and his Works
1225:Darwin and his Works
1115:Joseph Dalton Hooker
934:Fruits of Philosophy
725:Insectivorous Plants
685:Insectivorous Plants
671:Insectivorous Plants
638:Darwin's holiday at
539:Insectivorous Plants
529:Insectivorous plants
355:Thirty-nine Articles
295:He was intrigued by
247:Joseph Dalton Hooker
205:William Spottiswoode
129:Insectivorous Plants
45:improve this article
2391:Portraits of Darwin
2320:Inception of theory
1917:10.3732/ajb.0800150
1824:View original copy.
1708:Thomas Henry Huxley
1439:Darwin stayed with
1080:on his grandfather
709:Frances Power Cobbe
453:Parish reading room
411:Contemporary Review
2224:Anonymous (1893).
2113:, 27 April 1882. (
2048:, pp. 661–663
1999:, pp. 660–661
1984:, pp. 652–653
1805:Bradlaugh, Charles
1786:, pp. 495–497
1720:Cambridge Apostles
1282:Movement in Plants
1259:
1236:Movement in Plants
1211:elected as MP for
1129:where he met with
1101:Abominable mystery
989:Honorary doctorate
923:with co-publisher
703:Darwin's daughter
546:carnivorous plants
542:
483:Hensleigh Wedgwood
436:The Descent of Man
376:Samuel Wilberforce
367:Hensleigh Wedgwood
311:the Descent of Man
207:(President of the
199:He died in Downe,
180:self fertilisation
2728:
2727:
2494:Natural Selection
2212:Project Gutenberg
2183:978-0-7181-3430-3
2157:978-0-7126-6837-8
1799:(October 1891) .
1797:Knowlton, Charles
1752:Pall Mall Gazette
1595:Westminster Abbey
1486:Roots and illness
1427:Pleasant memories
1256:Elliott & Fry
1242:, Darwin visited
1238:to his publisher
1209:Charles Bradlaugh
1198:natural selection
1058:Natural Selection
999:Doctorate of Laws
921:Charles Bradlaugh
882:George and Dragon
812:Pall Mall Gazette
680:Westminster Abbey
346:John Brodie Innes
263:natural selection
213:Westminster Abbey
161:John Brodie Innes
121:
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1649:Book of Proverbs
1607:House of Commons
1311:Arabella Buckley
1305:Help for Wallace
1217:House of Commons
1111:Early Cretaceous
1107:flowering plants
1011:
929:Charles Knowlton
886:Friendly Society
802:", Darwin wrote
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625:Quarterly Review
274:St George Mivart
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2648:Darwin Industry
2601:
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2300:Josiah Wedgwood
2278:
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2214:; public domain
2194:
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1599:Frederic Farrar
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1568:Angina pectoris
1547:
1511:about beetles.
1488:
1449:Prince of Wales
1429:
1393:
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1298:Wyville Thomson
1270:
1264:
1186:
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736:
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612:
597:D. rotundifolia
531:
499:
494:New edition of
468:
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419:
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282:
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1963:on 4 June 2009
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1841:(4): 669–686.
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1669:Ecclesiasticus
1663:, next to Sir
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851:) He recalled
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746:George Romanes
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714:House of Lords
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537:Figure 1 from
530:
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1159:
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62: –
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56:Find sources:
50:
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40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2710:Darwin Medal
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2336:
2313:
2234:. Retrieved
2229:
2173:
2170:Moore, James
2147:
2122:
2108:
2103:
2089:Period Piece
2088:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2022:. Retrieved
2015:Darwin, Emma
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:the original
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1935:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:
1873:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1809:
1791:
1779:
1751:
1749:
1744:Richard Owen
1740:
1730:
1724:
1677:
1671:to music by
1661:Isaac Newton
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1612:The Standard
1611:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:amyl nitrite
1548:
1539:
1532:
1524:amyl nitrite
1520:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1478:
1477:
1468:
1458:
1452:
1445:John Collier
1438:
1430:
1419:
1416:Henry George
1413:
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1378:
1376:
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1359:
1346:
1343:Victor Carus
1340:
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1271:
1235:
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1202:
1189:
1187:
1176:
1173:Ernst Krause
1169:Richard Owen
1157:
1155:
1139:
1124:
1104:
1093:
1089:
1078:Ernst Krause
1073:
1071:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1047:Jemmy Button
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1003:
992:
970:
968:
949:
938:
932:
925:Annie Besant
918:
902:
893:
885:
881:
877:
873:
871:
861:
858:
856:exhausted".
