513:
33:
427:
810:
633:
215:
85:
60:
801:. Krimpsiekte may have a mortality rate as high as 90%. These toxins persist in the flesh of livestock afflicted with krimpsiekte, even after cooking, and dogs who consume this meat can exhibit similar neuromuscular symptoms. This secondary poisoning may also affect humans, but has not been thoroughly investigated.
817:
In cultivation they thrive with bright light and ample airflow. Water thoroughly when soil is dry to the touch. Water with caution in winter, as the plant can lose its roots if the soil stays cold and wet for extended periods. They are dormant in summer. Protect from frost to prevent scarring.
1467:
Smith, Gideon F.; Figueiredo, Estrela; van Wyk, Abraham E. (2019-01-01). "9: Biocultural
Significance and Toxicity". In Smith, Gideon F.; Figueiredo, Estrela; van Wyk, Abraham E. (eds.).
617:
1648:
1825:
1019:"On some new and some little known species of South African Plants belonging to the genera Aloe, Gasteria, Crassula, Cotyledon and Kalanchoe"
713:
841:
zones must be protected with glass throughout the winter months. However, it may be placed in a warm, sunny position outside during summer.
716:
Red List of South
African Plants, because they have only been found in small subpopulations and are threatened by habitat degradation and
764:, cardiac glycosides are considered Class Ia, "extremely hazardous," and a dose of only 1.0 g/kg body weight of a related species,
1786:
1478:
1436:
1339:
1297:
1074:
611:, retaining a different spelling of von Poellnitz's name. This is the current accepted name of the subspecies, as listed on
445:
has red, orange, or yellow bell-shaped flowers between July and
September, and there are two recognized subspecies, subsp.
615:. According to Magrit Bischofberger, von Poellnitz's original spelling should be used according to Article 60.1 of the
1551:
Botha, C.J.; Penrith, M.-L. (October 2008). "Poisonous plants of veterinary and human importance in southern Africa".
1690:
732:
has only been found in seven subpopulations and has experienced a 10% decline in population over the past 90 years.
1226:
1197:
789:. Other acute symptoms include apathy, hypersalivation, and tremors. Chronic poisoning in sheep and goats causes a
69:
1830:
512:
407:
because of the prominent "teeth" at the tips of its leaves. It forms large orange bell-shaped flowers in spring.
1812:
1018:
562:, Harv. to which it is probably nearly allied." Schonland also cautioned that the differences he noted between
1869:
744:
may be vulnerable to trampling by livestock, it is also known to be poisonous to livestock, dogs, and humans.
1751:
978:
Flora capensis: being a systematic description of the plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria, & Port Natal
621:, which states a name should not be changed even if it contains a spelling discrepancy (i.e. Ladismith vs.
1153:
1765:
1760:
830:
761:
1656:
1468:
1864:
612:
570:"to be used with great caution" as "relative characters are frequently inconstant." However, the name
84:
1256:
941:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
418:
usually grow in rocky quartz fields where they have excellent drainage provided by very porous soil.
1591:"Potential Health Risks Posed by Plant-Derived Cumulative Neurotoxic Bufadienolides in South Africa"
1418:
756:, which are highly toxic to cattle, sheep, goats, and other livestock. The bufadienolides found in
702:
32:
891:
1713:
1003:(2). Nederlands-Belgische Vereniging van Liefhebbers van Cactussen en Andere Vetplanten: 17–18.
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
1905:
996:
834:
778:
188:
851:
401:
shrub with large chunky ovate fuzzy green leaves. Its autonymous subspecies is known as the
1843:
992:
766:
693:, in the gravely soil of arid thicket, in slopes of sheltered ravines. In contrast, subsp.
290:
277:
204:
1106:
Jahrbuch der
Deutschen Kakteen-Gesellschaft in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gartenkultur
809:
632:
467:, is a small, freely branched shrublet that grows to 70 cm tall. It has chunky green
8:
49:
1856:
1501:
1877:
1685:. Illustrated by Elise Bodley and Lisa Strachan. Hatfield, South Africa: Umdaus Press.
