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medical and educational institutions. Since joining the WTO, China has been working hard to improve its education system and bring it up to international standards. SARS played a large role in China quickly improving its health care system. Back in 2003, there was an outbreak of SARS and that made China hurry to spread HIS or
Hospital Information System and more than 80% of hospitals had HIS. China had been comparing itself to Korea's health care system and figuring out how it can better its own system. There was a study done that surveyed six hospitals in China that had HIS. The results were that doctors did not use computers as much so it was concluded that it was not used as much for clinical practice than it was for administrative purposes. The survey asked if the hospitals created any websites and it was concluded that only four of them had created websites and that three had a third-party company create it for them and one was created by the hospital staff. In conclusion, all of them agreed or strongly agreed that providing health information on the Internet should be utilized.
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the second level of care. The third tier is provisional and municipal general hospitals and teaching hospitals which provided the third level of care. In a tier of its own is the national hospitals which are governed by the
Ministry of Health. China has been greatly improving its health informatics since it finally opened its doors to the outside world and joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). In 2001, it was reported that China had 324,380 medical institutions and the majority of those were clinics. The reason for that is that clinics are prevention centers and Chinese people like using traditional Chinese medicine as opposed to Western medicine and it usually works for the minor cases. China has also been improving its higher education in regards to health informatics.
2000:(ABPM) with 432 passing to become the 2014 inaugural class of Diplomates in clinical informatics. Fellowship programs exist for physicians who wish to become board-certified in clinical informatics. Physicians must have graduated from a medical school in the United States or Canada, or a school located elsewhere that is approved by the ABPM. In addition, they must complete a primary residency program such as Internal Medicine (or any of the 24 subspecialties recognized by the ABMS) and be eligible to become licensed to practice medicine in the state where their fellowship program is located. The fellowship program is 24 months in length, with fellows dividing their time between Informatics rotations, didactic method, research, and clinical work in their primary specialty.
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political lambasting of the
Programme's spend (past and projected) against the proposed budget. In 2010 a consultation was launched as part of the new Conservative/Liberal Democrat Coalition Government's White Paper "Liberating the NHS". This initiative provided little in the way of innovative thinking, primarily re-stating existing strategies within the proposed new context of the Coalition's vision for the NHS. The degree of computerization in NHS secondary care was quite high before NPfIT, and the programme stagnated further development of the install base β the original NPfIT regional approach provided neither a single, nationwide solution nor local health community agility or autonomy to purchase systems, but instead tried to deal with a hinterland in the middle.
1389:, Hayes G, Barnett D (Eds.), BCS (May 2008) by those active in the field, predominantly members of BCS Health and its constituent groups. The book describes the path taken as "early development of health informatics was unorganized and idiosyncratic". In the early 1950s, it was prompted by those involved in NHS finance and only in the early 1960s did solutions including those in pathology (1960), radiotherapy (1962), immunization (1963), and primary care (1968) emerge. Many of these solutions, even in the early 1970s were developed in-house by pioneers in the field to meet their own requirements. In part, this was due to some areas of health services (for example the immunization and vaccination of children) still being provided by Local Authorities.
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1726:(MyHDW) project. MyHDW aims to meet the diverse needs of timely health information provision and management, and acts as a platform for the standardization and integration of health data from a variety of sources (Health Informatics Centre, 2013). The Ministry of Health has embarked on introducing the electronic Hospital Information Systems (HIS) in several public hospitals including Putrajaya Hospital, Serdang Hospital and Selayang Hospital. Similarly, under Ministry of Higher Education, hospitals such as University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) and University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) are also using HIS for healthcare delivery.
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quantity of vocabulary, classification and coding standards between different jurisdictions, the health care provider realized that using multiple systems could generate issues of resource wasting and a non-conflicting national level standard was beneficial and necessary. Therefore, in late 2003, the health informatics group in
Ministry of Health released three projects to deal with issues of lacking national health information standards, which were the Chinese National Health Information Framework and Standardization, the Basic Data Set Standards of Hospital Information System and the Basic Data Set Standards of Public Health Information System.
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interoperability, however a system lacking standards would be a large impediment to interfere the improvement of corresponding information systems. Given that the standardization for health informatics depends on the authorities, standardization events must be involved with government and the subsequently relevant funding and supports were critical. In 2003, the
Ministry of Health released the Development Lay-out of National Health Informatics (2003β2010) indicating the identification of standardization for health informatics which is 'combining adoption of international standards and development of national standards'.
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standardized GP system, it sets relatively rigid minimum standards of performance and functionality for vendors to adhere to. Interoperation between primary and secondary care systems is rather primitive. It is hoped that a focus on interworking (for interfacing and integration) standards will stimulate synergy between primary and secondary care in sharing necessary information to support the care of individuals. Notable successes to date are in the electronic requesting and viewing of test results, and in some areas, GPs have access to digital x-ray images from secondary care systems.
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750:. The company that performs the majority of testing is called 23andMe. Utilizing genetic testing in health care raises many ethical, legal and social concerns; one of the main questions is whether the health care providers are ready to include patient-supplied genomic information while providing care that is unbiased (despite the intimate genomic knowledge) and a high quality. The documented examples of incorporating such information into a health care delivery showed both positive and negative impacts on the overall health care related outcomes.
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1733:(HIS) is a comprehensive, integrated information system designed to manage the administrative, financial and clinical aspects of a hospital. As an area of medical informatics, the aim of hospital information system is to achieve the best possible support of patient care and administration by electronic data processing. HIS plays a vital role in planning, initiating, organizing and controlling the operations of the subsystems of the hospital and thus provides a synergistic organization in the process.
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1504:(IMIA). Nursing informaticians were the driving force behind the formation of HISA, which is now a company limited by guarantee of the members. The membership comes from across the informatics spectrum that is from students to corporate affiliates. HISA has a number of branches (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia) as well as special interest groups such as nursing (NIA), pathology, aged and community care, industry and medical imaging (Conrick, 2006).
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1548:(HIS), which was aimed to minimize unnecessary waste and repetition, subsequently to promote the efficiency and quality-control of health care. By 2004, China had successfully spread HIS through approximately 35β40% of nationwide hospitals. However, the dispersion of hospital-owned HIS varies critically. In the east part of China, over 80% of hospitals constructed HIS, in northwest of China the equivalent was no more than 20%. Moreover, all of the
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1283:, analytics, and data administration, such as Registered Health Information Administrator and Certified Coding Associate. Certifications are widely requested by employers in health informatics, and overall the demand for certified informatics workers in the United States is outstripping supply. The American Health Information Management Association reports that only 68% of applicants pass certification exams on the first try.
1443:(FCI) is the professional membership society for health and social care professionals in clinical informatics offering Fellowship, Membership and Associateship. BCS and FCI are member organizations of the Federation for Informatics Professionals in Health and Social Care (FedIP), a collaboration between the leading professional bodies in health and care informatics supporting the development of the informatics professions.
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charting, etc. The growing popularity of health information technology systems and the escalation in the amount of health information that can be exchanged and transferred electronically increased the risk of potential infringement in patients' privacy and confidentiality. This concern triggered the establishment of strict measures by both policymakers and individual facility to ensure patient privacy and confidentiality.
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Informatics
Professional) certification was created by ABII (The American Board of Imaging Informatics) which was founded by SIIM (the Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine) and ARRT (the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists) in 2005. The CIIP certification requires documented experience working in Imaging Informatics, formal testing and is a limited time credential requiring renewal every five years.
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expenditure was contributed by health insurance schemes and private spending, which corresponded to 40% and 45% of total expenditure, respectively. Meanwhile, the financially governmental contribution was decreased to 10% only. On the other hand, by 2004, up to 296,492 health care facilities were recorded in statistic summary of MoH, and an average of 2.4 clinical beds per 1000 people were mentioned as well.
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synonym, or is used in a more limited sense to describe remote clinical services, such as diagnosis and monitoring. Remote monitoring, also known as self-monitoring or testing, enables medical professionals to monitor a patient remotely using various technological devices. This method is primarily used for managing chronic diseases or specific conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes mellitus, or asthma.
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1314:. The program is designed to provide specific Health Informatics education, and is the only program in the country with a Health Informatics Lab. The program is housed in the School of Computing in Shelby Hall, a recently completed $ 50 million state of the art teaching facility. The University of South Alabama awarded David L. Loeser on May 10, 2014, with the first Health Informatics degree.
609:), maintenance of repositories of past clinical trial data (de-identified). CRI is a fairly new branch of informatics and has met growing pains as any up and coming field does. Some issue CRI faces is the ability for the statisticians and the computer system architects to work with the clinical research staff in designing a system and lack of funding to support the development of a new system.
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382:. This field deals with utilization of machine-learning algorithms and artificial intelligence, to emulate human cognition in the analysis, interpretation, and comprehension of complicated medical and healthcare data. Specifically, AI is the ability of computer algorithms to approximate conclusions based solely on input data. AI programs are applied to practices such as diagnosis processes,
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warehouse or data marts. Clinical registries repositories have long been in existence, but their contents are disease specific and sometimes considered archaic. Clinical data stores and clinical data warehouses are considered fast and reliable. Though these large integrated repositories have impacted clinical research significantly, it still faces challenges and barriers.
1813:(EHR) with the majority of other services set in the system that manages the flow of patients, contains outpatient card integrated in the system, and provides an opportunity to manage consolidated managerial accounting and personalized list of medical help. Besides that, the system contains information about availability of the medical institutions and various doctors.
560:. With the market for AI expanding constantly, large tech companies such as Apple, Google, Amazon, and Baidu all have their own AI research divisions, as well as millions of dollars allocated for acquisition of smaller AI based companies. Many automobile manufacturers are beginning to use machine learning healthcare in their cars as well. Companies such as
1295:; privacy, security, and confidentiality; workflow process improvement; technology, people, and processes; process engineering; quality process improvement and health information technology; computer hardware; software; databases; data warehousing; information networks; information systems; information exchange; data analytics; and usability methods.
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history. Entrepreneurs in healthcare have been effectively using seven business model archetypes to take AI solution to the marketplace. These archetypes depend on the value generated for the target user (e.g. patient focus vs. healthcare provider and payer focus) and value capturing mechanisms (e.g. providing information or connecting stakeholders).
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1571:, which is conducive to reserve and transmit information for premium management at national level. By 2006, 55 international/ domestic standards of vocabulary, classification and coding have served in hospital information system. In 2003, the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (
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subgroups than had been previously practical with mechanical calculators, thus allowing an objective understanding of how human locomotion varies by age and body characteristics. A study co-author was Dean of the
Marquette University College of Engineering; this work led to discrete Biomedical Engineering departments there and elsewhere.
1485:(ACHI) is the professional association for health informatics in the Asia-Pacific region. It represents the interests of a broad range of clinical and non-clinical professionals working within the health informatics sphere through a commitment to quality, standards and ethical practice. ACHI is an academic institutional member of the
1240:, MD, co-founded the academic division of clinical informatics (DCI) at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. Warner Slack is a pioneer of the development of the electronic patient medical history, and in 1977 Dr. Bleich created the first user-friendly search engine for the worlds biomedical literature.
1552:(CDC) above rural level, approximately 80% of health care organisations above the rural level and 27% of hospitals over town level have the ability to perform the transmission of reports about real-time epidemic situation through public health information system and to analysis infectious diseases by dynamic statistics.
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pathology, audiology, occupational therapy, and physical therapy. Telerehabilitation can deliver therapy to people who cannot travel to a clinic because the patient has a disability or because of travel time. Telerehabilitation also allows experts in rehabilitation to engage in a clinical consultation at a distance.
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1695:(HKSMI) was established in 1987 to promote the use of information technology in health care. The eHealth Consortium has been formed to bring together clinicians from both the private and public sectors, medical informatics professionals and the IT industry to further promote IT in health care in Hong Kong.
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workers, and lastly savings in time and money (Zahabi, Kaber, & Swangnetr, 2015). The system, however, is not perfect and will continue to require improvement. Frequently cited factors of concern involve usability, safety, accessibility, and user-friendliness (Zahabi, Kaber, & Swangnetr, 2015).
