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1256:, at which two courses of action were considered. The first was to attack Essex's army at Worcester, which had the drawback that the close country around the city would put the superior Royalist cavalry at a disadvantage. The second course, which was adopted, was to advance towards London. The intention was not to avoid battle with Essex, but to force one at an advantage. In the
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It is generally acknowledged that the
Royalist cavalry's lack of discipline prevented a clear Royalist victory at Edge Hill. Not for the last time in the war, they would gallop after fleeing enemy and then break ranks to plunder, rather than rally to attack the enemy infantry. Byron's and Digby's men
1586:
Arthur Young. By this time, some of the
Royalist horse had rallied and were returning from Kineton. Lieutenant Colonel Robert Welch (variously spelled Welch, Welsh, or Walsh) of Wilmot's Horse recaptured the Royal Standard by a subterfuge as it was being taken to the Parliamentarian rear as a trophy.
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abruptly defected. The rest of Ramsay's brigade gave an ineffectual volley of pistol fire from the saddle before turning to flee. Rupert's and Byron's troopers rapidly overran the
Parliamentarian guns and musketeers on this flank and galloped jubilantly in pursuit of Ramsay's men, to the detriment of
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As Essex showed no signs of wishing to attack, the
Royalists began to descend the slope of Edge Hill some time after midday. Even when they had completed this manoeuvre at about two o'clock, the battle did not begin until the sight of the King with his large entourage riding from regiment to regiment
1619:
Essex's decision to return northwards to
Warwick allowed the King to continue southwards in the direction of London. Rupert urged this course, and was prepared to undertake it with his cavalry alone. With Essex's army still intact, the King chose to move more deliberately, with the whole army. After
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When in exile with Prince
Charles, Welch committed a grave error of etiquette defending Prince Rupert. Coupled with his friend Prince Rupert's political unpopularity among the Royalist exiles and the fact that Welch was an Irishman, Welch's part at Edge Hill was afterwards denigrated to the benefit
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troopers are gentlemen's sons, younger sons and persons of quality...." Not only were the
Parliamentarian cavalry not so naturally accustomed to mounted action, but they were drilled in the Dutch tactic of firing pistols and carbines from the saddle, whereas under Rupert, the Royalist cavalry would
1728:
In a traditional account, "Captain Smith, a
Catholic officer of the King's Life Guards, hearing of the loss of the standard, picked up an orange scarf from the field and threw it over his shoulders. Accompanied by one or two of his comrades similarly attired, he slipped in amongst the ranks of the
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The
Parliamentarian foot soldiers, however, were better equipped than their Royalist counterparts. The Royalist pikemen were said to lack armour, and the musketeers lacked swords, making the Royalist infantry more vulnerable in hand-to-hand combat. Several hundred of them lacked any sort of weapon
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After the battle, the King resumed his march on London, but was not strong enough to overcome the defending militia before Essex's army could reinforce them. The inconclusive result of the Battle of
Edgehill prevented either faction from gaining a quick victory in the war, which eventually lasted
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Welch also captured two Parliamentarian cannon. As the light began to fade, the battle ended with a fire fight from either side of a dividing ditch, before nightfall eventually brought a natural close to hostilities. The Royalists had been forced back to the position they had originally advanced
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was roughly handled and forced to return without delivering his message. Although Essex had been reinforced by some of his units which had lagged behind on the march, he withdrew during the evening and the majority of his army marched to Warwick Castle, abandoning seven guns on the battlefield.
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The King's party withdrew out of range and an artillery duel started. The Royalist guns were not effective, as most of them were deployed some way up the slope; from this height most of their shots plunged harmlessly into the earth. While the bombardment continued however, the Royalist dragoons
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By the following morning the King and his army returned to the Edge Hill escarpment and Essex's army returned to Kineton. It was a bitterly cold night with a hard frost. This was suggested by contemporary reports as the reason many of the wounded survived, since the cold allowed many wounds to
1578:(the Duke of York) to safety while Ruthven rallied his infantry. Some of Balfour's men charged so far into the Royalist position that they menaced the princes' escort and briefly overran the Royalist artillery before withdrawing. In the front ranks, Lord Lindsey was mortally wounded, and Sir
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Late on 22 October, both armies unexpectedly found the enemy to be close by. The next day, the Royalist army descended from Edge Hill to force battle. After the Parliamentarian artillery opened a cannonade, the Royalists attacked. Both armies consisted mostly of inexperienced and sometimes
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In the early hours of Tuesday 25th, Prince Rupert led a strong detachment of horse and dragoons and launched a surprise attack upon what remained of the Parliamentarian baggage train at Kineton and killed many of the battle's wounded survivors discovered within the village.