1625:
1590:
1428:
1392:
1303:
1080:
912:
874:
625:). Another spelling variation used by the Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants is "
600:
252:
214:
79:
64:
1838:
1773:
1696:
1686:
1630:
1612:
1568:
1533:
1474:
1432:
1384:
1376:
1335:
1293:
1175:
1070:
838:
749:
576:
349:
321:
165:
1396:
1307:
1084:
781:
which are central to the function of animal nervous systems. Acute poisoning causes
1882:
1620:
1602:
1560:
1523:
1513:
1424:
1368:
1285:
1165:
1131:
1062:
581:
547:
464:
426:
316:
1778:
976:
1329:
476:
381:
377:
122:
1851:
1736:
1102:
109:
1607:
1564:
1289:
1122:
von
Poellnitz, Karl (1937). "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Gattung Cotyledon L.".
1066:
591:
In 1936, Karl von
Poellnitz noted the conflict and gave the taxon a new name,
1899:
1616:
1537:
1518:
1380:
1179:
1135:
786:
753:
690:
670:
1700:
483:, features long cylindrical leaves that generally do not have teeth. Subsp.
1634:
1572:
1170:
698:
662:
658:
472:
438:
411:
388:
384:
227:
155:
145:
1388:
1799:
1745:
798:
837:. It does not tolerate temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F), so in
1791:
790:
782:
774:
686:
682:
495:
has brown peeling bark, compared to the green hairy branches of subsp.
1804:
1528:
1372:
1356:
794:
706:
666:
596:
468:
398:
395:
1707:
917:
National
Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2017.1
913:"Cotyledon tomentosa Harv. subsp. ladismithiensis (Poelln.) Toelken"
879:
National
Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2017.1
536:
was described in 1862 by
William Henry Harvey, and has no synonyms.
1730:
717:
135:
1817:
797:), so named because poisoned individuals may arch their backs and
479:, with 3-8 reddish teeth at the end. The other subspecies, subsp.
373:
1198:"TOMENTOSA ssp. * LADYSMITHENSIS (von Poellnitz) Tölken, 1977"
1061:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 31.
96:
712:
As of 2006, both subspecies are listed as vulnerable on the
981:. Vol. 2. Dublin: Hodges, Smith, and Co. p. 373.
728:
has only been found in five subpopulations, while subsp.
437:
is a perennial evergreen shrub, which is a member of the
1423:(eleventh ed.). Elsevier. 2017. pp. 657–715.
1154:"New taxa and a new combination in the genus Cotyledon"
487:
also tends to be smaller and less branched than subsp.
1502:"Krimpsiekte in South Africa: Historical perspectives"
1466:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1354:
1059:
Illustrated
Handbook of Succulent Plants: Crassulaceae
975:
Harvey, William H.; Sonder, Otto Wilhelm (1861–1862).
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
952:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1680:
1506:
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
1451:
1314:
1284:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
793:disease known as krimpsiekte ("shrink disease" in
1191:
1189:
974:
580:, because it had already been applied in 1824 by
1897:
1681:van Jaarsveld, Ernst J.; Koutnik, Daryl (2004).
1355:S. Steyn, Pieter; R. van Heerden, Fanie (1998).
1282:Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names
603:reclassified the taxon in 1977 as a subspecies,
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1124:Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis
760:cause both acute and chronic poisoning. On the
1186:
1334:. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. pp. 54, 93.
1121:
1100:
1550:
1403:
1117:
1115:
910:
875:"Cotyledon tomentosa Harv. subsp. tomentosa"
872:
1470:Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in Southern Africa
1357:"Bufadienolides of plant and animal origin"
1279:
697:is found in rocky outcrops in the southern
649:
1273:
1147:
1145:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
213:
58:
31:
1624:
1606:
1527:
1517:
1417:"Diseases of the Cardiovascular System".