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deals with evolving and sometimes complex legal principles as they apply to information technology in health-related fields. It addresses the privacy, ethical and operational issues that invariably arise when electronic tools, information and media are used in health care delivery. Health
Informatics
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At the end of 2002, there were 77 medical universities and medical colleges. There were 48 university medical colleges which offered bachelor, master, and doctorate degrees in medicine. There were 21 higher medical specialty institutions that offered diploma degrees so in total, there were 147 higher
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The
European Union's Member States are committed to sharing their best practices and experiences to create a European eHealth Area, thereby improving access to and quality health care at the same time as stimulating growth in a promising new industrial sector. The European eHealth Action Plan plays a
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was created in 2001 to foster the development and adoption of electronic health records across Canada. As of
December 31, 2008, there were 276 EHR projects under way in Canadian hospitals, other health-care facilities, pharmacies and laboratories, with an investment value of $ 1.5-billion from Canada
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established the first professional organization for informatics in Germany. Specialized university departments and Informatics training programs began during the 1960s in France, Germany, Belgium and The Netherlands. Medical informatics research units began to appear during the 1970s in Poland and in
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is the distribution of health-related services and information via electronic information and telecommunication technologies. It allows long-distance patient and clinician contact, care, advice, reminders, education, intervention, monitoring, and remote admissions. Telemedicine is sometimes used as a
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One of the main issues of the post-Soviet medical health care system was the absence of the united system providing optimization of work for medical institutes with one, single database and structured appointment schedule and hence hours-long lines. Efficiency of medical workers might have been also
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The lack of more generic and extensible lower level data structures. China's large and complex EHR Standard was constructed for all medical domains. However, the specific and time-frequent attributes of clinical data elements, value sets and templates identified that this once-for-all purpose cannot
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Personal identifier codes were widely employed in different information systems, involving name, sex, nationality, family relationship, educational level and job occupation. However, these codes within different systems are inconsistent, when sharing between different regions. Considering this large
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Along with the development of information technology since the 1990s, health care providers realized that the information could generate significant benefits to improve their services by computerized cases and data, for instance of gaining the information for directing patient care and assessing the
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Guided by Ledley's late 1950s survey of computer use in biology and medicine (carried out for the NAS-NRC), and by his and Lusted's articles, the NIH undertook the first major effort to introduce computers to biology and medicine. This effort, carried out initially by the NIH's Advisory Committee on
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The Argentinian health system is heterogeneous in its function, and because of that, the informatics developments show a heterogeneous stage. Many private health care centers have developed systems, such as the Hospital Aleman of Buenos Aires, or the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires that also has a
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Translational Bioinformatics (TBI) is a relatively new field that surfaced in the year of 2000 when human genome sequence was released. The commonly used definition of TBI is lengthy and could be found on the AMIA website. In simpler terms, TBI could be defined as a collection of colossal amounts of
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There are many variations in the name of the field involved in applying information and communication technologies to healthcare, public health, and personal health, ranging from those focused on the molecular (e.g., genomic), organ system (e.g., imaging), individual (e.g., patient or consumer, care
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As many health care systems are making an effort to have patient records more readily available to them via the internet, it is important that providers implement security standards in order to ensure that the patients' information is safe. They have to be able to assure confidentiality, integrity,
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Health informatics is taught at five New Zealand universities. The most mature and established programme has been offered for over a decade at Otago. Health Informatics New Zealand (HINZ), is the national organization that advocates for health informatics. HINZ organizes a conference every year and
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of clinical systems development, with input from hundreds of clinicians being incorporated through a structured process. The health informatics section in the Hospital Authority has a close relationship with the information technology department and clinicians to develop health care systems for the
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label in the early to mid-2000s, under the auspices of NHS Connecting for Health (part of the Health and Social Care Information Centre as of 1 April 2013). NPfIT originally divided the country into five regions, with strategic 'systems integration' contracts awarded to one of several Local Service
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portfolio/program/project management, ICT, education and research, clinical informatics, health records(service and business-related), health informatics service management. These constituencies accommodate professionals in and for the NHS, in academia and commercial service and solution providers.
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One of the fundamental elements of biomedical and translation research is the use of integrated data repositories. A survey conducted in 2010 defined "integrated data repository" (IDR) as a data warehouse incorporating various sources of clinical data to support queries for a range of research-like
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The Russian health care system is based on the principles of the Soviet health care system, which was oriented on mass prophylaxis, prevention of infection and epidemic diseases, vaccination and immunization of the population on a socially protected basis. The current government health care system
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China has four tiers in its health care system. The first tier is street health and workplace clinics and these are cheaper than hospitals in terms of medical billing and act as prevention centers. The second tier is district and enterprise hospitals along with specialist clinics and these provide
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662.33 billion totally, which accounted for about 5.56% of nationwide gross domestic products. Before the 1980s, the entire health care costs were covered in central government annual budget. Since that, the construct of health care-expended supporters started to change gradually. Most of the
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The various specific technical solutions were required to connect securely with the NHS 'Spine', a system designed to broker data between different systems and care settings. NPfIT fell significantly behind schedule and its scope and design were being revised in real time, exacerbated by media and
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Computerised systems involved in patient care have led to a number of changes. Such changes have led to improvements in electronic health records which are now capable of sharing medical information among multiple health care stakeholders (Zahabi, Kaber, & Swangnetr, 2015); thereby, supporting
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One early (1960, non-ACCR) use of computers was to help quantify normal human movement, as a precursor to scientifically measuring deviations from normal, and design of prostheses. The use of computers (IBM 650, 1620, and 7040) allowed analysis of a large sample size, and of more measurements and
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Repurposing of the drug is an appealing idea that allows the pharmaceutical companies to sell an already approved drug to treat a different condition/disease that the drug was not initially approved for by the FDA. The observation of "molecular signatures in disease and compare those to signatures
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Genomic data are used to identify the genes involvement in unknown or rare conditions/syndromes. Currently, the most vigorous area of using genomics is oncology. The identification of genomic sequencing of cancer may define reasons of drug(s) sensitivity and resistance during oncological treatment
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agreed on design of a system that would improve public services of health care institutes. Tackling the issues appearing in the existing system, the Moscow Government ordered that the design of a system would provide simplified electronic booking to public clinics and automate the work of medical
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in the healthcare industry. Many companies investigate the market opportunities through the realms of "data assessment, storage, management, and analysis technologies" which are all crucial parts of the healthcare industry. The following are examples of large companies that have contributed to AI
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One of the federal laws enacted to safeguard patient's health information (medical record, billing information, treatment plan, etc.) and to guarantee patient's privacy is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 or HIPAA. HIPAA gives patients the autonomy and control over
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The use of technology in health care settings has become popular and this trend is expected to continue. Various health care facilities had instigated different kinds of health information technology systems in the provision of patient care, such as electronic health records (EHRs), computerized
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The American Medical Informatics Association created a, board certification for medical informatics from the American Board of Preventive Medicine. The American Nurses Credentialing Center offers a board certification in Nursing Informatics. For Radiology Informatics, the CIIP (Certified Imaging
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The health informatics community is still growing, it is by no means a mature profession, but work in the UK by the voluntary registration body, the UK Council of Health Informatics Professions has suggested eight key constituencies within the domainβinformation management, knowledge management,
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use AI to give medical consultation based on personal medical history and common medical knowledge. Users report their symptoms into the app, which uses speech recognition to compare against a database of illnesses. Babylon then offers a recommended action, taking into account the user's medical
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networks and the Internet. Most types of services fall into two categories: clinical assessment (the patient's functional abilities in his or her environment), and clinical therapy. Some fields of rehabilitation practice that have explored telerehabilitation are: neuropsychology, speech-language
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Collected information at different times, by different participants or systems could frequently lead to issues of misunderstanding, dis-comparing or dis-exchanging. To design an issues-minor system, health care providers realized that certain standards were the basis for sharing information and
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was created in 2003 by the Government of Alberta. Today the netCARE portal is used daily by thousands of clinicians. It provides access to demographic data, prescribed/dispensed drugs, known allergies/intolerances, immunizations, laboratory test results, diagnostic imaging reports, the diabetes
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is a collection of electronic health records that are used for innovations. The evidence-based approach that is currently practiced in medicine is suggested to be merged with the practice-based medicine to achieve better outcomes for patients. As CEO of California-based cognitive computing firm
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One big problem is the requirement for ethical approval by the institutional review board (IRB) for each research analysis meant for publication. Some research resources do not require IRB approval. For example, CDWs with data of deceased patients have been de-identified and IRB approval is not
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organizations who are performing research are struggling to get financial support to conduct the research, much less invest that money in an informatics system that will not provide them any more income or improve the outcome of the research (Embi, 2009). Ability to integrate data from multiple
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In the 1970s a growing number of commercial vendors began to market practice management and electronic medical records systems. Although many products exist, only a small number of health practitioners use fully featured electronic health care records systems. In 1970, Warner V. Slack, MD, and
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develops computational and mathematical methods for solving problems pertaining to medical images and their use for biomedical research and clinical care. Those fields aims to extract clinically relevant information or knowledge from medical images and computational analysis of the images. The
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data integrated with other data (such as genomic data). Types of data repositories include operational data stores (ODSs), clinical data warehouses (CDWs), clinical data marts, and clinical registries. Operational data stores established for extracting, transferring and loading before creating
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Computer use today involves a broad ability which includes but is not limited to physician diagnosis and documentation, patient appointment scheduling, and billing. Many researchers in the field have identified an increase in the quality of health care systems, decreased errors by health care
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all have new research campaigns to find ways of learning a driver's vital statistics to ensure they are awake, paying attention to the road, and not under the influence of substances or in emotional distress. Examples of projects in computational health informatics include the COACH project.
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Researchers and the informatics team have a difficult time coordinating plans and ideas in order to design a system that is easy to use for the research team yet fits in the system requirements of the computer team. The lack of funding can be a hindrance to the development of the CRI. Many
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Almost all general practices in England and Wales are computerized under the GP Systems of Choice programme, and patients have relatively extensive computerized primary care clinical records. System choice is the responsibility of individual general practices and while there is no single,
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The exam tests for a combination of IT technical knowledge, clinical understanding, and project management experience thought to represent the typical workload of a PACS administrator or other radiology IT clinical support role. Certifications from PARCA (PACS Administrators Registry and
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functions. Integrated data repositories are complex systems developed to solve a variety of problems ranging from identity management, protection of confidentiality, semantic and syntactic comparability of data from different sources, and most importantly convenient and flexible query.
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The first applications of computers to medicine and health care in Brazil started around 1968, with the installation of the first mainframes in public university hospitals, and the use of programmable calculators in scientific research applications. Minicomputers, such as the
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created a biomedical informatics (BMI) Graduate certificate program and in 2015 began a BMI PhD program. The joint program allows for researchers and students to observe the impact their work has on patient care directly as discoveries are translated from bench to bedside.
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since 1994. This system has been deployed at all the sites of the authority (40 hospitals and 120 clinics). It is used for up to 2 million transactions daily by 30,000 clinical staff. The comprehensive records of 7 million patients are available on-line in the
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The lack of supporting on privacy and security. The ISO/TS 18308 specifies "The EHR must support the ethical and legal use of personal information, in accordance with established privacy principles and frameworks, which may be culturally or jurisdictionally specific"
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and greater choice and control' with shared decision-making becoming the norm: "no decision about me without me' and patients having access to the information they want, to make choices about their care. They will have increased control over their own care records."
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for searching and analyzing notes and text that would otherwise be inaccessible for review. These can be further developed through ongoing collaboration between software developers and end-users of natural language processing tools within the electronic health EHRs.
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A medical robot is a robot used in the medical sciences. They include surgical robots. These are in most telemanipulators, which use the surgeon's activators on one side to control the "effector" on the other side. There are the following types of medical robots:
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Early names for health informatics included medical computing, biomedical computing, medical computer science, computer medicine, medical electronic data processing, medical automatic data processing, medical information processing, medical information science,
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In 2017, a consortium of health informatics trainers (composed of MEASURE Evaluation, Public Health Foundation India, University of Pretoria, Kenyatta University, and the University of Ghana) identified the following areas of knowledge as a curriculum for the
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These services can provide comparable health outcomes to traditional in-person patient encounters, supply greater satisfaction to patients, and may be cost-effective. Telerehabilitation (or e-rehabilitation) is the delivery of rehabilitation services over
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Law also applies to all matters that involve information technology, health care and the interaction of information. It deals with the circumstances under which data and records are shared with other fields or areas that support and enhance patient care.
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A parallel effort to standardizing how data is collected are initiatives that offer de-identified patient level clinical study data to be downloaded by researchers who wish to re-use this data. Examples of such platforms are Project Data Sphere,
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There are different models of health informatics delivery in each of the home countries (England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales) but some bodies like UKCHIP (see below) operate for those 'in and for' all the home countries and beyond.