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in particular, were not involved in the first clashes and should have been kept in hand rather than allowed to gallop off the battlefield. Patrick Ruthven was elevated to the rank of Lord General of the King's Army, confirming his role as acting commander in the battle.
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nevertheless stood their ground. The Parliamentarian cavalry regiments of Stapleton and Balfour emerged through gaps in the line of Parliamentarian foot soldiers, and charged the Royalist infantry. With no Royalist cavalry to oppose them, they put many units to flight.
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There were some significant differences between the opposing armies, which were to be important to the course of the battle and its outcome. Although both armies were composed of very raw soldiers, they had several experienced officers who had previously fought in the
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On the Parliamentarian side, Sir James Ramsay who had commanded the left wing horse which had been routed during the battle, was tried by court-martial at St. Albans on 5 November. The court reported that he had done all that it became a gallant man to do.
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The Royalist infantry also advanced in the centre under Ruthven. Many of the Parliamentarian foot had already run away as their cavalry disappeared, and others fled as the infantry came to close quarters. The brigades of Sir Thomas Ballard and Sir
1451:, was overruled when he wished to deploy them in "Dutch" formation, simple phalanxes eight ranks deep. Affronted, he resigned his command and took his place at the head of his own regiment of foot. He was replaced by the Lieutenant General,
1455:, who drew up the infantry in chequerboard "Swedish" formation, which was potentially more effective but also more difficult to control, particularly with inexperienced soldiers. The centre was led in battle by Sergeant Major General
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Wilmot charged about the same time on the other flank. Feilding's outnumbered troops quickly gave way, and Wilmot and Digby also chased them to Kineton where the Royalist horse fell out to loot the Parliamentarian baggage. Sir
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on the field by King Charles I next morning. The King also granted a patent for a gold medal to be made (the first to be awarded to an individual for action on a battlefield) commemorating the event in Welch's honour. Captain
1632:. Essex meanwhile had moved directly to London. Reinforced by the London Trained Bands and many citizen volunteers, his army proved to be too strong for the King to contemplate another battle when the Royalists advanced to
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enemy.... Protected by his scarf, Smith succeeded in escaping hostile notice, and triumphantly laid the recovered standard at the feet of the King. Charles rewarded him with hearty thanks, and knighted him on the spot."
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The Parliamentarian left wing consisted of a loosely organised cavalry brigade of twenty unregimented troops under Sir James Ramsay, supported by 600 musketeers and several cannon, deployed behind a hedge.
1264:" Accordingly, the army left Shrewsbury on 12 October, gaining two days' start on the enemy, and moved south-east. Essex followed, but neither army had much information on the location of their enemy.
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were expected to join him. (By this time, there was conflict in almost every part of England, as local commanders attempted to seize the main cities, ports and castles for their respective factions.)
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was drawn up on the left of the front line and Colonel Charles Essex's brigade on the right. Sir Thomas Ballard's infantry brigade was deployed behind Meldrum and the cavalry regiments under Sir
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were generally Parliamentarian in sympathy, and few people rallied to the King there, so having again secured the arms and equipment of the local trained bands, Charles moved to
1672:
also claimed a supporting part in the rescue of the royal standard and was accordingly also knighted banneret, but the medal was minted in Sir Robert Welch's name and honour.
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Royal warrants were written for several medals, including the 'Forlorn Hope' medal, and the medals awarded to Capt. John Smith and Sir Robert Welch (or Welsh, Walsh).
1636:. The King withdrew to Oxford, which he made his capital for the rest of the war. With both sides almost evenly matched, it would drag on ruinously for years.
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in support. The King's own Lifeguard of Horse insisted on joining Rupert's front line, leaving the King with no cavalry reserve under his own command.
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rallied about 200 men, but when they tried to charge the Parliamentarian rear, they were distracted by fugitives from Charles Essex's routed brigade.
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broke down early in 1642. Both the King and Parliament raised large armies to gain their way by force of arms. In October, at his temporary base near
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were massed on Edge Hill, 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from Kineton. Essex deployed his army about halfway between Kineton and the Royalist army, where
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ill-equipped troops. Many men from both sides fled or fell out to loot enemy baggage, and neither army was able to gain a decisive advantage.
1186:, the Parliamentarian garrison defied the King's authority and drove his forces away from the city. In early August the King moved south, to
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The King had left himself without any proper reserve. As his centre gave way, he ordered one of his officers to conduct his sons
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On the right flank, Rupert gave the order to attack. As his charge gathered momentum, a troop of Parliamentarian horse under
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it was considered more counsellable to march towards London, it being morally sure that Essex would put himself in their way.
