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1464:, because it has become evident that practically all laws of nature originate in symmetries. Violations of symmetry therefore present theoretical and experimental puzzles that lead to a deeper understanding of nature. Asymmetries in experimental measurements also provide powerful handles that are often relatively free from background or systematic uncertainties.
157:(the property of an object being invariant to a transformation, such as reflection). Symmetry is an important property of both physical and abstract systems and it may be displayed in precise terms or in more aesthetic terms. The absence of or violation of symmetry that are either expected or desired can have important consequences for a system.
1275:
1815:
decays to a charged lepton. The asymmetry between positively and negatively charged leptons as a function of the direction of the W boson relative to the proton beam provides information on the relative distributions of up and down quarks in the proton. Particle-antiparticle asymmetries are also used
343:
While most bridges employ a symmetrical form due to intrinsic simplicities of design, analysis and fabrication and economical use of materials, a number of modern bridges have deliberately departed from this, either in response to site-specific considerations or to create a dramatic design statement.
1681:
Isospin is violated by the fact that the masses of the up and down quarks are different, as well as by their different electric charges. Because this violation is only a small effect in most processes that involve the strong interactions, isospin symmetry remains a useful calculational tool, and its
183:
proposed that biological molecules are asymmetric because the cosmic forces that preside over their formation are themselves asymmetric. While at his time, and even now, the symmetry of physical processes are highlighted, it is known that there are fundamental physical asymmetries, starting with
205:
is an important and widespread trait, having evolved numerous times in many organisms and at many levels of organisation (ranging from individual cells, through organs, to entire body-shapes). Benefits of asymmetry sometimes have to do with improved spatial arrangements, such as the left
1702:
in the interaction between particles and antiparticles, or between left-handed and right-handed particles. They can thus be used as a sensitive measurement of differences in interaction strength and/or to distinguish a small asymmetric signal from a large but symmetric background.
461:
from one side, because both sides are the same. However, as soon as an assembly is asymmetrical, both sides must be tested and the test report is required to state the results for each side. In practical use, the lowest result achieved is the one that turns up in
1735:
is the number of events in which some particular final-state particle is moving "forward" with respect to some chosen direction (e.g., a final-state electron moving in the same direction as the initial-state electron beam in electron-positron collisions), while
319:
is seen as more attractive in humans, especially in the context of mate selection. In general, there is a correlation between symmetry and fitness-related traits such as growth rate, fecundity and survivability for many species. This means that, through
466:. Neither the test sponsor, nor the laboratory can go by an opinion or deduction as to which side was in more peril as a result of contemplated testing and then test only one side. Both must be tested in order to be compliant with test standards and
2070:
1051:
1791:
using the event rates obtained with left-polarized versus right-polarized initial electron beams. Left-right asymmetries can also be defined as asymmetries in the polarization of final-state particles whose polarizations can be measured; e.g.,
1506:
gauge interaction. Only the left-handed components of particles and right-handed components of antiparticles participate in weak interactions in the
Standard Model. A consequence of parity violation in particle physics is that
314:
Since birth defects and injuries are likely to indicate poor health of the organism, defects resulting in asymmetry often put an animal at a disadvantage when it comes to finding a mate. For example, a greater degree of
217:. In other examples, division of function between the right and left half may have been beneficial and has driven the asymmetry to become stronger. Such an explanation is usually given for mammal hand or paw preference (
363:
332:
Pre-modern architectural styles tended to place an emphasis on symmetry, except where extreme site conditions or historical developments lead away from this classical ideal. To the contrary,
1662:
between any pair of nucleons is the same, independent of whether they are protons or neutrons. This symmetry arises at a more fundamental level as a symmetry between up-type and down-type
1698:
processes that can involve the weak interactions typically exhibit asymmetries in the distributions of the final-state particles. These asymmetries are typically sensitive to the
1333:
1270:{\displaystyle \epsilon _{ijk}=\left\{{\begin{array}{cc}1&if\;(i,j,k)\in \{(123),(231),(312)\}\\-1&if\;(i,j,k)\in \{(213),(321),(132)\}\\0&else\end{array}}\right.}
399:
1441:). The later theory of statistical mechanics, however, is symmetric in time. Although it states that a system significantly below maximum entropy is very likely to evolve
221:), an asymmetry in skill development in mammals. Training the neural pathways in a skill with one hand (or paw) may take less effort than doing the same with both hands.
854:
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1518:, E. Ambler, R. W. Hayward, D. D. Hoppes, and R. P. Hudson found a clear violation of parity conservation in the beta decay of cobalt-60. Simultaneously,
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must be false. Stated differently, an asymmetric relation is characterized by a necessary absence of symmetry of the relation in the opposite direction.
357:
324:, individuals with greater symmetry (and therefore fitness) tend to be preferred as mates, as they are more likely to produce healthy offspring.
224:
Nature also provides several examples of handedness in traits that are usually symmetric. The following are examples of animals with obvious
1540:
After the discovery of the violation of parity in 1956–57, it was believed that the combined symmetry of parity (P) and simultaneous
1787:
is the corresponding number of right-polarized events. Left-right asymmetries in Z boson production and decay were measured at the
1478:
Until the 1950s, it was believed that fundamental physics was left-right symmetric; i.e., that interactions were invariant under
1386:; that is, they cannot be superposed upon their mirror image. Chemically identical molecules with different chirality are called
457:
a fire may come from. Therefore, many building codes and fire test standards outline, that a symmetrical assembly, need only be
446:
2205:
1926:
111:
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is the number of events with the final-state particle moving "backward". Forward-backward asymmetries were used by the
1548:, was preserved. For example, CP transforms a left-handed neutrino into a right-handed antineutrino. In 1964, however,
1438:
1803:
or particle-antiparticle asymmetry is defined in a similar way. This type of asymmetry has been used to constrain the
83:
2095:
449:, asymmetry is a crucial aspect of design. When designing a facility, it is not always certain, that in the event of
130:
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group, in which the strong interactions are invariant under interchange of different types of quarks. Including the
2292:
551:. If a shape has no lines of symmetry, then it is asymmetrical, but if an object has any lines of symmetry, it is
1586:
1390:; this difference in orientation can lead to different properties in the way they react with biological systems.