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which intricately interfaces with thousands of neural pathways in the brain. Their process allows a chip, roughly the size of a quarter, to be inserted in place of a chunk of skull by a precision surgical robot to avoid accidental injury
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provider, and interaction between them), to population-level of application. A spectrum of activity spans efforts ranging from theory and model development, to empirical research, to implementation and management, to widespread adoption.
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and security of the people, process, and technology. Since there is also the possibility of payments being made through this system, it is vital that this aspect of their private information will also be protected through cryptography.
707:. Methods that adjust for bias (such as using propensity score matching methods) assume that a complete health record is captured. Tools that examine data quality (e.g., point to missing data) help in discovering data quality problems.
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to data management in hospitals. In this meaning health informatics aims at developing methods and technologies for the acquisition, processing, and study of patient data, An umbrella term of biomedical informatics has been proposed.
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Guo J, Takada A, Niu T, He M, Tanaka K, Sato J, Suzuki M, Takahashi K, Daimon H, Suzuki T, Nakashima Y, Araki K, Yoshihara H (October 2005). "Enhancement of CLAIM (clinical accounting information) for a localized Chinese version".
1992:(ABMS), the organization overseeing the certification of specialist MDs in the United States, announced the creation of MD-only physician certification in clinical informatics. The first examination for board certification in the
1232:'s Division of Research, developed computerized systems to automate many aspects of multi-phased health checkups. These systems became the basis the larger medical databases Kaiser Permanente developed during the 1970s and 1980s.
1461:, which includes the programs eHealth and Registration at the Source. The Netherlands also has the national organizations Society for Healthcare Informatics (VMBI) and Nictiz, the national center for standardization and eHealth.
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to detect certain health risks through data collected via a mobile app. A second project with the NHS involves analysis of medical images collected from NHS patients to develop computer vision algorithms to detect cancerous
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The British Computer Society (BCS) provides 4 different professional registration levels for Health and Care Informatics Professionals: Practitioner, Senior Practitioner, Advanced Practitioner, and Leading Practitioner.
822:: facilitate and support the lives of infirm, elderly people, or those with dysfunction of body parts affecting movement. These robots are also used for rehabilitation and related procedures, such as training and therapy.
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1147:, which introduced computing (especially operations research) techniques to medical workers. Ledley and Lusted's article has remained influential for decades, especially within the field of medical decision making.
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A mid-axial slice of the ICBM diffusion tensor image template. Each voxel's value is a tensor represented here by an ellipsoid. Color denotes principal orientation: red = left-right, blue=inferior-superior, green =
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triggered a general effort to improve secondary use of data collected in past human clinical trials. CDE initiatives, for example, try to allow clinical trial designers to adopt standardized research instruments
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2747:"Standardizing data exchange for clinical research protocols and case report forms: An assessment of the suitability of the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) Operational Data Model (ODM)"
1489:(IMIA) and a full member of the Australian Council of Professions. ACHI is a sponsor of the "e-Journal for Health Informatics", an indexed and peer-reviewed professional journal. ACHI has also supported the "
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health related data (biomedical and genomic) and translation of the data into individually tailored clinical entities. Today, TBI field is categorized into four major themes that are briefly described below:
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is working on several medical systems and services. These include AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS), an AI-powered diagnostic medical imaging service; WeChat Intelligent Healthcare; and Tencent Doctorwork
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18308: Health Informatics-Requirements for an Electronic Health Record Architecture, 2004). However this China's EHR Standard did not achieve any of the fifteen requirements in the subclass of privacy and
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Certifications Association) are also recognized. The five PARCA certifications are tiered from entry-level to architect level. The American Health Information Management Association offers credentials in
1980:
offers clinical informatics certification for pathologists who have completed 24 months of related training, and the American Board of Preventive Medicine offers clinical informatics certification within
2555:
Hoey J, Poupart P, von Bertoldi A, Craig T, Boutilier C, Mihailidis A (2010). "Automated Handwashing Assistance For Persons With Dementia Using Video and a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process".
1114:
Even though the idea of using computers in medicine emerged as technology advanced in the early 20th century, it was not until the 1950s that informatics began to have an effect in the United States.
1392:
The coalition government has proposed broadly to return to the 2010 strategy Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS (July 2010); stating: "We will put patients at the heart of the NHS, through an
1634:
Standard Practice for Content and Structure of Electronic Health Records in the United States (ASTM E1384 Standard, withdrawn in 2017). The deficiencies that were found are listed in the following.
1225:
known as the Computerized Patient Record System (CPRS) allows health care providers to review and update a patient's electronic medical record at any of the VA's over 1,000 health care facilities.
907:(LIMS): Implementing and managing computer systems specifically designed for pathology departments. These systems help in tracking and managing patient specimens, results, and other pathology data.
4986:
Xu W, Guan Z, Cao H, Zhang H, Lu M, Li T (August 2011). "Analysis and evaluation of the Electronic Health Record standard in China: a comparison with the American national standard ASTM E1384".
1202:, another center of biomedical computing that received significant support from the NIH. In the 1970s and 1980s it was the most commonly used programming language for clinical applications. The
650:
Study Data Tabulation Model) are important challenges within the field of clinical research informatics. There are a number of activities within clinical research that CRI supports, including:
729:, merged, and analyzed. Further, the combination of similar profiles can serve as a basis for personalized medicine pointing to what works and what does not for certain condition (Marr, 2016).
4798:
Wang XJ, Hu J, Wang K, Yu H, Luo M, Lei WY (November 2004). "Setting-up and preliminary performance of the interactive teleradiological conference system based on virtual private network".
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The European Commission's preference, as exemplified in the 5th Framework as well as currently pursued pilot projects, is for Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) for health care.
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Computers in Research (ACCR), chaired by Lusted, spent over $ 40 million between 1960 and 1964 in order to establish dozens of large and small biomedical research centers in the US.
397:
As more data is collected, machine learning algorithms adapt and allow for more robust responses and solutions. Numerous companies are exploring the possibilities of the incorporation of
1601:
Identify the classes, relationships and attributes of national health information framework. Produce a conceptual health data model to cover the scope of the health information framework
1083:
Health Informatics projects in Canada are implemented provincially, with different provinces creating different systems. A national, federally funded, not-for-profit organisation called
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launched a service robot "Xiao Man", which integrated artificial intelligence technology to identify the registered customer and provide personalized recommendations in medical areas.
1676:(ePR), with data integrated from all sites. Since 2004 radiology image viewing has been added to the ePR, with radiography images from any HA site being available as part of the ePR.
1329:(EHR) and supporting networks, and certify vendors who meet them. In July 2006, CCHIT released its first list of 22 certified ambulatory EHR products, in two different announcements.
1435:
Wales has a dedicated Health Informatics function that supports NHS Wales in leading on the new integrated digital information services and promoting Health Informatics as a career.
1310:
for more information on federal initiatives in this area. In 2014 the Department of Education approved an advanced Health Informatics Undergraduate program that was submitted by the
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by using informatics methods. Some of the problems tackled by CRI are: creation of data warehouses of health care data that can be used for research, support of data collection in
5735:
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was created as an Ontario provincial government agency in September 2008. It has been plagued by delays and its CEO was fired over a multimillion-dollar contracts scandal in 2009.
763:
in medicine is medical signal processing. It refers to the generation, analysis, and use of signals, which could take many forms such as image, sound, electrical, or biological.
41:
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Zahabi M, Kaber DB, Swangnetr M (August 2015). "Usability and Safety in Electronic Medical Records Interface Design: A Review of Recent Literature and Guideline Formulation".
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In the Netherlands, health informatics is currently a priority for research and implementation. The Netherlands Federation of University medical centers (NFU) has created the
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registry and other medical reports. netCARE interface capabilities are being included in electronic medical record products that are being funded by the provincial government.
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1520:. Along this change, China's health care system also experienced a significant reform to follow and adapt to this historical revolution. In 2003, the data (released from
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for specific domains, depicting the logical data entities, the data attributes, and the relationships between the entities according to the conceptual health data model
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The implementation of the system started in 2013 with the organization of one computerized database for all patients in the city, including a front-end for the users.
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Lead or participate in the procurement, customization, development, implementation, management, evaluation, and continuous improvement of clinical information systems.
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in clinical terminology presentation, cannot be considered as familiar for Chinese specialists, which could lead to internationally information-sharing deficiency.
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NHS informatics in England was contracted out to several vendors for national health informatics solutions under the National Programme for Information Technology
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which promote patient care that is safe, efficient, effective, timely, patient-centered, and equitable. Many clinical informaticists are also computer scientists.
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the U.S. Since then the development of high-quality health informatics research, education and infrastructure has been a goal of the U.S. and the European Union.
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fundamental role in the European Union's strategy. Work on this initiative involves a collaborative approach among several parts of the Commission services. The
1005:
2444:"From Novel Technology to Novel Applications: Comment on "An Integrated Brain-Machine Interface Platform With Thousands of Channels" by Elon Musk and Neuralink"
1755:
893:
Pathology informatics is a field that involves the use of information technology, computer systems, and data management to support and enhance the practice of
113:
fields that includes study of the design, development and application of computational innovations to improve health care. The disciplines involved combines
5021:
LΓ©vy PP, DuchΓ© L, Darago L, DorlΓ©ans Y, Toubiana L, Vibert JF, Flahault A (2005). "ICPCview: visualizing the International Classification of Primary Care".
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Establish uniform represent standard for data elements according to the data entities and their attributes in conceptual data model and logical data model
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began a joint project entitled Health Empowerment by Analytics, Learning and Semantics (HEALS), to explore using AI technology to enhance healthcare.
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best patient care for specific clinical conditions. Therefore, substantial resources were collected to build China's own health informatics system.
390:, personalized medicine, and patient monitoring and care. A large part of industry focus of implementation of AI in the healthcare sector is in the
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913:: Involves the use of digital technology to create, manage, and analyze pathology images. This includes side scanning and automated image analysis.
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drug treatment options for patients. Other projects include medical image analysis of tumor progression and the development of programmable cells.
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to improve communication, understanding, and management of medical information. It can be viewed as a branch of engineering and applied science.
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Incentives for the Use of Health Information Technology and Establishing the Position of the National Health Information Technology Coordinator
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1141:(NIH) to sponsor such work. In 1959, Ledley and Lee B. Lusted published "Reasoning Foundations of Medical Diagnosis," a widely read article in
843:
Companion robot: has the capability to engage emotionally with users keeping them company and alerting if there is a problem with their health.
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As of September 7, 2016, there are roughly 235 informatics journals listed in the National Library of Medicine (NLM) catalog of journals. The
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their own health records. Furthermore, according to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (n.d.), this law enables patients to:
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1306:(HHS). The mission of this office is widespread adoption of interoperable electronic health records (EHRs) in the US within 10 years. See
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840:: robotic systems to dispense oral solids in a retail pharmacy setting or preparing sterile IV admixtures in a hospital pharmacy setting.
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4071:"Health Informatics for Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Short Course for Health Information System Professions β MEASURE Evaluation"
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has incubated Qure.ai which focuses on using deep learning and AI to improve radiology and speed up the analysis of diagnostic x-rays.
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Clinical informaticians use their knowledge of patient care combined with their understanding of informatics concepts, methods, and
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Johnson JD, Andrews JE, Allard S (December 2001). "A model for understanding and affecting cancer genetics information seeking".
4827:
2235:
Nadri H, Rahimi B, Timpka T, Sedghi S (August 2017). "The Top 100 Articles in the Medical Informatics: a Bibliometric Analysis".
1579:(ICD-10-CM) were adopted as standards for diagnostic classification and acute care procedure classification. Simultaneously, the
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operating system was used to support MUMPS language specifications. As of 2004, a descendant of this system is being used in the
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In 2019 the GP Systems of Choice framework was replaced by the GP IT Futures framework, which is to be the main vehicle used by
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Circulate the completed health information framework and health data model to the partnership members for review and acceptance
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Apixio, Darren Schutle, explains that the care can be better fitted to the patient if the data could be collected from various
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Huser V, DeFalco FJ, Schuemie M, Ryan PB, Shang N, Velez M, Park RW, Boyce RD, Duke J, Khare R, Utidjian L, Bailey C (2016).
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Rao KQ, Wang CY, Hu JP (2005). "Introduction of the National Public Health Emergency Response Information Systems Project".
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to practice public activities, develop theoretical and applicable knowledge, and provide scientific and applicable studies.
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offer undergraduate programs highly qualified in the area as well as extensive graduate programs (MSc and PhD). In 2015 the
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It also works in the field of medical imaging. Similar robots are also being made by companies such as UBTECH ("Cruzr") and
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7345:
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1932:
3225:"NYU Graduate Training Program in Biomedical Informatics (BMI): A Brief History of Biomedical Informatics as a Discipline"
897:. It encompasses pathology laboratory operations, data analysis, and the interpretation of pathology-related information.