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1147:. Both Parliament and King realised that armed conflict was inevitable, and prepared to raise forces. Parliament enacted a
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The centre consisted of five "tertias" of infantry. There was a last-minute change of command when the Colonel General,
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The following day, both armies partially formed up again, but neither was willing to resume the battle. Charles sent a
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of Smith (an Englishman) who was thus erroneously perpetuated as the hero in subsequent historical publications.
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advanced on each flank and drove back the Parliamentarian dragoons and musketeers covering their wings of horse.
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Having learned of the King's actions in Nottingham, Parliament dispatched its own army northward under the
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For the Earl of Forth as commander on the day rather than Rupert or the king see Murdoch and Grosjean.
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An interpretation of the Battle of Edgehill within Radway field – Royalists blue, Parliamentarians red
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behind Charles Essex. The presence of these two regiments was to be important in the coming battle.
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that no agreement with Parliament over the government of the kingdom was possible, he left
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Lieutenant Colonel Robert Welch, who had recaptured the royal standard, was knighted
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Not to be confused with the Parliamentary commander, whose name was Robert Devereux.
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The Royalist cavalry was superior to Parliament's cavalry at this stage of the war.
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2290:(2nd, first published as Volume 2, 1642–1746 ed.), Hertfordshire: Wordsworth,
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The Royalist right wing of cavalry and dragoons was led by Prince Rupert, with Sir
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to Essex with a message of pardon if he would agree to the King's terms, but the
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The Prince of Wales and the Duke of York sheltering during the Battle of Edgehill
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congeal, saving the wounded from bleeding to death or succumbing to infection.
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linked the centre to the right wing. The right wing consisted of cavalry under
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1291:. The garrison of Banbury sent messengers pleading for help to the garrison of
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By early October, the King's army was almost complete at Shrewsbury. He held a
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Alexander Leslie and the Scottish Generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648
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Photos of some of the areas involved in the Battle of Edgehill on geograph
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died defending the Royal Standard, which was captured by Parliamentarian
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1415:, who possibly arrived late to the battle, later wrote disparagingly to
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Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638–1651
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By 22 October, the Royalist army was quartered in the villages around
1244:. Nevertheless, lacking infantry, the Royalists abandoned Worcester.
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2327:– Permanent Battle of Edgehill exhibition within Radway's church
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1408:. Both King and Parliament had bid highly for their services.
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2021:. CastlesFortsBattles.co.uk network. 2019. Archived from
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1836:
2151:"Q&A: British Historical Medals of the 17th Century"
1877:
1470:, the King's secretary of state, in support and Colonel
2268:, Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military,
2107:(Vol. 1 ed.). London: London, Longmans, Green, Co.
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The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England
1934:
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where arms and equipment previously collected for the
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Scott, C.L.; Turton, A; Gruber von Arni, E. (2004),
2173:
Edgehill 1642: First Battle of the English Civil War
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1907:
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1423:charge sword in hand, relying on shock and weight.
1151:, by which it claimed authority over the country's
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1922:
1812:
1788:
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1287:, and was threatening the Parliamentarian post at
1099:All attempts at constitutional compromise between
2125:(7th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1889:
1620:capturing Banbury on 27 October, he advanced via
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2306:"It's a grand life for Chelsea's men in scarlet"
1958:
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1806:
1313:The well known "Soldiers' Prayer" was given by
1228:, to confront the King. Essex marched first to
2082:"The final days of the old Scottish regiments"
1240:routed the cavalry of Essex's vanguard at the
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1952:
1919:The final days of the old Scottish regiments.
1174:The King then attempted to seize the port of
1171:of each county to raise forces for the King.
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2378:Registered historic battlefields in England
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2104:A History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649
1871:
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1486:In the centre, the infantry brigade of Sir
1462:The left wing consisted of horse under Sir
1359:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1198:, effectively declaring war on Parliament.
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2140:Murdoch, Steve; Grosjean, Alexix (2014).
1427:apart from clubs or improvised polearms.
1379:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
2100:
1976:
1529:Prince Rupert leads the Royalist cavalry
1524:
1516:
1266:
16:1642 battle during the English Civil War
2325:BattleOfEdgehillExhibitionRadway.org.uk
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1940:
1794:
1213:, where large numbers of recruits from
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1995:"Battle of Edgehill 23rd October 1642"
1271:Interpretation of Charles I holding a
1155:, while from his temporary capital of
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2189:
2170:Roberts, Keith; Tincey, John (2001),
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1501:A regiment of infantry under Colonel
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2194:, Moreton-in-Marsh: Windrush Press,
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1964:
1357:adding citations to reliable sources
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56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
1761:Battle of Edgehill 23 October 1642.