845:
837:
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683:
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670:
664:John Tyndall
660:
651:
648:John Tyndall
637:
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624:
613:
601:
595:
594:, including
589:
583:
569:
543:
538:
522:
516:
511:
500:
495:
475:spiritualism
469:
466:Spiritualism
460:public house
456:
442:
440:
435:
420:
410:
401:
392:
389:
379:
365:
353:
339:
327:
323:John Tyndall
316:
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294:
283:
267:
232:
230:
221:Isaac Newton
198:
183:
169:
132:
128:
122:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2442:(1838–1843)
2395:caricatures
2236:12 February
2058:Browne 2002
1911:(1): 5–21.
1784:Browne 2002
1535:West Indies
1401:materialism
1315:Island Life
1296:, "Can Sir
1240:John Murray
1213:Northampton
1131:John Ruskin
1120:coevolution
983:North Downs
956:Southampton
640:Southampton
633:John Murray
603:P. vulgaris
519:John Murray
393:Das Kapital
215:, close to
137:carnivorous
2695:Eclipse of
2643:Pangenesis
2137:References
2115:Wikisource
1757:Unitarians
1622:Daily News
1411:struggle.
1409:Malthusian
1335:Down House
960:Stonehenge
952:Leith Hill
868:Liberalism
774:Down House
754:pangenesis
591:Pinguicula
423:John Fiske
241:'s allies
227:Background
194:earthworms
71:newspapers
2685:Universal
2665:Darwinism
2618:Dysgenics
2348:Variation
2307:Education
2110:The Times
2024:8 January
1819:626706770
1731:The Times
1617:The Times
1496:John Judd
1348:The Times
1275:Cambridge
1205:The Index
1040:HMS
1006:panegyric
964:megaliths
905:Gladstone
894:Self-Help
792:Variation
732:Variation
705:Henrietta
652:Quarterly
629:Quarterly
503:Henrietta
397:Karl Marx
237:in 1859,
101:July 2019
2735:Category
2613:Eugenics
2465:" (1858)
2406:Writings
2359:Emotions
2172:(1991).
2146:(2002).
2085:(1952).
2017:(1882).
1941:28 April
1925:21628174
1863:11619426
1829:See also
1807:(eds.).
975:Asa Gray
946:Holidays
750:gemmules
566:Asa Gray
407:George's
361:Baptists
350:Anglican
301:Eugenics
259:Asa Gray
153:eugenics
2675:Quantum
2606:Related
2489:(1868)
2344:Orchids
1657:William
1581:Funeral
1571:Syncope
1453:without
1441:Erasmus
1405:Turkish
1244:William
1109:in the
1097:work".
1094:Erewhon
1036:Belfast
1029:Romanes
981:on the
979:Abinger
874:Orchids
862:Orchids
823:Orchids
763:Descent
734:revised
644:William
585:Drosera
512:Descent
496:Descent
479:Erasmus
427:cockney
306:William
85:scholar
2704:Beagle
2680:Social
2670:Neural
2634:(1930)
2591:, 1903
2583:, 1887
2570:(1887)
2562:(1881)
2554:(1880)
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1967:18 May
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1294:Nature
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1074:Kosmos
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1018:George
842:Beagle
800:George
758:Galton
698:Mivart
690:Murray
656:Mivart
621:Mivart
571:Nature
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447:George
380:Origin
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290:Horace
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2370:Worms
1851:JSTOR
1771:Notes
1545:Death
1526:, an
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1469:(see
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1167:told
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417:Fiske
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2283:Life
2238:2019
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1859:PMID
1815:OCLC
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