245:
The Faculty of Clinical Informatics has identified six high level domains of core competency for clinical informaticians:
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1617:
Develop a process to maintain and refine the China model and to align with and influence international health data models
228:
79:
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Zhang Y, Xu Y, Shang L, Rao K (August 2007). "An investigation into health informatics and related standards in China".
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was implemented in Moscow and the region and it is planned that the project should extend to most parts of the country.
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Huser V, Shmueli-Blumberg D (August 2018). "Data sharing platforms for de-identified data from human clinical trials".
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3329:"The story behind the development of the first whole-body computerized tomography scanner as told by Robert S. Ledley"
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The health domain provides an extremely wide variety of problems that can be tackled using computational techniques.
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3571:"Historical Videos of the founding of the Division of Clinical Informatics at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center"
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Pyle KI, Lobel RW, Beck JR (1988). "Citation analysis of the field of medical decision making: update, 1959β1985".
934:
Worldwide use of computer technology in medicine began in the early 1950s with the rise of the computers. In 1949,
431:
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58:
1893:, published in 1967, was one of the first dedicated journals to health informatics. Other early journals included
1133:(USAF) carried out several medical projects on its computers while also encouraging civilian agencies such as the
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was published. In Brazil, two universities are pioneers in teaching and research in medical informatics, both the
812:: either allow surgical operations to be carried out with better precision than an unaided human surgeon or allow
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Clinical research informatics (CRI) is a sub-field of health informatics that tries to improve the efficiency of
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The Saudi Association for Health Information (SAHI) was established in 2006 to work under direct supervision of
1598:
Establish national health information framework and identify in what areas standards and guidelines are required
834:: allow off-site medical professionals to move, look around, communicate, and participate from remote locations.
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1667:, a computerized patient record system called the Clinical Management System (CMS) has been developed by the
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In China, the establishment of standardization was initially facilitated with the development of vocabulary,
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196:'Clinical informaticians' are qualified health and social care professionals and 'clinical informatics' is a
3868:
1473:(APAMI) was established in 1994 and now consists of more than 15 member regions in the Asia Pacific Region.
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and reporting: Implementing informatics solutions to ensure the quality and accuracy of pathology processes.
741:
observed in cells" points to the possibility of a drug ability to cure and/or relieve symptoms of a disease.
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5114:"Health Informatics Capability Development in New Zealand β A Report to the Tertiary Education Commission"
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has produced a Core Competency Framework that describes the wide range of skills needed by practitioners.
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1977:
1909:, published by Springer-Verlag. In 1984, Lippincott published the first nursing-specific journal, titled
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recently invested in startup Lumiata which uses AI to identify at-risk patients and develop care options.
3729:"Using Natural Language Processing to Measure and Improve Quality of Diabetes Care: A Systematic Review"
2603:"The COACH prompting system to assist older adults with dementia through handwashing: an efficacy study"
2371:
1583:(ICPC) were translated and tested in China 's local applied environment. Another coding standard, named
1432:. 69 technology companies offering more than 300 solutions have been accepted on to the new framework.
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were installed in several universities, and the first applications were developed for them, such as the
638:, ImmPort or Clinical Study Data Request. Informatics issues in data formats for sharing results (plain
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and communication based on knowledge and experience derived from processes in medicine and health care.
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2947:"Don't take your EHR to heaven, donate it to science: legal and research policies for EHR post mortem"
2799:"Practices and perspectives on building integrated data repositories: results from a 2010 CTSA survey"
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The objectives of the Chinese National Health Information Framework and Standardization project were:
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2218:"Medical informatics in neurology: What Is Medical Informatics?, Signal Processing, Image Processing"
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to buy services for GPs. This is intended to increase competition in an area that is dominated by
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hospital system. The VA has the largest enterprise-wide health information system that includes an
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
1263:, one of the fathers of medical informatics, founded the Department of Medical Informatics at the
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minicomputers were acquired for public and Armed Forces hospitals, and more intensively used for
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Assess information and knowledge needs of health care professionals, patients and their families.
130:
5479:"Clinical research informatics: challenges, opportunities and definition for an emerging domain"
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Safran, Charles; Shabot, MM; Munger, BS; Holmes, JH; Steen, EB; Lumpkin, JR; Detmer, DE (2008).
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The engines of Hippocrates: From the Dawn of Medicine to Medical and Pharmaceutical Informatics
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is referenced as China's external international coding systems, other similar systems, such as
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An example of how the 2D Fourier transform can be used to remove unwanted information from an
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Katzan IL, Rudick RA (November 2012). "Time to integrate clinical and research informatics".
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Major topics and processes of pathology informatics: Data management from molecular testing,
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Development of the field of clinical informatics led to the creation of large data sets with
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1587:(LOINC), was applied to serve as general identifiers for clinical observation in hospitals.
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3884:"Program requirements for fellowship education in the subspecialty of clinical informatics"
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The next steps, in the mid-1960s, were the development (sponsored largely by the NIH) of
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Along with the development of the information systems IT and health care departments in
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the flow of patient information through various modalities of care. One opportunity for
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organization to support the service to all public hospitals and clinics in the region.
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Impact factors of scholarly journals publishing digital health (ehealth, mhealth) work
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The shortage of supporting on different types of data and reference. Considering only
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workforce, especially in low- and middle-income countries: clinical decision support;
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3680:"Presentation of Morris F. Collen Award to professors Howard Bleich and Warner Slack"
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2996:"Multisite Evaluation of a Data Quality Tool for Patient-Level Clinical Data Sets"
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In 2011, researchers from local universities evaluated the performance of China's
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Although there are a number of health informatics organizations in Australia, the
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7003:
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6814:
6743:
6182:
6038:
6000:
5873:
5842:
5741:
5730:
5623:
3516:
3299:
Health Informatics, Nursing Informatics and Health Information Management Degrees
2322:
2279:
2017:
1260:
1183:
1101:
1095:
1028:
809:
747:
614:
594:
508:
383:
185:
181:
5584:
4908:
4615:"International Medical Informatics Association β Academic Institutional Members"
3646:
2962:
2814:
954:
Since the 1970s the most prominent international coordinating body has been the
8647:
8546:
8173:
8127:
7940:
7870:
7689:
7322:
7264:
7199:
7139:
7124:
7067:
7062:
6899:
6773:
6728:
6718:
6713:
6689:
6568:
6560:
6457:
6187:
6056:
5995:
5817:
5335:
3836:
3447:
Murray MP, Drought AB, Kory RC (March 1964). "Walking patterns of normal men".
3417:
2579:
2509:
1524:(MoH)), indicated that the national health care-involved expenditure was up to
1374:
1288:
1280:
1271:(AMIA) has an award named after him on application of informatics to medicine.
813:
726:
517:
224:
134:
6492:
4768:
3744:
3069:
2907:"Clinical Data Repositories: Warehouses, Registries, and the Use of Standards"
2866:
2762:
2289:
2248:
1317:
The program currently is scheduled to have 100+ students awarded by 2016. The
501:
Elon Musk premiering the surgical robot that implants the Neuralink brain chip
227:
has described medical informatics as the theoretical and practical aspects of
8722:
8503:
8498:
8256:
8045:
8040:
7902:
7842:
7745:
7269:
7189:
6939:
6879:
6778:
6763:
6738:
6611:
6005:
5941:
5822:
5726:
4866:
3789:
2665:
2533:
2525:
2346:
Shortliffe, Edward Hance; Cimino, James J.; Chiang, Michael F., eds. (2021).
1937:
1298:
In 2004, President George W. Bush signed Executive Order 13335, creating the
1237:
1207:
1159:
1126:
1047:, a great upsurge of computer applications in health ensued, and in 1986 the
1044:
935:
919:: Using technology to enable remote pathology consultation and collaboration.
916:
886:
618:
480:
473:
299:
184:. In some countries term informatics is also used in the context of applying
4557:
3011:
2348:
Biomedical Informatics: Computer applications in health care and biomedicine
2281:
Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine
828:: a group of robots designed to imitate the cognition of humans and animals.
678:
Repositories of data from completed clinical trials (for secondary analyses)
617:
is an important part of clinical research informatics. Initiatives, such as
349:
Decision support, artificial intelligence and machine learning in healthcare
8460:
8261:
8246:
8072:
7797:
7647:
7632:
7578:
6768:
6700:
6327:
6081:
5631:
5602:
5559:
5540:
5514:
5251:
5200:
5034:
5007:
4972:
4811:
4776:
4740:
4493:
3917:
3854:
3797:
3762:
3713:
3468:
3362:
3274:"Head of eHealth Ontario is fired amid contracts scandal, gets big package"
3087:
3029:
2980:
2884:
2832:
2780:
2673:
2638:
2619:
2479:
2423:
2256:
2216:
Sami HR, Reynolds NC (7 May 2021). Talavera F, Busis NA, Lorenzo N (eds.).
2155:
1993:
1965:
831:
704:
197:
150:
5414:
4617:. Australian College of Health Informatics. 12 August 2009. Archived from
4518:
4225:
3664:
3590:"Division of Clinical Informatics at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center"
3425:
3195:
1405:
1013:
8407:
8120:
8065:
7962:
7817:
7792:
7610:
7279:
6753:
6573:
5750:
5689:
1425:
1167:
569:
553:
298:
Clinicians collaborate with other health care and information technology
173:
75:
5496:
5232:
5173:
3899:
3695:
3570:
3344:
2797:
MacKenzie SL, Wyatt MC, Schuff R, Tenenbaum JD, Anderson N (June 2012).
1043:
and other applications. In the early 1980s, with the arrival of cheaper
8534:
8486:
8424:
8208:
8093:
8060:
7832:
7782:
7767:
7762:
7755:
7740:
7730:
6626:
6523:
6203:
6121:
5802:
5048:
4917:
2731:
2443:
1829:
1794:
doubtful because of the paperwork administrating or lost book records.
1684:
1292:
1219:
Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture (VistA)
1036:
525:
521:
419:
407:
332:
315:
5670:"Global ranking of management- and clinical-centered eHealth journals"
4890:"The Current Status of Hospital Information Systems in Yanbian, China"
1500:(HISA) is regarded as the major umbrella group and is a member of the
1385:
The broad history of health informatics has been captured in the book
1117:
The earliest use of electronic digital computers for medicine was for
771:
8281:
8023:
8018:
7882:
7860:
7735:
7699:
6621:
6375:
6235:
5863:
5807:
5269:
Your Rights Under HIPAA. (n.d.). . Retrieved September 5, 2016, from
2713:
1973:
1664:
1652:
1190:(Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System) in
1118:
894:
847:
825:
504:
484:
437:
118:
100:
5524:"A stimulus to define informatics and health information technology"
4848:"The Current Status of Health Informatics Higher Education in China"
4347:
4015:"Missed Opportunities? The Labor Market in Health Informatics, 2014"
2745:
Huser V, Sastry C, Breymaier M, Idriss A, Cimino JJ (October 2015).
2695:
1930:
for 2018 gives the top three journals in medical informatics as the
1300:
Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology
8434:
8393:
7787:
7564:
5832:
4128:"CCHIT Announces First Certified Electronic Health Record Products"
4113:(84). 30 April 2004 – via U.S. Government Publishing Office.
3546:
A History of Medical Informatics in the United States, 1950 to 1990
2099:
1321:(CCHIT), a private nonprofit group, was funded in 2005 by the U.S.
993:
962:
History, current state and policy initiatives by region and country
721:
549:
541:
455:
398:
367:
114:
96:
83:
3821:"Medical informatics education: the University of Utah experience"
3486:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2851:"Using patient lists to add value to integrated data repositories"
2849:
Wade TD, Zelarney PT, Hum RC, McGee S, Batson DH (December 2014).
2460:
2025:
766:
8266:
7726:
7694:
7587:
6856:
6708:
6641:
6481:
3631:"PaperChase: a computer program to search the medical literature"
3589:
2160:
2061:
1809:(United Medical Information and Analysis System) and presents an
1722:
Since 2010, the Ministry of Health (MoH) has been working on the
1469:
In Asia and Australia-New Zealand, the regional group called the
1179:
1175:
816:
where a human surgeon is not physically present with the patient.
534:
529:
466:
4153:
1621:
1516:
performed a successful transition from its planned economy to a
212:
7179:
6684:
6208:
5868:
5827:
5745:
5187:
Ericksen AB (July 2009). "Informatics: the future of nursing".