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1143:on 2 March 1642 and headed for the
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2266:Edgehill: The Battle Reinterpreted
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1743:
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1320:
1275:before the Battle of Edgehill, by
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2394:
2363:Battles of the English Civil Wars
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2144:. London: Pickering & Chatto.
1647:The last survivor of the battle,
2368:Military history of Warwickshire
2121:Knowles, Elizabeth, ed. (2009).
2101:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1894).
1435:
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1299:of Edge Hill the following day.
1159:, Charles rejected Parliament's
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2123:Oxford Dictionary of Quotations
1999:UK Battlefields Resource Centre
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1474:'s dragoons on his left flank.
1111:, the King decided to march to
43:needs additional citations for
2001:. The Battlefields Trust. 2020
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1:
2304:Winder, Robert (9 May 1999),
2286:Battles in Britain, 1066–1746
2239:A True Narrative and Manifest
2223:, Ware: Wordsworth Editions,
1986:
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2383:17th century in Warwickshire
1736:
1096:on Sunday, 23 October 1642.
7:
2015:"Battle of Edgehill (1642)"
1310:formed a natural position.
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2237:Walsh, Sir Robert (2011).
1752:Battle of Edgehill (1642).
1594:
1574:(the Prince of Wales) and
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1238:Prince Rupert of the Rhine
1182:had been gathered. In the
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2149:Platt, Jerome J. (2017).
2038:Carlton, Charles (1992),
1953:Roberts & Tincey 2001
1908:Murdoch and Grosjean 2014
1831:Murdoch and Grosjean 2014
1655:sixty-seven years later.
1591:from, but had regrouped.
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195:52.1509806°N 1.4818917°W
2336:9 December 2008 at the
2331:British Civil Wars site
2019:Battlefields of Britain
1872:Young & Holmes 2000
1848:Young & Holmes 2000
1406:Irish Rebellion of 1641
1242:Battle of Powick Bridge
1082:First English Civil War
443:First English Civil War
174:Edge Hill, Warwickshire
140:First English Civil War
2190:Young, Peter (1995) ,
2066:www.cromwellmuseum.org
1530:
1522:
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240:Commanders and leaders
200:52.1509806; -1.4818917
2219:The English Civil War
2155:English Civil War.org
2112:Hyde, Edward (1702).
2068:. The Cromwell Museum
2060:The Cromwell Museum.
2042:, Routledge, p.
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1520:
1270:
1161:Nineteen Propositions
1084:. It was fought near
834:Gunnislake New Bridge
353:Casualties and losses
21:Battle of White Marsh
2282:Seymour, W (1997) ,
2088:. The Scotsman. 2006
2086:electricscotland.com
2062:"Soldier | Cromwell"
1353:improve this section
1209:and subsequently to
1165:Commissions of Array
1135:When it appeared to
397:class=notpageimage|
67:"Battle of Edgehill"
52:improve this article
1886:, pp. 114–115.
1833:, pp. 120–123.
1807:The Cromwell Museum
1317:before the battle.
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908:Scarborough Castle
710:2nd Wardour Castle
610:1st Wardour Castle
133:Battle of Edgehill
2373:Conflicts in 1642
2241:(EEBO ed.).
1979:, pp. 49–50.
1874:, pp. 78–79.
1651:, fought also at
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186:01°28′54.81″W
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108:February 2013
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69: –
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63:Find sources:
57:
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41:This article
39:
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30:
29:
26:
22:
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2218:
2209:Young, Peter
2191:
2172:
2159:. Retrieved
2154:
2141:
2122:
2113:
2103:
2090:. Retrieved
2085:
2070:. Retrieved
2065:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2023:the original
2018:
2003:. Retrieved
1998:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1941:Carlton 1992
1936:
1931:, p. 8.
1924:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
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1826:
1814:
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1795:Knowles 2009
1790:
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1564:John Meldrum
1560:
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1488:John Meldrum
1485:
1481:
1472:Arthur Aston
1464:Henry Wilmot
1461:
1457:Jacob Astley
1449:Lord Lindsey
1446:
1439:
1425:
1420:
1417:John Hampden
1410:
1390:
1375:
1366:
1351:Please help
1339:
1315:Jacob Astley
1312:
1301:
1282:
1261:
1251:
1223:
1219:Welsh border
1200:
1173:
1134:
1127:four years.