1195:
1169:
1112:
1016:
1649:"Succulents :: Cotyledon tomentosa"
1584:
1582:
808:
762:World Health Organization toxicity scale
661:region located in the southern parts of
640:" spelling used at the US Botanic Garden
631:
595:, for its native range near the town of
546:was first described in 1907 by botanist
425:
1280:Eggli, Urs; Newton, Leonard E. (2004).
1151:
1142:
1033:
1012:
1010:
1898:
1221:
1219:
1217:
970:
968:
966:
936:
934:
932:
777:because they are strong inhibitors of
441:family of succulent flowering plants.
1712:
1711:
1588:
1579:
1499:
1327:
1108:. Deutschen Kakteen-Gesellschaft: 94.
1096:
1094:
1056:
1473:. Academic Press. pp. 105–110.
1007:
991:
1214:
963:
929:
13:
1674:
1429:10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00010-3
1331:Succulent Flora of Southern Africa
1202:International Crassulaceae Network
1091:
911:Vlok, J. H.; Raimondo, D. (2006).
873:Vlok, J. H.; Raimondo, D. (2006).
618:International Code of Nomenclature
347:(Poelln.) Toelken, 1977 (possible
14:
1917:
773:Bufadienolides are classified as
1870:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:272893-1
1500:Botha, Christo J. (2013-11-18).
770:, was lethal when fed to sheep.
511:
83:
1641:
1544:
1493:
1348:
1249:
985:
804:
421:
1:
1589:Botha, Christo (2016-03-16).
1257:"Cotyledon heterophylla Roxb"
1152:Toelken, H. R. (1977-11-11).
1103:"Bemerkungen zu Cotyledon L."
844:
748:species are known to contain
354:
1553:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1328:Court, Doreen (2000-06-01).
1101:von Poellnitz, Karl (1936).
1023:Records of the Albany Museum
799:bend their necks to one side
657:is native to the semidesert
430:Tomentose leaves and flowers
7:
997:"Cotyledon ladysmithiensis"
831:Royal Horticultural Society
735:
528:
410:In its native habitat, the
10:
1922:
1261:Plants of the World Online
1017:Schonland, Selmar (1907).
950:Plants of the World Online
644:
613:Plants of the World Online
1720:
1608:10.3390/molecules21030348
1565:10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.022
1290:10.1007/978-3-662-07125-0
1067:10.1007/978-3-642-55874-0
720:for the succulent trade.
593:Cotyledon ladysmithiensis
558:seemed "more robust than
330:Cotyledon ladysmithiensis
285:Cotyledon ladysmithiensis
258:
251:
221:
212:
194:
187:
80:Scientific classification
78:
56:
47:
39:
30:
23:
1519:10.4102/jsava.v84i1.1059
1136:10.1002/fedr.19370420107
1057:Eggli, Urs, ed. (2003).
650:Habitat and conservation
414:region of South Africa,
1683:Cotyledon and Tylecodon
1361:Natural Product Reports
1196:Bischofberger, Magrit.
554:. Schonland noted that
289:Poelln., misapplied by
1171:10.4102/abc.v12i2.1394
814:
779:sodium potassium pumps
641:
584:to what is now called
552:Cotyledon heterophylla
431:
312:Cotyledon heterophylla
993:Boom, Boudewijn Karel
835:Award of Garden Merit
812:
635:
505:Leaf shape comparison
465:autonymous subspecies
429:
783:cardiac irregularity
767:Cotyledon orbiculata
586:Kalanchoe lanceolata
339:Cotyledon tomentosa
16:Species of succulent
1752:Cotyledon tomentosa
1722:Cotyledon tomentosa
1420:Veterinary Medicine
1229:Cotyledon tomentosa
944:Cotyledon tomentosa
823:Cotyledon tomentosa
655:Cotyledon tomentosa
605:Cotyledon tomentosa
540:Cotyledon tomentosa
534:Cotyledon tomentosa
435:Cotyledon tomentosa
369:Cotyledon tomentosa
273:Cotyledon tomentosa
224:Cotyledon tomentosa
198:Cotyledon tomentosa
50:Conservation status
41:Cotyledon tomentosa
25:Cotyledon tomentosa
815:
750:cardiac glycosides
642:
601:Hellmut R. Toelken
491:. Finally, subsp.