5145:"Medical Pharmaceutical Information Association (MedPharmInfo)"
2891:
2165:
1866:
Request who can and cannot view/access their health information
1798:
1572:
1199:
573:
545:
451:
445:
5098:
4132:
Certification Commission for Healthcare Information Technology
3587:
3568:
2510:"Understanding the Artificial Intelligence Business Ecosystem"
1319:
Certification Commission for Healthcare Information Technology
7340:
6380:
6365:
5274:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 7 May 2008.
4207:
2796:
2124:
2078:
1817:
1806:
1648:
1513:
1218:
1203:
1187:
1163:
1091:
Provincial and territorial programmes include the following:
647:
577:
557:
426:
on analysis of scientific papers to find new connections for
5216:"Benefits and drawbacks of electronic health record systems"
5084:
5049:"Health informatics section in Hong Kong Hospital Authority"
4959:
Kalra D, Beale T, Heard S (2005). "The openEHR Foundation".
2554:
2222:
EMedicine: Medscape's Continually Updated Clinical Reference
1955:
1536:
Proportion of nationwide hospitals with HIS in China by 2004
746:
In the US, several companies offer direct-to-consumer (DTC)
654:
More efficient and effective data collection and acquisition
8362:
7533:
6077:
552:
chatbot which answers questions associated with the deadly
479:
Kheiron Medical developed deep learning software to detect
216:
An example of an application of informatics in medicine is
6825:
4677:
3548:. Bethesda, MD: American Medical Informatics Association.
3381:
Biomedical Computing: Digitizing Life in the United States
2744:
1870:
1333:
added a department of biomedical informatics in 2015. The
5677:
Communications of the Association for Information Systems
5569:"Clinical research informatics: a conceptual perspective"
4695:
4640:
4592:
4333:
4189:
3511:
Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology
3054:"Translational Bioinformatics: Past, Present, and Future"
2601:
Mihailidis A, Boger JN, Craig T, Hoey J (November 2008).
2441:
2395:
2170:
2139:
1640:
1525:
1228:
During the 1960s, Morris Collen, a physician working for
1069:
Universidade Federal de CiΓͺncias da SaΓΊde de Porto Alegre
643:
601:
systems, streamlining ethical approvals and renewals (in
561:
422:
on AI applications in chronic disease treatment and with
6397:
American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics
4438:
3932:"Informatics Nursing Certification Eligibility Criteria"
3881:
2993:
2600:
1135:
National Academy of Sciences β National Research Council
623:
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System
5573:
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
5484:
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
5020:
4682:
Australian Health Informatics Education Council (AHIEC)
4578:
4247:
3825:
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
3684:
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
3333:
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
2951:
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
2803:
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
2442:
Pisarchik AN, Maksimenko VA, Hramov AE (October 2019).
2372:"Core Competency Framework for Clinical Informaticians"
2234:
1996:
of clinical informatics was offered in October 2013 by
1949:
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
602:
565:
4391:
3449:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
2911:
Clinical Research Computing: A Practitioner's Handbook
2345:
1860:
Request correction to any incorrect health information
1756:
King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences
788:
methods can be grouped into several broad categories:
284:
Characterize, evaluate, and refine clinical processes,
2940:
2938:
2696:"Share, Integrate & Analyze Cancer Research Data"
2651:
1248:(EHR) to be even more effectively used is to utilize
850:
a whole room in mere minutes, generally using pulsed
5646:
3775:
3726:
2848:
2007:
1522:
Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China
6589:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
4940:"Development Layout of National Health Information"
2079:
Human resources for health (HRH) information system
1544:Most of these resources were arranged to construct
5328:"Journals Ranked by Impact: Medical Informatics".
5111:
4714:
4712:
4366:"Number of primary care IT suppliers to quadruple"
4045:American Health Information Management Association
3989:American Health Information Management Association
3508:
3211:"U.S. Military Robots To Join Fight Against Ebola"
2935:
1387:UK Health Computing: Recollections and reflections
1006:Hospital das ClΓnicas da Universidade de SΓ£o Paulo
796:, image-based physiological modeling, and others.
5287:Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach
5166:"Saudi Association for Health Informatics (SAHI)"
4645:Australasian College of Health Informatics (ACHI)
4579:"Asia Pacific Association of Medical Informatics"
4154:"The Department of Biomedical Informatics (DBMI)"
3446:
1897:, published by the American Medical Association;
1805:The system designed for that purposes was called
268:
8720:
4897:Journal of Korean Society of Medical Informatics
2720:. United States Health and Human Services (HHS).
2396:Salehahmadi Z, Hajialiasghari F (January 2013).
2277:
1471:Asia Pacific Association for Medical Informatics
660:Optimal protocol design and efficient management
584:
6522:
6477:List of medical and health informatics journals
5667:
5213:
4958:
4718:
4709:
3326:
3194:. Discovery Communications, LLC. Archived from
2844:
2842:
2792:
2790:
2594:
1877:List of medical and health informatics journals
1585:Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes
1491:Australian Health Informatics Education Council
1075:, also started to offer undergraduate program.
767:Medical image computing and imaging informatics
710:
703:required for their usage. Another challenge is
675:Data storage, transfer, processing and analysis
6647:Participative decision-making in organizations
5284:
4985:
4753:
3628:
2398:"Telemedicine in iran: chances and challenges"
1186:, Curtis Marble, and Robert Greenes developed
947:engineering, and medical computer technology.
900:Key aspects of pathology informatics include:
309:
8378:
7549:
6841:
6508:
6251:
5766:
5315:National Center for Biotechnology Information
5180:
4887:
4696:"Health Informatics Society of Australia Ltd"
4176:Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
3818:
3403:
3383:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
3256:"Your medical chart, just a mouse click away"
2507:
2350:(5th ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
1622:Comparing China's EHR Standard and ASTM E1384
1502:International Medical Informatics Association
1487:International Medical Informatics Association
1369:is involved in the promotion of high quality
1339:Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
956:International Medical Informatics Association
5609:
5023:Studies in Health Technology and Informatics
4988:International Journal of Medical Informatics
4961:Studies in Health Technology and Informatics
4797:
4791:
4721:International Journal of Medical Informatics
4593:"Australasian College of Health Informatics"
4226:"Fifth Framework Programme (FP5: 1998-2002)"
3440:
3231:. NYU Langone Medical Center. Archived from
2839:
2787:
2215:
1581:International Classification of Primary Care
754:
5528:BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making
5265:
5263:
5261:
3622:
3374:
3372:
2944:
1857:Request a copy of their own medical records
1352:European Federation for Medical Informatics
1121:projects in the 1950s at the United States
8385:
8371:
7838:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
7556:
7542:
6848:
6834:
6515:
6501:
6258:
6244:
5780:
5773:
5759:
5697:
5649:Library & Information Science Research
5437:"Clinical Informatics Board Certification"
5317:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2016.
4604:Australasian College of Health Informatics
4439:"Federation for Informatics Professionals"
3733:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
2145:Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources
2116:
1863:Know who has access to their health record
1705:Indian Association for Medical Informatics
1632:American Society for Testing and Materials
1550:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1483:Australasian College of Health Informatics
977:residence program for health informatics.
846:Disinfection robot: has the capability to
8179:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
5688:
5592:
5549:
5539:
5504:
5476:
5241:
5231:
5112:Kerr K, Cullen R, Duke J, Holt A (2006).
5067:Internet Professional Association Limited
5014:
4916:
4824:
3907:
3844:
3769:
3752:
3703:
3654:
3352:
3077:
3058:Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics
3051:
3019:
2970:
2874:
2822:
2770:
2628:
2618:
2569:
2469:
2459:
2413:
2284:(4th ed.). London: Springer-Verlag.
1956:Competencies, education and certification
905:Laboratory information management systems
738:Omics for drugs discovery and repurposing
657:Improved recruitment into clinical trials
366:of a hand, with automatic calculation of
8445:Separation of prescribing and dispensing
6402:American Medical Informatics Association
5926:society as information processing system
5921:humans as information processing systems
5566:
5258:
5186:
4845:
3727:Turchin A, Florez Builes LF (May 2021).
3378:
3369:
2904:
2313:Imhoff, M (2002). "Health Informatics".
2084:International Classification of Diseases
1881:
1780:Obstetrical and gynecologic medical care
1693:Hong Kong Society of Medical Informatics
1531:
1269:American Medical Informatics Association
1053:Brazilian Congress of Health Informatics
929:
872:
862:
770:
681:
544:Robotics ("Pepper"). The Indian startup
496:
440:'s Hanover project, in partnership with
358:
326:Federal Center of Neurosurgery in Tyumen
319:
258:Enabling Human and Organizational Change
255:Working with Data and Analytical Methods
233:
211:
82:concepts and machinery to the domain of
6437:American College of Medical Informatics
4828:Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine
3629:Horowitz GL, Bleich HL (October 1981).
3112:Understanding Digital Signal Processing
2558:Computer Vision and Image Understanding
2312:
2278:Shortliffe EH, Cimino JJ, eds. (2014).
1871:Health and medical informatics journals
1789:Rehabilitation/ Health resort treatment
1498:Health Informatics Society of Australia
1323:Department of Health and Human Services
1304:Department of Health and Human Services
1057:Brazilian Journal of Health Informatics
1049:Brazilian Society of Health Informatics
987:Brazilian Society of Health Informatics
264:Leading Informatics Teams and projects.
180:and designing medical devices based on
27:Computational approaches to health care
14:
8721:
7058:Nursing credentials and certifications
6265:
5702:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
4888:Kim J, Piao M, Jingwu W (March 2009).
4305:"Electronic Health Records for Europe"
4244:"European Patient Smart Open Services"
3677:
3602:
3543:
3506:
3483:"MGH β Laboratory of Computer Science"
3253:
3134:
2508:Quan XI, Sanderson J (December 2018).
1493:" (AHIEC) since its founding in 2009.
442:Oregon Health & Science University
412:Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
378:was American biomedical informatician
8366:
7537:
6829:
6496:
6290:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
6239:
6162:philosophy of artificial intelligence
5754:
5521:
5444:American Board of Preventive Medicine
5411:American Board of Preventive Medicine
5407:"Clinical Informatics 2014 Diplomats"
5387:American Board of Preventive Medicine
5220:Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
4846:Wu MX, Yu P, Soar J (December 2003).
4289:. European Commission. Archived from
4271:. European Commission. Archived from
4041:"AHIMA Certification Activities 2015"
3964:American Board of Imaging Informatics
3327:Sittig DF, Ash JS, Ledley RS (2006).
3208:
3109:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2151:Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise
1998:American Board of Preventive Medicine
1990:American Board of Medical Specialties
1367:European Institute for Health Records
1194:'s Laboratory of Computer Science at
376:artificial intelligence in healthcare
355:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
178:artificial intelligence in healthcare
8317:
8078:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
7504:
7346:Nursing Interventions Classification
5321:
5085:"eHCF School of Medical Informatics"
4659:"eJHI Journal of Health Informatics"
4287:"European eHealth Action Plan i2010"
3936:American Nurses Credentialing Center
3588:Harvard Medical Faculty Physicians.
3575:Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Inc
3569:Harvard Medical Faculty Physicians.
3397:
3287:
2448:Journal of Medical Internet Research
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
1933:Journal of Medical Internet Research
1744:Healthcare Informatics Review Online
1002:School of Medicine of RibeirΓ£o Preto
605:the responsible entity is the local
252:Information Technologies and Systems
109:Health informatics is a spectrum of
8327:
7516:
5852:information processing abstractions
4515:"PatiΓ«ntenzorg | Citrienfonds"
4464:The Faculty of Clinical Informatics
4460:"Core Competency Framework Reports"
3869:"Clinical Informatics Subspecialty"
3635:The New England Journal of Medicine
3295:"The History of Health Informatics"
3217:
3139:. spectrum.ieee.com. Archived from
2913:. Academic Press. pp. 173β85.
2738:
2038:
1901:, published by Gallagher Printing;
1875:For a more comprehensive list, see
1683:placed particular attention to the
1464:
1447:The Faculty of Clinical Informatics
1441:The Faculty of Clinical Informatics
1302:(ONCHIT) as a division of the U.S.
799:
507:has come up with a next generation
95:is the study and implementation of
24:
8214:Medical Scientist Training Program
6667:Health information on the Internet
5668:Serenko A, Dohan M, Tan J (2017).
