77:
leaving the
Egyptian market with little room to grow. Egypt’s agricultural production had swelled at an incredible rate and kept up with itself until the early 1900s. In the early 1900s, environmental and human factors both lowered production rates. After the prior “boom” of the cotton industry, the population began to increase quickly and consistently. The economy did not follow suit. Earlier expansions done to increase cotton production were costly, and the accumulated cost of these projects created high amounts of national debt. In 1914, Egypt’s debt added up to over one hundred million pounds.
34:
this was completely reversed. This drastic economical change was afforded with the help of continual investment into the actual production and processing of cotton, which enabled several infrastructure improvements. Several social movements occurred simultaneously, influenced by the continuous changing of the economic landscape.
63:
The
American Civil war began in 1861. The Egyptian cotton market boomed to fill the sudden cotton demand from the Cotton Supply Association and its many member British factories and investors. Prior to the American Civil War, American cotton made up the overwhelming majority of cotton imported into
19:
was insignificant before the 1800s, but production increased drastically in the years preceding the beginning of the 20th century. The increase was influenced by historical events such as the
American Civil War, which disrupted the supply of cotton from the United States. The Egyptian cotton market
59:
Several infrastructure projects were taken on by the government throughout the entirety of the 1800s. These projects focused on both production and processing of cotton. Production and agricultural improvements included canal and dam construction. The canals, as well as several newly built railways,
55:
One factor that led the cotton industry to success was continuous dedication to its funding. Change is not the first example of federal investment in cotton. Previously, the
Egyptian government had funded research in cotton production. The research resulted in an improved cotton plant that was
76:
The decline of Egypt’s Cotton Market and foreign trade created an economic crisis brought by a drop in demand. Some of the contributing factors included increased competition, production issues and national debt. More foreign competition in the cotton industry plateaued international cotton prices,
33:
For Egypt, the 19th century brought drastic and sudden changes to the economy. The groundwork for this explosion of production had been in place for decades. Earlier, cotton production for export was present, but represented an insignificant portion of revenue for the country. By the 20th century,
64:
Britain. Cotton was also imported from India, but Indian cotton was of inferior quality when compared with
American cotton. Demand for cotton increased steadily during the latter half of the century propelled by the ongoing “
60:
enabled greater national travel. Other projects included the development of several ports and communication improvements. The new infrastructure played a key role in the “boom” of the
Egyptian cotton industry.
44:
and acted to promote its cultivation. He instituted Egypt’s tenured land system to promote production, and his foreign relations enabled the export of cotton, thus giving rise to
68:.” Egypt took advantage of this. During the three-year period between 1861 and 1864, Egypt ceased nearly all agricultural activity unrelated to cotton.
85:
The United States
Department of Agriculture notes that cotton production is on the rise in Egypt, with 2023 production estimates to be at 320,000 bales.
52:
system. This feudal-like system began to face national pushback in the 1880s; a process heavily influenced by the
British.
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463:""We Are Not Enemies": An Analysis of Textbook Depictions of Fort Sumter and the Beginning of the Civil War"
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Issawi, Charles (1961). "Egypt Since 1800: A Study in Lop-sided
Development".
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Issawi, Charles (1961). "Egypt Since 1800: A Study in Lop-sided
Development".
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declined in the 20th century, but is again on the rise as of 2023.
48:. He converted peasants into factory workers, using the
863:"Egypt Since 1800: A Study in Lop-sided Development"
808:"Egypt Since 1800: A Study in Lop-sided Development"
753:"Egypt Since 1800: A Study in Lop-sided Development"
698:"Egypt Since 1800: A Study in Lop-sided Development"
643:"Egypt Since 1800: A Study in Lop-sided Development"
357:"Egypt Since 1800: A Study in Lop-sided Development"
302:"Egypt Since 1800: A Study in Lop-sided Development"
939:
259:"Who Abolished Corvee Labour in Egypt and Why?"
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596:"Egyptian Cotton and the American Civil War"
549:"Egyptian Cotton and the American Civil War"
502:"Egyptian Cotton and the American Civil War"
107:"Egyptian Cotton and the American Civil War"
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157:"Formation of the Egyptian Working Class"
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917:"Egypt: Cotton and Products Annual"
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921:USDA Foreign Agricultural Service
46:export-oriented industrialization
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702:The Journal of Economic History
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208:The Journal of Economic History
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1:
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600:Political Science Quarterly
594:Earle, Edward Mead (1926).
553:Political Science Quarterly
547:Earle, Edward Mead (1926).
506:Political Science Quarterly
500:Earle, Edward Mead (1926).
111:Political Science Quarterly
105:Earle, Edward Mead (1926).
72:1900s Cotton market decline
10:
974:
23:
17:Cotton production in Egypt
958:Textile industry of Egypt
879:10.1017/S0022050700110988
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714:10.1017/S0022050700110988
659:10.1017/S0022050700110988
424:10.1017/S0022050700110988
373:10.1017/S0022050700110988
318:10.1017/S0022050700110988
257:Brown, Nathan J. (1994).
220:10.1017/S0022050700110988
861:Issawi, Charles (1961).
806:Issawi, Charles (1961).
751:Issawi, Charles (1961).
696:Issawi, Charles (1961).
641:Issawi, Charles (1961).
355:Issawi, Charles (1961).
300:Issawi, Charles (1961).
29:19th century cotton boom
271:10.1093/past/144.1.116
40:saw an opportunity in
461:Pearcy, Mark (2019).
155:Beinin, Joel (1981).
38:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
467:The History Teacher
289:– via JSTOR.
263:Past & Present
141:– via JSTOR.
81:Current production
56:nearly unrivaled.
42:long-staple cotton
948:Cotton production
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942:Categories
927:2023-05-06
606:(4): 521.
473:(4): 599.
367:(1): 8–9.
214:(1): 4–5.
89:References
903:154560317
887:0022-0507
873:(1): 10.
848:154560317
832:0022-0507
818:(1): 16.
793:154560317
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763:(1): 13.
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722:0022-0507
708:(1): 15.
683:154560317
667:0022-0507
620:0032-3195
573:0032-3195
526:0032-3195
479:0018-2745
448:154560317
432:0022-0507
397:154560317
381:0022-0507
342:154560317
326:0022-0507
279:0031-2746
244:154560317
228:0022-0507
193:158418903
177:0047-7265
131:0032-3195
487:26823693
312:(1): 9.
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24:History
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