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for violating the license because a school had used its services to mass-produce photocopies of the work, thus commercially exploiting the works. A U.S. judge dismissed the case in
February 2017, ruling that FedEx was an intermediary, and that the provision of the license "does not limit a licensee's
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Lessig responded that the current copyright regime also harms compatibility and that authors can lessen this incompatibility by choosing the least restrictive license. Additionally, the non-commercial license is useful for preventing someone else from capitalizing on an author's work when the author
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raised concerns about the use of
Creative Commons' non-commercial license. Works distributed under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial license are not compatible with many open-content sites, including Knowledge, which explicitly allow and encourage some commercial uses. Möller explained that "the
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In
September 2009 Creative Commons published a report titled, "Defining 'Noncommercial'". The report featured survey data, analysis, and expert opinions on what "noncommercial" means, how it applied to contemporary media, and how people who share media interpret the term. The report found that in
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We hold that, in view of the absence of any clear license language to the contrary, licensees may use thirdâparty agents such as commercial reproduction services in furtherance of their own permitted noncommercial uses. Because FedEx acted as the mere agent of licensee school districts when it
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reproduced Great Minds' materials, and because there is no dispute that the school districts themselves sought to use Great Minds' materials for permissible purposes, we conclude that FedEx's activities did not breach the license or violate Great Minds' copyright.
127:
An examination of media use in biodiversity research publications reported that people both offering and reusing biodiversity media with the noncommercial license have a variety of conflicting understandings about what this should mean.
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Various bloggers commented that the ambiguity which the report exposed provided supporting evidence of the need to establish clarification and certainty into what it means to apply the license and reuse media under the license.
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magazine repeated the report's claim that two-thirds of
Creative Commons usage was with noncommercial licenses and that there was public confusion about how people should reuse such content.
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later that year. The 2nd
Circuit upheld the lower court's decision in March 2018, concluding that FedEx neither infringed copyrights nor violated the license. One of circuit judges
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people who are likely to be hurt by an -NC license are not large corporations, but small publications like weblogs, advertising-funded radio stations, or local newspapers."
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still plans to do so in the future. The non-commercial licenses have also been criticized for being too vague about which uses count as "commercial" and "non-commercial".
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some aspects there was public agreement on the meaning of "noncommercial", but for other aspects, there is wide variation in expectation of what the term means.
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which a copyright holder can apply to their media to give public permission for anyone to reuse that media only for noncommercial activities.
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Hagedorn, Gregor; Mietchen, Daniel; Morris, Robert; Agosti, Donat; Penev, Lyubomir; Berendsohn, Walter; Hobern, Donald (28 November 2011).
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commented that creators and re-users have their own biases and tend to interpret "noncommercial" in a way that favors their own use.
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36:"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial", also called "CC BY-NC", is the basic noncommercial license from Creative Commons.
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ability to use third parties in exercising the rights granted ." Great Minds appealed the decision to the
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95:"Defining 'Noncommercial'", a 2009 report from Creative Commons on the concept of noncommercial media
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229:"An Issue for Open Education: Interpreting the Non-Commercial Clause in Creative Commons Licensing"
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Great Minds, a non-profit educational publisher that released works under an -NC license, sued
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A challenge with using these licenses is determining what noncommercial use is.
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349:"The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License"
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422:"Does the Noncommercial Creative Commons license make sense?"
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Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
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553:"Second Circuit Clears FedEx in Education Copyright Case"
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395:"On Free, and the Differences between Culture and Code"
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licenses, the CC BY-NC license is considered non-free.
527:"2nd Circ. Upholds FedEx Win in Textbook Copying Suit"
373:"CC in Review: Lawrence Lessig on Important Freedoms"
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United States Court of
Appeals for the Second Circuit
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Great Minds v. FedEx Office and Print
Services, Inc.
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Conference on
College Composition and Communication
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Conference on
College Composition and Communication
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64:is an organization which develops a variety of
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401:. 2006. google video docid=7661663613180520595
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506:. Editorial Projects in Education, Inc
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179:"Understanding Free Cultural Works"
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66:public copyright licenses
315:10.3897/zookeys.150.2189
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87:Defining "Noncommercial"
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771:Newgrounds Audio portal
557:Courthouse News Service
399:23C3 Who can you trust?
354:. Open Source Jahrbuch.
347:Moeller, Erik (2006).
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696:Jurisdiction ports
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655:Works and projects
479:. 27 February 2017
375:. Creative Commons
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849:Categories
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405:7 February
379:20 October
165:References
123:Commentary
54:NC license
781:Wikimedia
736:Freesound
397:(video).
818:See also
776:Scripped
751:Dogmazic
726:ccMixter
679:Category
662:Licenses
562:23 March
536:23 March
510:23 March
371:(2005).
334:22207810
78:CC BY-SA
50:CC BY-NC
18:CC BY-NC
809:Joi Ito
786:Commons
766:Jamendo
325:3234435
306:ZooKeys
188:15 June
56:) is a
797:People
531:Law360
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259:Online
112:Online
76:, and
756:Phlow
352:(PDF)
266:(1).
144:FedEx
74:CC BY
46:CC NC
827:and
825:Free
583:Text
564:2018
538:2018
512:2018
485:2017
459:2015
433:2015
426:CNET
407:2014
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330:PMID
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