5469:
3036:
2919:10.1016/B978-0-12-803130-8.00009-9
2645:
2514:IEEE Engineering Management Review
2494:
2430:
2045:Clinical documentation improvement
1710:eHCF School of Medical Informatics
1325:to develop a set of standards for
883:digital imaging and image analysis
402:algorithms for use in healthcare:
176:research focus on applications of
25:
8740:
5796:information processes by function
5718:
4413:"Faculty of Clinical Informatics"
4212:UC Cincinnati College of Medicine
4194:UC Cincinnati College of Medicine
4172:"Biomedical Informatics Research"
3303:University of Illinois at Chicago
3137:"The Reality of Robot Surrogates"
2855:Journal of Biomedical Informatics
2751:Journal of Biomedical Informatics
2200:
1905:, published by Plenum Press; and
1891:Computers and Biomedical Research
1630:(EHR) Standard compared with the
1356:
1308:quality improvement organizations
1004:and patient master files, in the
458:platform is being used by the UK
392:clinical decision support systems
289:clinical decision support systems
8703:
8702:
8663:List of pharmaceutical companies
8346:
8336:
8326:
8316:
8307:
8306:
7515:
7503:
7492:
7491:
5916:nature as information processing
5446:. 1 January 2013. Archived from
5429:
5399:
5375:
5346:
5303:
5278:
5207:
5158:
5137:
3461:10.2106/00004623-196446020-00009
2402:World Journal of Plastic Surgery
2024:
2010:
1767:consists of several directions:
1109:
1008:, respectively at the cities of
432:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
249:Health and Wellbeing in Practice
207:
62:
57:
51:
46:
40:
35:
8683:Pharmacies in the United States
8347:
7356:Nursing Outcomes Classification
7351:Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)
7023:Associate of Science in Nursing
6800:Open-source healthcare software
6675:Health information on Knowledge
5413:. December 2013. Archived from
5214:Menachemi N, Collum TH (2011).
5105:
5091:
5077:
5055:
5041:
4979:
4952:
4932:
4881:
4839:
4818:
4747:
4688:
4678:"AHIEC Auspicing Organisations"
4670:
4651:
4633:
4607:
4585:
4571:
4546:
4532:
4507:
4482:
4452:
4431:
4405:
4384:
4358:
4340:
4322:
4297:
4279:
4261:
4236:
4218:
4200:
4190:"Biomedical Informatics |"
4182:
4164:
4146:
4120:
4092:
4063:
4033:
4007:
3977:
3949:
3924:
3875:
3861:
3812:
3720:
3671:
3605:"Patient power through records"
3596:
3581:
3562:
3537:
3500:
3475:
3320:
3266:
3247:
3202:
3180:
3155:
3128:
3103:
3094:
2987:
2724:
2706:
2688:
2548:
2376:Faculty of Clinical Informatics
1749:
1724:Malaysian Health Data Warehouse
1065:Federal University of SΓ£o Paulo
854:. They are being used to fight
287:Develop, implement, and refine
8204:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
7638:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
7028:Bachelor of Science in Nursing
5612:Science Translational Medicine
5000:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2011.05.003
4733:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.05.003
4490:"English | About the NFU"
4348:"GP Systems of Choice (GPSoC)"
4269:"European eHealth Action Plan"
3819:Patton GA, Gardner RM (1999).
3052:Tenenbaum JD (February 2016).
2732:"ClinicalStudyDataRequest.com"
2389:
2364:
2339:
2306:
2271:
2228:
1736:
1659:lead to practical consequence.
1452:
1196:Massachusetts General Hospital
410:Oncology is in development at
384:treatment protocol development
269:Tools to support practitioners
13:
1:
7250:Psychiatric and mental health
6338:Health information management
6323:health information technology
6073:information processing theory
5661:10.1016/S0740-8188(01)00094-9
5567:Kahn MG, Weng C (June 2012).
5331:2018 Journal Citation Reports
5285:Nelson R, Staggers N (2014).
3678:Safran C (JulyβAugust 2002).
3209:Bayot A (November 23, 2014).
2193:
2188:
2176:
2073:Health information management
1915:Computers Informatics Nursing
1899:Journal of Clinical Computing
1854:View their own health records
1422:clinical commissioning groups
1139:National Institutes of Health
585:Clinical Research Informatics
516:Digital consultant apps like
8392:
8184:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
7951:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
7563:
7043:Master of Science in Nursing
6313:Translational bioinformatics
6152:computational theory of mind
5624:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004583
3305:. 2014-09-09. Archived from
3135:Corley AM (September 2009).
2323:10.1007/978-3-642-56719-3_18
1911:Journal Computers in Nursing
1802:workers on the first level.
1681:Hong Kong Hospital Authority
1577:ICD-10 Clinical Modification
1476:
1172:National Library of Medicine
1129:. During the mid-1950s, the
1123:National Bureau of Standards
971:
759:An important application of
744:Personalized genomic testing
711:Translational bioinformatics
628:electronic case report forms
472:Intel's venture capital arm
143:theoretical computer science
7:
8658:Pharmacy benefit management
6855:
6617:Doctorβpatient relationship
6524:Telemedicine and telehealth
6343:Consumer health informatics
5585:10.1136/amiajnl-2012-000968
5358:American Board of Pathology
4909:10.4258/jksmi.2009.15.1.133
3647:10.1056/NEJM198110153051605
3603:Tanner A (7 January 2017).
2963:10.1136/amiajnl-2013-002061
2945:Huser V, Cimino JJ (2014).
2815:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000508
2135:Health network surveillance
2067:Health information exchange
2003:
1978:American Board of Pathology
1731:hospital information system
1717:
1546:hospital information system
1312:University of South Alabama
1250:natural language processing
966:
518:Babylon Health's GP at Hand
418:. IBM is also working with
310:Telehealth and telemedicine
10:
8745:
7038:Doctor of Nursing Practice
6652:Patient Activation Measure
6390:Professional organizations
6053:computational neuroscience
5957:humanβcomputer interaction
5698:Robson S, Baek OK (2009).
5477:Embi PJ, Payne PR (2009).
4855:Health Informatics Journal
4757:Journal of Medical Systems
4392:"British Computer Society"
4019:Burning Glass Technologies
3837:10.1136/jamia.1999.0060457
3418:10.1177/0272989X8800800302
3188:"On the topic of robotics"
3165:. Top Wiki. Archived from
2580:10.1016/j.cviu.2009.06.008
2237:Journal of Medical Systems
1903:Journal of Medical Systems
1874:
1827:
1742:also publishes a journal,
1702:
1349:
984:
885:, networks, databases and
866:
646:endorsed formats, such as
607:institutional review board
352:
313:
8698:
8633:
8570:
8527:
8453:
8400:
8302:
8224:
8162:
7923:
7851:
7806:
7715:
7586:
7571:
7487:
7364:
7331:
7298:
7195:Women's Health Care Nurse
7086:
7002:
6953:
6930:Clinical nurse specialist
6922:
6913:
6872:
6863:
6792:
6724:Remote patient monitoring
6698:
6665:
6602:
6559:
6530:
6445:
6432:International Association
6389:
6361:Continuity of Care Record
6351:
6333:Public health informatics
6273:
6196:
6170:
6157:philosophy of information
6144:
6104:
6065:
6027:
6018:
5965:
5934:
5908:
5901:
5851:
5795:
5788:
5272:"Your Rights Under HIPAA"
5099:"eHealth-Care Foundation"
4769:10.1007/s10916-005-6103-7
4160:. Harvard Medical School.
3745:10.1177/19322968211000831
3070:10.1016/j.gpb.2016.01.003
2867:10.1016/j.jbi.2014.02.010
2763:10.1016/j.jbi.2015.06.023
2290:10.1007/978-1-4471-4474-8
2249:10.1007/s10916-017-0794-4
2050:Continuity of care record
1761:
1674:electronic patient record
1569:classification and coding
1345:
1327:electronic health records
1246:electronic health records
1215:electronic medical record
1078:
980:
755:Medical signal processing
732:Genomics in clinical care
73:
32:
8653:Investigational New Drug
8494:Pharmaceutical chemistry
8440:Pharmacological activity
8138:Transplantation medicine
8029:Clinical neurophysiology
7946:Obstetric anesthesiology
7866:Interventional radiology
7626:Digestive system surgery
7374:International Nurses Day
6890:Licensed practical nurse
6680:Online patient education
6584:Electronic health record
6453:Electronic health record
5947:brainβcomputer interface
4867:10.1177/1460458203094008
3790:10.1177/0018720815576827
2666:10.1177/1740774518769655
2526:10.1109/EMR.2018.2882430
2315:Evaluating Critical Care
2090:National minimum dataset
1943:JMIR mHealth and uHealth
1927:Journal Citation Reports
1913:, which is now known as
1811:electronic health record
1777:Specialized medical care
1698:
1628:Electronic Health Record
1518:socialist market economy
1507:
1371:electronic health record
1335:University of Cincinnati
1223:graphical user interface
1055:was held, and the first
696:electronic health record
374:A pioneer in the use of
304:health informatics tools
275:health informatics tools
8635:Pharmaceutical industry
8454:Pharmaceutical sciences
8009:Intensive care medicine
7983:Mass gathering medicine
7828:Maternalβfetal medicine
7053:Nurse Licensure Compact
6281:Medical image computing
6136:artificial intelligence
6066:in cognitive psychology
6019:Information processing
5736:considered for deletion
4800:Chinese Medical Journal
4352:National Health Service
4100:"Executive Order 13335"
3406:Medical Decision Making
3254:Priest L (2008-02-18).
3012:10.13063/2327-9214.1239
2118:Clinical data standards
2056:Diagnosis-related group
1713:eHealth-Care Foundation
1131:United States Air Force
1061:University of SΓ£o Paulo
1051:was founded, the first
1018:University of SΓ£o Paulo
785:medical image computing
761:information engineering
669:Adverse event reporting
599:electronic data capture
460:National Health Service
430:. In May 2017, IBM and
131:information engineering
7601:Cardiothoracic surgery
6805:Patient opinion leader
6657:Shared decision-making
6594:Personal health record
6353:Medical classification
6318:Translational medicine
6131:computational circuits
6126:information structures
5982:bio-inspired computing
5902:Information processors
5782:Information processing
5541:10.1186/1472-6947-9-24
5383:"Clinical Informatics"
5354:"Clinical informatics"
5147:. Imia.org. 2008-05-18
4370:Health Service Journal
4232:. European Commission.
4208:"BMI Graduate Program"
3276:. CBC News. 2009-06-07
2714:"ImmPort Private Data"
2620:10.1186/1471-2318-8-28
2130:Health Metrics Network
2110:Personal health record
1960:In the United States,
1895:Computers and Medicine
1887:
1835:Health informatics law
1823:
1783:Pediatric medical care
1771:Preventive health care
1537:
1394:information revolution
1331:Harvard Medical School
1023:In the 1970s, several
890:
777:
687:
502:
371:
370:by a computer software
329:
242:
229:information processing
221:
155:information technology
139:bio-inspired computing
121:fields, in particular
80:information processing
18:Biomedical informatics
8610:Pharmacist prescriber
8595:Consultant pharmacist
8252:Personalized medicine
8111:Reproductive medicine
8036:Occupational medicine
7990:Evolutionary medicine
7285:Travel health nursing
6885:Clinical nurse leader
6637:Knowledge translation
6604:Patient participation
6468:Personalized medicine
6307:Computational biology
6215:Decoding the Universe
6087:cognitive informatics
6021:theories and concepts
5789:Information processes
4667:(open access journal)
4309:European Space Agency
4075:measureevaluation.org
3957:"Certification Guide"
3888:J Am Med Inform Assoc
3143:on September 28, 2009
2105:Nursing documentation
1885:
1828:Further information:
1535:
1380:
1350:Further information:
1085:Canada Health Infoway
930:International history
876:
867:Further information:
863:Pathology informatics
820:Rehabilitation robots
774:
685:
672:Regulatory compliance
548:recently developed a
500:
424:Johnson & Johnson
362:
324:Telemedicine system.
323:
237:
215:
170:academic institutions
8678:Pharmacies of Norway
8615:Pharmacy informatics
8509:Pharmacoepidemiology
8418:Prehistoric medicine
8272:Traditional medicine
8232:Alternative medicine
8099:Addiction psychiatry
7913:Transfusion medicine
7908:Medical microbiology
7823:Gynecologic oncology
7675:Reproductive surgery
7110:Correctional nursing
6810:Research participant
6413:(to merge from 2020)
6411:Australasian College
6301:Behavior informatics
6221:information overload
6096:behavior informatics
5987:ubiquitous computing
5690:10.17705/1CAIS.04109
5522:Hersh W (May 2009).