1125:
1121:
1101:King Charles
1098:
1094:Warwickshire
1092:in southern
1073:
1069:
1067:
1047:2nd Aberdeen
1019:
1017:
983:Rowton Heath
885:
883:
854:1st Aberdeen
829:Marston Moor
814:Tipton Green
736:
734:
695:Olney Bridge
665:Gainsborough
640:2nd Bradford
605:Sourton Down
595:Ripple Field
575:Hopton Heath
552:
550:
541:1st Bradford
536:Muster Green
521:Piercebridge
495:
491:Kings Norton
481:Babylon Hill
454:
400:Warwickshire
342:700 Dragoons
274:
269:Lord Lindsey
223:Belligerents
214:Inconclusive
183:52°09′3.53″N
138:Part of the
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
1431:Deployments
1260:'s words: "
1230:Northampton
1163:and issued
1027:Bovey Heath
978:2nd Chester
973:Philiphaugh
968:2nd Bristol
923:3rd Taunton
913:2nd Taunton
879:2nd Newbury
869:1st Taunton
864:1st Chester
844:Lostwithiel
764:Boldon Hill
705:Heptonstall
685:1st Newbury
660:1st Bristol
339:2,000 horse
336:12,000 foot
321:3,000 horse
318:11,000 foot
282:Lord Wilmot
264:Lord Astley
198: /
2352:Categories
2176:, Osprey,
2005:21 January
1987:References
1929:Walsh 2011
1896:Platt 2017
1884:Young 1995
1860:Young 1995
1819:Young 1995
1783:Young 1995
1771:Young 1995
1670:John Smith
1653:Malplaquet
1468:Lord Digby
1442:John Byron
1297:escarpment
1211:Shrewsbury
1196:Nottingham
1131:Background
1109:Shrewsbury
1105:Parliament
1052:Lagganmore
1042:3rd Oxford
1032:Torrington
998:Annan Moor
928:2nd Oxford
893:Inverlochy
849:Tippermuir
799:1st Oxford
784:Lyme Regis
670:Gloucester
546:Chichester
531:1st Exeter
471:Portsmouth
363:500 killed
358:500 killed
78:newspapers
2215:(2000) ,
1965:Hyde 1702
1737:Citations
1626:Aylesbury
1609:messenger
1340:does not
1304:Cavaliers
1234:Worcester
1192:Leicester
1086:Edge Hill
1074:Edge Hill
933:Leicester
749:Newcastle
650:Lansdowne
620:Wakefield
590:Lichfield
585:Camp Hill
526:Tadcaster
506:Brentford
501:Aylesbury
249:Charles I
229:Royalists
2334:Archived
2161:25 April
2092:26 April
1665:banneret
1494:and Sir
1217:and the
1203:Midlands
1076:) was a
958:Hereford
953:Langport
918:Auldearn
903:Weymouth
874:Carlisle
839:Ormskirk
819:Oswestry
774:Cheriton
744:Nantwich
675:2nd Hull
615:Stratton
496:Edgehill
476:Plymouth
461:1st Hull
310:Strength
169:Location
1630:Reading
1595:Outcome
1572:Charles
1466:, with
1398:Swedish
1361:removed
1346:sources
1289:Banbury
1285:Edgcote
1248:Prelude
1207:Chester
1188:Lincoln
1090:Kineton
1080:of the
963:Kilsyth
794:Lincoln
725:Arundel
690:Winceby
600:Reading
345:30 guns
327:20 guns
275:†
92:scholar
2294:
2272:
2245:
2227:
2198:
2180:
2129:
2072:9 June
2050:
2029:19 May
1622:Oxford
1605:herald
1584:Ensign
1513:Battle
1308:hedges
1279:(1845)
1141:London
1113:London
1013:Newark
943:Alford
938:Naseby
804:Bolton
759:Newark
271:
211:Result
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
1680:Notes
1576:James
1394:Dutch
1215:Wales
779:Selby
715:Alton
565:Leeds
99:JSTOR
85:books
2292:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2163:2020
2127:ISBN
2094:2020
2074:2024
2048:ISBN
2031:2020
2007:2013
1628:and
1554:and
1344:any
1342:cite
1201:The
1190:and
1157:York
1103:and
1088:and
1072:(or
1068:The
1020:1646
886:1645
789:York
737:1644
553:1643
455:1642
161:Date
71:news
2044:192
1396:or
1355:by
54:by
2354::
2308:,
2211:;
2153:.
2084:.
2064:.
2046:,
2017:.
1997:.
1838:^
1745:^
1624:,
1459:.
1119:.
2251:.
2165:.
2135:.
2116:.
2096:.
2076:.
2033:.
2009:.
1967:.
1898:.
1809:.
1797:.
1382:)
1376:(
1371:)
1367:(
1363:.
1349:.
433:e
426:t
419:v
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
23:.
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