432:
1893:
1892:
1839:Open Tree of Life
1714:Taxon identifiers
1480:978-0-12-814007-9
1438:978-0-7020-5246-0
1341:978-90-5809-323-3
1299:978-3-642-05597-3
1076:978-3-642-62629-6
995:(February 1958).
829:has received the
718:illegal gathering
709:, and Muiskraal.
577:nomen illegitimum
365:
364:
358:
335:
326:
306:
294:
281:
267:
180:C. tomentosa
73:
1913:
1886:
1885:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1859:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1833:
1821:
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1755:
1754:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1655:. Archived from
1645:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1610:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1531:
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1400:
1373:10.1039/a815397y
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989:
983:
982:
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958:
957:
938:
927:
926:
924:
923:
908:
889:
888:
886:
885:
870:
599:, South Africa.
582:William Roxburgh
548:Selmar Schonland
515:
471:leaves that are
346:
333:
315:
301:
288:
276:
262:
242:
233:
222:Distribution of
217:
200:
88:
87:
67:
62:
61:
35:
21:
20:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1914:
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1911:
1910:
1896:
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1842:
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1811:
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1798:
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1764:
1759:
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1734:
1729:
1716:
1693:
1677:
1675:Further reading
1672:
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1240:
1238:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1204:
1194:
1187:
1150:
1143:
1130:(1–10): 15–42.
1120:
1113:
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1077:
1055:
1034:
1015:
1008:
990:
986:
973:
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921:
919:
909:
892:
883:
881:
871:
852:
847:
813:Variegated form
807:
738:
730:ladismithiensis
695:ladismithiensis
652:
647:
638:ladysmithiensis
627:ladismithensis.
623:ladysmithiensis
609:ladismithiensis
572:C. heterophylla
564:C. heterophylla
556:C. heterophylla
550:, who named it
544:ladismithiensis
531:
526:
525:
524:
523:
522:
520:ladismithiensis
516:
507:
506:
493:ladismithiensis
485:ladismithiensis
481:ladismithiensis
451:ladismithiensis
424:
378:flowering plant
361:
355:§ Taxonomy
345:
343:ladismithiensis
332:
314:
308:
307:
304:ladismithiensis
297:
287:
275:
269:
268:
247:
245:ladismithiensis
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63:
59:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1883:wfo-0000624029
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1669:
1640:
1578:
1559:(3): 549–558.
1543:
1492:
1479:
1450:
1437:
1402:
1367:(4): 397–413.
1347:
1340:
1313:
1298:
1272:
1248:
1213:
1185:
1164:(2): 191–194.
1141:
1111:
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1032:
1006:
984:
962:
928:
890:
849:
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846:
843:
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754:bufadienolides
737:
734:
681:is found near
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70:SANBI Red List
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1692:1-919766-32-4
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1659:on 2011-09-20
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743:
733:
731:
727:
723:
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257:
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250:
246:
243: subsp.
237:
234: subsp.
229:
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193:
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189:Binomial name
186:
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110:Tracheophytes
108:
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81:
77:
71:
66:
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1906:Crassulaceae
1721:
1682:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:the original
1652:
1643:
1598:
1594:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1484:. Retrieved
1469:
1442:. Retrieved
1419:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1330:
1281:
1275:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1232:
1228:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:
1161:
1157:
1127:
1123:
1105:
1058:
1026:
1022:
1000:
987:
977:
954:. Retrieved
949:
943:
920:. Retrieved
916:
882:. Retrieved
878:
826:
822:
820:
816:
772:
765:
757:
752:, including
745:
742:C. tomentosa
741:
739:
729:
725:
722:C. tomentosa
721:
711:
699:Western Cape
694:
678:
675:C. tomentosa
674:
663:South Africa
659:Little Karoo
654:
653:
637:
626:
622:
616:
608:
604:
592:
590:
585:
575:
571:
568:C. tomentosa
567:
563:
560:C. tomentosa
559:
555:
551:
543:
539:
538:
533:
532:
519:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
473:oblanceolate
460:
457:C. tomentosa
456:
455:
450:
446:
443:C. tomentosa
442:
439:Crassulaceae
434:
433:
415:
412:Little Karoo
409:
403:
402:
393:
389:South Africa
387:, native to
385:Crassulaceae
368:
367:
366:
348:
342:
338:
329:
320:
311:
303:
284:
272:
264:
244:
235:
228:South Africa
223:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
156:Crassulaceae
146:Saxifragales
129:
116:
103:
40:
24:
18:
1857:kew-2740377
1800:iNaturalist
1746:Wikispecies
805:Cultivation
775:neurotoxins
449:and subsp.