5338:(Science ed.).
5289:. St. Louis: Mosby.
5063:"eHealth Consortium"
4470:on 20 September 2022
4336:on 27 February 2018.
3379:November JA (2012).
2317:. pp. 255β256.
1962:clinical informatics
1337:in partnership with
1182:. Around this time,
380:Edward H. Shortliffe
218:bioimage informatics
163:behavior informatics
127:software engineering
123:computer engineering
8625:Veterinary pharmacy
8557:Pharmacy technician
8519:Pharmacocybernetics
8413:History of pharmacy
8294:History of medicine
8277:Veterinary medicine
8084:Preventive medicine
7936:Adolescent medicine
7778:Infectious diseases
7444:Republic of Ireland
7220:Occupational health
7210:Nursing informatics
6986:Psych/mental health
6531:Background concepts
6422:European Federation
6285:imaging informatics
6105:in computer science
6044:genetic informatics
5497:10.1197/jamia.M3005
5453:on 29 December 2013
5340:Clarivate Analytics
5233:10.2147/RMHP.S12985
4293:on 6 December 2010.
4158:Blavatnik Institute
3985:"Knowledge Domains"
3900:10.1197/jamia.M3046
3696:10.1197/jamia.M1080
3345:10.1197/jamia.M2127
3198:on 20 October 2013.
3163:"Pulsed (UV) Light"
2905:Nadkarni P (2016).
2700:Project Data Sphere
1983:preventive medicine
1970:medical specialties
1774:Primary health care
1033:intensive-care unit
1025:Digital Corporation
856:Ebola virus disease
838:Pharmacy automation
832:Telepresence robots
781:Imaging informatics
664:Patient recruitment
202:medical specialties
159:autonomic computing
147:information systems
8729:Health informatics
8620:Specialty pharmacy
8583:Community pharmacy
8552:Pharmacy residency
8242:Molecular oncology
8199:Doctor of Medicine
8189:Master of Medicine
8106:Radiation oncology
7978:Emergency medicine
7931:Addiction medicine
7898:Clinical chemistry
7893:Clinical pathology
7685:Transplant surgery
7643:Orthopedic surgery
7621:Colorectal surgery
7308:Nursing assessment
7170:Legal consultation
7033:Diploma in Nursing
7018:Nightingale Pledge
6945:Nurse practitioner
6784:Telerehabilitation
6538:Health informatics
6472:precision medicine
6463:Remote manipulator
6427:Indian Association
6407:Australian Society
6267:Health informatics
6178:information theory
6117:computation theory
6112:neural computation
6048:cellular computing
5952:physical computing
5742:Health informatics
4641:"ACHI Memberships"
3995:on 16 January 2017
3544:Collen MF (1995).
3507:Reilly ED (2003).
3260:The Globe and Mail
3229:nyuinformatics.org
1972:. For example, in
1888:
1669:Hospital Authority
1606:logical data model
1538:
1409:Providers (LSP).
1265:University of Utah
1137:(NAS-NRC) and the
1041:patient monitoring
891:
794:image registration
790:image segmentation
778:
776:posterior-anterior
688:
686:Example IDR schema
503:
372:
330:
243:
222:
93:Health informatics
8716:
8715:
8673:Pharmacy in China
8600:Hospital pharmacy
8578:Clinical pharmacy
8514:Pharmacovigilance
8430:Prescription drug
8360:
8359:
8194:Master of Surgery
8158:
8157:
8143:Tropical medicine
8089:Prison healthcare
8004:Hospital medicine
7968:Disaster medicine
7958:Aviation medicine
7773:Hospital medicine
7680:Surgical oncology
7665:Pediatric surgery
7659:
7606:Endocrine surgery
7531:
7530:
7318:Nursing care plan
7313:Nursing diagnosis
6998:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6966:Adult-gerontology
6954:NPs by population
6935:Nurse anesthetist
6915:Advanced practice
6823:
6822:
6759:Teleophthalmology
6749:Telemental health
6734:Tele-epidemiology
6579:De-identification
6551:Telecommunication
6490:
6489:
6417:Brazilian Society
6233:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6171:interdisciplinary
6014:
6013:
5897:
5896:
5879:stream processing
5869:signal processing
5864:sign processesing
5709:978-0-470-28953-2
5417:on 8 January 2014
5296:978-0-323-10095-3
4542:. 2 October 2019.
4419:on 14 August 2022
4372:. 22 October 2019
4354:. United Kingdom.
4275:on 19 March 2011.
3555:978-0-9647743-0-8
3530:978-1-57356-521-9
3390:978-1-4214-0468-4
3121:978-0-13-702741-5
3114:. Prentice Hall.
2928:978-0-12-803145-2
2734:. ideaPoint, Inc.
2357:978-3-030-58720-8
2332:978-3-540-42606-6
2299:978-1-4471-4473-1
2183:Datafly algorithm
2032:Technology portal
1230:Kaiser Permanente
1073:Rio Grande do Sul
923:Quality assurance
911:Digital pathology
869:Digital pathology
852:ultraviolet light
591:clinical research
491:Fractal Analytics
342:telecommunication
111:multidisciplinary
90:
89:
16:(Redirected from
8736:
8706:
8705:
8668:Medication costs
8643:Drug development
8605:Nuclear pharmacy
8482:Pharmacogenomics
8470:Pharmacodynamics
8466:Pharmacokinetics
8387:
8380:
8373:
8364:
8363:
8350:
8349:
8340:
8330:
8329:
8320:
8319:
8310:
8309:
8014:Medical genetics
7999:General practice
7876:Nuclear medicine
7751:Gastroenterology
7707:Vascular surgery
7657:
7584:
7583:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7535:
7534:
7519:
7518:
7507:
7506:
7495:
7494:
7185:Medical-surgical
7088:Specialties and
7048:Board of nursing
6920:
6919:
6895:Registered nurse
6870:
6869:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6827:
6826:
6632:Health education
6517:
6510:
6503:
6494:
6493:
6295:Neuroinformatics
6260:
6253:
6246:
6237:
6236:
6091:neuroinformatics
6025:
6024:
5992:artificial brain
5906:
5905:
5889:state processing
5884:agent processing
5859:event processing
5793:
5792:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5752:
5751:
5739:
5713:
5694:
5692:
5674:
5664:
5643:
5618:(162): 162fs41.
5606:
5596:
5563:
5553:
5543:
5518:
5508:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5452:
5441:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5360:. Archived from
5350:
5344:
5343:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5267:
5256:
5255:
5245:
5235:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5172:. Archived from
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5125:
5119:. Archived from
5118:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5069:. Archived from
5059:
5053:
5052:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5018:
5012:
5011:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4928:on 10 July 2020.
4927:
4921:. Archived from
4920:
4894:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4852:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4795:
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4751:
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4716:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4661:. Archived from
4655:
4649:
4648:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4556:. Archived from
4550:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4517:. Archived from
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
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4492:. Archived from
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4466:. Archived from
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4415:. Archived from
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4332:. Archived from
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4246:. Archived from
4240:
4234:
4233:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4168:
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4139:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4107:Federal Register
4104:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4077:. Archived from
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4047:. Archived from
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3991:. Archived from
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3961:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3928:
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3560:
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3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3485:. Archived from
3479:
3473:
3472:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3356:
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3110:Lyons R (2010).
3107:
3101:
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3034:
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2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2213:
2095:Neuroinformatics
2039:Related concepts
2034:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
1988:In October 2011
1946:(4.301) and the
1512:After 20 years,
1465:Asia and Oceania
1211:Veterans Affairs
1088:Health Infoway.
1016:campuses of the
945:medical software
800:Medical robotics
528:, KareXpert and
428:drug development
416:Cleveland Clinic
388:drug development
182:embedded systems
66:
61:
55:
50:
44:
39:
30:
29:
21:
8744:
8743:
8739:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8733:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8694:
8629:
8566:
8562:Pharmacy school
8523:
8475:Pharmacometrics
8449:
8396:
8391:
8361:
8356:
8298:
8287:Chief physician
8220:
8165:
8154:
8148:Travel medicine
8133:Sports medicine
8116:Sexual medicine
8056:Palliative care
8051:Pain management
7995:Family medicine
7973:Diving medicine
7919:
7847:
7809:
7802:
7718:
7711:
7670:Plastic surgery
7616:General surgery
7596:Cardiac surgery
7577:
7575:
7567:
7562:
7532:
7527:
7483:
7360:
7333:
7332:Classification
7327:
7300:Nursing process
7294:
7135:Faith community
7100:Ambulatory care
7091:
7089:
7082:
7008:
7006:
6990:
6949:
6909:
6905:Nurse scientist
6865:
6859:
6854:
6824:
6819:
6815:Virtual patient
6788:
6744:Teledermatology
6694:
6661:
6598:
6555:
6526:
6521:
6491:
6486:
6441:
6385:
6347:
6269:
6264:
6234:
6225:
6192:
6183:decision theory
6166:
6140:
6100:
6061:
6039:systems biology
6020:
6010:
6001:virtual reality
5961:
5930:
5893:
5874:data processing
5847:
5843:decision-making
5784:
5779:
5724:
5721:
5716:
5710:
5672:
5472:
5470:Further reading
5467:
5466:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5420:
5418:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5391:
5389:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5367:
5365:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5283:
5279:
5270:
5268:
5259:
5212:
5208:
5185:
5181:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5150:
5148:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5019:
5015:
4984:
4980:
4957:
4953:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4925:
4892:
4886:
4882:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4823:
4819:
4806:(11): 1735β38.
4796:
4792:
4752:
4748:
4717:
4710:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4563:
4561:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4524:
4522:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4314:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4253:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4137:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4084:
4082:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4051:on 16 June 2016
4039:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4021:. December 2014
4013:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3880:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3817:
3813:
3774:
3770:
3725:
3721:
3676:
3672:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3601:
3597:
3586:
3582:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3517:Greenwood Press
3505:
3501:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3445:
3441:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3377:
3370:
3325:
3321:
3312:
3310:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3207:
3203:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3050:
3037:
2992:
2988:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2903:
2892:
2847:
2840:
2809:(e1): e119β24.
2795:
2788:
2743:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2654:Clinical Trials
2650:
2646:
2599:
2595:
2571:10.1.1.160.8351
2553:
2549:
2506:
2495:
2440:
2431:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2276:
2272:
2233:
2229:
2214:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2179:
2121:
2041:
2030:
2023:
2018:Medicine portal
2016:
2011:
2009:
2006:
1968:within several
1958:
1880:
1873:
1832:
1826:
1764:
1752:
1739:
1720:
1707:
1701:
1624:
1510:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1383:
1373:systems in the
1359:
1354:
1348:
1261:Homer R. Warner
1217:, known as the
1184:Neil Pappalardo
1174:started to use
1170:. In 1965, the
1112:
1102:Alberta Netcare
1096:eHealth Ontario
1081:
1029:Hewlett-Packard
998:hospital census
989:
983:
974:
969:
964:
932:
871:
865:
810:Surgical robots
802:
769:
757:
748:genetic testing
745:
739:
733:
727:medical records
713:
615:clinical trials
595:clinical trials
587:
509:neuroprosthetic
357:
351:
318:
312:
271:
261:Decision Making
210:
200:within several
186:library science
99:structures and
69:
67:
56:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8742:
8732:
8731:
8714:
8713:
8711:
8710:
8699:
8696:
8695:
8693:
8692:
8691:
8690:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8648:Drug discovery
8645:
8639:
8637:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8580:
8574:
8572:
8571:Practice areas
8568:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8547:Pharmaconomist
8544:
8543:
8542:
8531:
8529:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8490:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8478:
8477:
8457:
8455:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8421:
8420:
8410:
8404:
8402:
8398:
8397:
8390:
8389:
8382:
8375:
8367:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8344:
8334:
8324:
8314:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8296:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8228:
8226:
8225:Related topics
8222:
8221:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8174:Medical school
8170:
8168:
8160:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8128:Sleep medicine
8125:
8124:
8123:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8075:
8070:
8069:
8068:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7992:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7941:Anesthesiology
7938:
7933:
7927:
7925:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7916:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7871:Neuroradiology
7868:
7857:
7855:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7814:
7812:
7808:Obstetrics and
7804:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7723:
7721:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7692:
7690:Trauma surgery
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7653:Otolaryngology
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7592:
7590:
7581:
7579:subspecialties
7569:
7568:
7561:
7560:
7553:
7546:
7538:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7513:
7501:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7471:
7464:United Kingdom
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7376:
7370:
7368:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7337:
7335:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7323:Nursing theory
7320:
7315:
7310:
7304:
7302:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7240:Perianesthesia
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7096:
7094:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7068:Nurse registry
7065:
7063:Nursing school
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7014:
7012:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6976:Women's health
6973:
6968:
6963:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6926:
6924:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6902:
6900:Graduate nurse
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6876:
6874:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6853:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6830:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6796:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6774:Telepsychiatry
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6729:Tele-audiology
6726:
6721:
6719:Remote therapy
6716:
6714:Remote surgery
6711:
6705:
6703:
6701:subspecialties
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6690:PubMed Central
6687:
6682:
6677:
6671:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6608:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6569:Admission note
6565:
6563:
6561:Medical record
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6540:
6534:
6532:
6528:
6527:
6520:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6497:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6465:
6460:
6458:Health Level 7
6455:
6449:
6447:
6446:Other concepts
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6404:
6399:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6298:
6292:
6287:
6277:
6275:
6274:Subdisciplines
6271:
6270:
6263:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6240:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6211:
6206:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6188:systems theory
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6084:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6057:neurocomputing
6050:
6041:
6031:
6029:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5996:mind uploading
5989:
5984:
5979:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5910:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5778:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5720:
5719:External links
5717:
5715:
5714:
5708:
5695:
5665:
5644:
5607:
5579:(e1): e36β42.
5564:
5519:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5428:
5398:
5374:
5345:
5336:Web of Science
5320:
5302:
5295:
5277:
5257:
5206:
5179:
5176:on 2010-08-24.
5157:
5136:
5104:
5090:
5076:
5073:on 2006-06-28.
5054:
5040:
5013:
4978:
4951:
4931:
4880:
4838:
4817:
4790:
4746:
4708:
4687:
4669:
4665:on 2011-07-23.
4650:
4632:
4621:on 6 July 2010
4606:
4584:
4570:
4545:
4531:
4506:
4481:
4451:
4430:
4404:
4383:
4357:
4339:
4321:
4296:
4278:
4260:
4235:
4217:
4199:
4181:
4163:
4145:
4134:. 18 July 2006
4119:
4091:
4062:
4032:
4006:
3976:
3948:
3923:
3874:
3860:
3811:
3768:
3739:(3): 553β560.
3719:
3670:
3641:(16): 924β30.
3621:
3595:
3580:
3561:
3554:
3536:
3529:
3499:
3474:
3439:
3396:
3389:
3368:
3319:
3286:
3265:
3246:
3216:
3201:
3192:Discovery News
3179:
3154:
3127:
3120:
3102:
3093:
3035:
2986:
2934:
2927:
2890:
2838:
2786:
2737:
2723:
2705:
2687:
2660:(4): 413β423.
2644:
2607:BMC Geriatrics
2593:
2547:
2493:
2454:(10): e16356.
2429:
2388:
2363:
2356:
2338:
2331:
2305:
2298:
2270:
2227:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2021:
2005:
2002:
1957:
1954:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1825:
1822:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1763:
1760:
1751:
1748:
1738:
1735:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1700:
1697:
1661:
1660:
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1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1509:
1506:
1478:
1475:
1466:
1463:
1454:
1451:
1382:
1379:
1375:European Union
1358:
1357:European Union
1355:
1347:
1344:
1289:digital health
1281:medical coding
1160:expert systems
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1080:
1077:
1045:microcomputers
1010:RibeirΓ£o Preto
985:Main article:
982:
979:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
931:
928:
927:
926:
920:
914:
908:
879:slide scanning
864:
861:
860:
859:
844:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
814:remote surgery
801:
798:
768:
765:
756:
753:
752:
751:
742:
736:
730:
712:
709:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:and management
661:
658:
655:
597:by the use of
586:
583:
514:
513:
494:
488:
481:breast cancers
477:
470:
464:
449:
435:
350:
347:
311:
308:
296:
295:
292:
285:
282:
270:
267:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
225:Jan van Bemmel
209:
206:
135:bioinformatics
88:
87:
71:
70:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8741:
8730:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8709:
8701:
8700:
8697:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8569:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8541:
8538:
8537:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8526:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8504:Pharmacognosy
8502:
8500:
8499:Pharmaceutics
8497:
8495:
8492:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8452:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8388:
8383:
8381:
8376:
8374:
8369:
8368:
8365:
8353:
8345:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8333:
8325:
8323:
8315:
8313:
8305:
8304:
8301:
8295:
8292:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8257:Public health
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8237:Allied health
8235:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8161:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8046:Oral medicine
8044:
8042:
8041:Ophthalmology
8039:
8037:
8034:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7903:Cytopathology
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7850:
7844:
7843:Urogynecology
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7805:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7746:Endocrinology
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7714:
7708:
7705:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7559:
7554:
7552:
7547:
7545:
7540:
7539:
7536:
7524:
7523:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7479:
7475:
7474:United States
7472:
7469:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7363:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7260:Public health
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7245:Perioperative
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7115:Critical care
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7085:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7005:
7001:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6940:Nurse midwife
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6880:Student nurse
6878:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6862:
6858:
6851:
6846:
6844:
6839:
6837:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:Roles to play
6791:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6779:Teleradiology
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6764:Telepathology
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6739:Teledentistry
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6699:Telemedicine
6697:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6612:Decision aids
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6513:
6511:
6506:
6504:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:in healthcare
6308:
6305:
6303:in healthcare
6302:
6299:
6297:in healthcare
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6261:
6256:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:in philosophy
6143:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6035:computational
6033:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6017:
6007:
6006:virtual world
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5942:mixed reality
5940:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5823:communication
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5771:
5769:
5764:
5762:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5711:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5655:(4): 335β49.
5654:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5491:(3): 316β27.
5490:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5474:
5449:
5445:
5438:
5432:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5364:on 2022-02-12
5363:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5311:"NLM Catalog"
5306:
5298:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5273:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5146:
5140:
5126:on 2008-09-20
5122:
5115:
5108:
5100:
5094:
5086:
5080:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5050:
5044:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4994:(8): 555β61.
4993:
4989:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4941:
4935:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4903:(1): 133β40.
4902:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4861:(4): 211β23.
4860:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4763:(5): 463β71.
4762:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4727:(8): 614β20.
4726:
4722:
4715:
4713:
4697:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4594:
4588:
4580:
4574:
4560:on 2017-09-24
4559:
4555:
4549:
4541:
4540:"Netherlands"
4535:
4521:on 2020-10-05
4520:
4516:
4510:
4496:on 2023-03-08
4495:
4491:
4485:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4440:
4434:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4393:
4387:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4250:on 2015-08-16
4249:
4245:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4081:on 2018-10-05
4080:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4020:
4016:
4010:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3894:(4): 158β66.
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3831:(6): 457β65.
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3784:(5): 805β34.
3783:
3779:
3778:Human Factors
3772:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3610:
3606:
3599:
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3503:
3489:on 2014-08-02
3488:
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3454:
3450:
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3423:
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3411:
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3382:
3375:
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3350:
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3338:
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3309:on 2012-03-12
3308:
3304:
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3235:on 2010-12-12
3234:
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3220:
3212:
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3189:
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3169:on 2018-09-01
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2022:
2019:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:impact factor
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
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1900:
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4519:the original
4509:
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4494:the original
4484:
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4468:the original
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4433:
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4417:the original
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4386:
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4248:the original
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3993:the original
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3609:Boston Globe
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3487:the original
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3307:the original
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3233:the original
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3204:
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3182:
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3167:the original
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3141:the original
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3100:AMIA website
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2405:
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2391:
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2375:
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2308:
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2156:Omaha System
1994:subspecialty
1987:
1966:subspecialty
1961:
1959:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:MD Computing
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
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1844:
1840:
1834:
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1458:
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1157:
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705:data quality
701:
693:
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611:
588:
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515:
396:
373:
338:
331:
297:
272:
244:
223:
198:subspecialty
195:
191:
167:
151:data science
117:fields with
108:
105:
92:
91:
34:
8528:Professions
8408:Compounding
8332:Wikiproject
8121:Venereology
8066:Neonatology
7963:Dermatology
7818:Gynaecology
7810:gynaecology
7793:Pulmonology
7611:Eye surgery
7573:Specialties
7522:WikiProject
7439:Philippines
7424:New Zealand
7280:Telenursing
7230:Orthopedics
7160:Home health
6873:Generalists
6754:Telenursing
6574:Blue Button
6546:health care
6544:In absentia
5683:: 198β215.
5195:(7): 34β7.
5170:sahi.org.sa
4918:10371/81954
4625:22 February
3239:11 November
3006:(1): 1239.
2957:(1): 8β12.
2381:26 December
2243:(10): 150.
1940:of 4.945),
1737:New Zealand
1453:Netherlands
1168:Internist-I
554:coronavirus
302:to develop
174:informatics
78:introduces
76:informatics
8535:Pharmacist
8487:Toxicology
8425:Medication
8094:Psychiatry
8080:(PM&R)
8073:Phlebology
8061:Pediatrics
7888:Anatomical
7853:Diagnostic
7833:Obstetrics
7783:Nephrology
7768:Hematology
7763:Geriatrics
7756:Hepatology
7741:Cardiology
7731:Immunology
7366:By country
7235:Pediatrics
7215:Obstetrics
7175:Management
7165:Hyperbaric
7150:Geriatrics
6971:Pediatrics
6864:Levels of
6627:Health 2.0
6204:infosphere
6122:algorithms
6028:in biology
5973:processors
5966:artificial
5803:perception
5392:2022-02-12
5368:2022-02-12
5151:2010-07-29
5130:2009-01-08
5029:: 623β28.
4967:: 153β73.
4945:2017-11-03
4564:2016-12-19
4525:2016-12-19
4500:2016-12-19
4376:1 December
4315:2009-01-13
4254:2019-09-18
4085:2018-10-04
3614:2 February
3519:. p.
3493:2009-04-16
3313:2010-11-08
3280:2009-08-26
3262:. Toronto.
3173:2020-12-06
2194:References
2189:Governance
2177:Algorithms
1830:Health law
1703:See also:
1685:governance
1575:) and the
1293:telehealth
1037:cardiology
735:processes.
526:Doctor You
522:Ada Health
485:mammograms
420:CVS Health
353:See also:
333:Telehealth
316:Telehealth
314:See also:
240:X-ray scan
172:, medical
101:algorithms
8282:Physician
8166:education
8024:Neurology
8019:Narcology
7883:Pathology
7861:Radiology
7736:Angiology
7700:Andrology
7399:Hong Kong
7379:Australia
7190:Midwifery
7130:Emergency
7125:Education
7090:areas of
7010:licensure
7004:Education
6622:E-patient
6376:ISO 27799
5977:processes
5828:reasoning
5818:operating
5813:influence
5808:attention
5734:is being
5640:206680836
5457:7 January
5421:7 January
5226:: 47β55.
4554:"English"
4444:14 August
4423:14 August
4397:14 August
2757:: 88β99.
2566:CiteSeerX
2534:0360-8581
2488:207818415
1974:pathology
1952:(4.292).
1665:Hong Kong
1653:SNOMED CT
1644:security.
1477:Australia
1014:SΓ£o Paulo
972:Argentina
895:pathology
848:disinfect
826:Biorobots
720:Clinical
505:Neuralink
438:Microsoft
119:computing
8723:Category
8708:Category
8435:Pharmacy
8394:Pharmacy
8312:Category
7788:Oncology
7719:medicine
7717:Internal
7565:Medicine
7498:Category
7434:Pakistan
7428:timeline
7383:timeline
7275:Surgical
7225:Oncology
7205:Neonatal
7200:Military
7155:Holistic
7145:Forensic
7092:practice
6981:Neonatal
6866:practice
5833:learning
5727:template
5632:23197569
5603:22523344
5560:19445665
5515:19261934
5252:22312227
5201:19645226
5035:16160327
5008:21680236
4973:16160223
4812:15569497
4785:17540005
4777:16180482
4741:16793329
4330:"UKCHIP"
3918:19074295
3855:10579604
3806:24450135
3798:25850118
3763:33736486
3714:12087123
3469:14129683
3434:34108803
3363:16799115
3147:19 March
3088:26876718
3030:28154833
2981:23966483
2885:24534444
2861:: 72β7.
2833:22437072
2781:26188274
2674:29676586
2639:18992135
2542:59525052
2480:31674923
2424:25489500
2257:28825158
2100:Nosology
2004:See also
1718:Malaysia
1162:such as
1063:and the
994:IBM 1130
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