422:Description
350:nom. illeg.
322:nom. illeg.
302:for subsp.
263:for subsp.
123:Angiosperms
1852:Plant List
1663:2011-11-18
1653:GardenLife
1601:(3): 348.
1529:2263/39710
1486:2020-05-28
1444:2020-05-28
1266:2020-06-19
1207:2020-05-30
1029:: 150–151.
1001:Succulenta
956:2020-05-30
922:2020-05-28
884:2020-05-28
845:References
821:In the UK
791:paraplegic
703:Laingsburg
701:, between
687:Willowmore
683:Calitzdorp
416:Cotyledons
404:bear's paw
65:Vulnerable
1617:1420-3049
1595:Molecules
1538:2224-9435
1381:0265-0568
1233:tomentosa
1180:2311-9284
839:temperate
827:tomentosa
795:Afrikaans
758:Cotyledon
746:Cotyledon
726:tomentosa
707:Ladismith
679:tomentosa
667:Ladismith
597:Ladismith
497:tomentosa
489:tomentosa
469:tomentose
461:tomentosa
447:tomentosa
399:evergreen
396:succulent
317:Schonland
265:tomentosa
236:tomentosa
174:Species:
167:Cotyledon
93:Kingdom:
43:in bloom
1900:Category
1818:272893-1
1737:Q3448252
1731:Wikidata
1701:58463060
1635:27102163
1573:18706990
1512:(1): 5.
1397:30031690
1308:35535824
1158:Bothalia
1085:36280482
736:Toxicity
529:Taxonomy
394:It is a
319:, 1907 (
253:Synonyms
152:Family:
136:Eudicots
1792:7334615
1626:6273117
1389:9736996
1231:subsp.
825:subsp.
724:subsp.
677:subsp.
665:, from
645:Ecology
607:subsp.
542:subsp.
518:subsp.
459:subsp.
380:in the
374:species
162:Genus:
142:Order:
97:Plantae
68: (
1805:564834
1766:423044
1699:
1689:
1633:
1623:
1615:
1571:
1536:
1477:
1435:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1338:
1306:
1296:
1178:
1083:
1073:
740:While
689:, and
574:was a
477:oblong
463:, the
382:family
353:, see
341:subsp.
293:, 1958
280:, 1862
241:
232:
207:, 1862
1844:61165
1831:91073
1393:S2CID
1304:S2CID
1241:5 May
1237:. RHS
1081:S2CID
946:Harv"
714:SANBI
372:is a
278:Harv.
205:Harv.
130:Clade
117:Clade
104:Clade
1865:POWO
1826:NCBI
1813:IPNI
1787:GBIF
1779:YZ8R
1761:BOLD
1697:OCLC
1687:ISBN
1631:PMID
1613:ISSN
1569:PMID
1534:ISSN
1475:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1385:PMID
1377:ISSN
1336:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1243:2020
1176:ISSN
1071:ISBN
785:and
566:and
291:Boom
1878:WFO
1774:CoL
1621:PMC
1603:doi
1561:doi
1557:119
1524:hdl
1514:doi
1425:doi
1369:doi
1286:doi
1166:doi
1132:doi
1063:doi
833:'s
669:to
475:to
391:.
376:of
226:in
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