90:
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CP violation is one of the necessary conditions for the generation of a baryon asymmetry in the early universe.
225:
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17:
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The New
Ambidextrous Universe: Symmetry and Asymmetry from Mirror Reflections to Superstrings, 3rd edition
1282:
1843:
1526:, and R. Weinrich modified an existing cyclotron experiment and immediately verified parity violation.
64:
35:
1919:
The Future of Post-Human
Geometry: A Preface to a New Theory of Infinity, Symmetry, and Dimensionality
1418:
in a closed system can only increase with time. This was derived from the Second Law (any of the two,
79:
2228:
1804:
275:
have evolved to swim with one side upward, and as a result have both eyes on one side of their heads.
856:). This highlights how the relations "less than", and similarly "greater than", are not symmetric.
282:
exhibit asymmetries in the size and positioning of their ears, which is thought to help locate prey.
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681:
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is the number of events in which some initial- or final-state particle is left-polarized, while N
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1411:
479:
442:
57:
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have only been observed as left-handed particles (and antineutrinos as right-handed particles).
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being smaller, and having one fewer lobes than the right lung to make room for the asymmetrical
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405:
269:'s tusk is a left incisor which can grow up to 10 feet in length and forms a left-handed helix.
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between left-handed and right-handed fermions, which provides a precision measurement of the
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8:
2096:"Something gone awry: unsolved mysteries in the evolution of asymmetric animal genitalia"
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provided clear evidence that CP symmetry was also violated in an experiment with neutral
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1666:. Isospin symmetry in the strong interactions can be considered as a subset of a larger
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during development, show remarkable asymmetry in the shell and in the internal organs.
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This article is about the absence of symmetry. For a specific use in mathematics, see
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and the atoms that they comprise) observed so far in the universe are overwhelmingly
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Injuries after cell division that cannot be biologically repaired, such as a lost
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higher entropy, it also states that such a system is very likely to have evolved
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Certain disturbances during the development of the organism, resulting in
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experiments to measure the difference in the interaction strength of the
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1423:
173:, asymmetry in organisms is fairly usual in at least one dimension, with
2127:
Little, Anthony C.; Jones, Benedict C.; DeBruine, Lisa M. (2011-06-12).
2040:
2009:
1992:
1351:
488:
289:. The evolutionary cause behind this is, in most cases, still a mystery.
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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incorporates parity violation by expressing the weak interaction as a
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In mathematics, asymmetry can arise in various ways. Examples include
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Many animals (ranging from insects to mammals) have asymmetric male
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violation introduces corrections to the isospin-symmetric results.
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1426:'s statement can be used since they are equivalent) and using the
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Eastern span replacement of the San
Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge
2236:
Jan, Yuh-Nung; Yeh Jan, Lily (1999). "Asymmetry across species".
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1589:. As of 2006, no violations of CPT symmetry have been observed.
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Kingsley, Michael C.S.; Ramsay, Malcolm A. (September 1988).
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Asymmetry arises in physics in a number of different realms.
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When determining whether an object is asymmetrical, look for
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became much more free to use asymmetry as a design element.
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is an example of an asymmetric tensor. It is defined as:
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of its solution under the interchange of two indexes.
2186:, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded: Hrbacek, Jech.
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2129:"Facial attractiveness: evolutionary based research"
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2071:"Owl hearing | BTO - British Trust for Ornithology"
1592:
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1991:
1658:are almost identical and that the strength of the
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684:exemplify asymmetric relations. Consider elements
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644:
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2200:(in German) (3 ed.). Springer. p. 195.
1650:based on the observations that the masses of the
2274:
2025:"The evolutionary origin of flatfish asymmetry"
293:
2195:
1989:
1339:of the indexes the tensor is either 1 or -1.
1816:to extract measurements of CP violation from
177:also being common in at least one dimension.
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1566:Combining the CP symmetry with simultaneous
1406:The original non-statistical formulation of
1322:
1304:
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1200:
1154:
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991:). Thus the binary relation "equal to" is a
1678:scheme for classifying mesons and baryons.
2235:
1685:
1175:
1093:
586:defined on a set of elements such that if
2160:
2111:
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
2022:
1574:. CPT symmetry must be preserved in any
1570:(T) produces a combined symmetry called
230:
142:
1993:"The Spiral in the Tusk of the Narwhal"
187:
27:Absence of, or a violation of, symmetry
14:
2275:
1943:"Surprising Start for Snail Asymmetry"
1642:. The concept was first introduced by
1638:is the symmetry transformation of the
558:
447:high-voltage transformer fire barriers
153:is the absence of, or a violation of,
2196:Kerner, Hans; von Wahl, Wolf (2013).
1916:
1460:is one of the most powerful tools in
998:
439:fire-resistance rated wall assemblies
432:
262:have one big claw and one small claw.
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1346:
543:has four lines of symmetry, while a
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483:
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
1820:and anti-B meson production at the
1467:
1452:
523:, asymmetry of shapes in geometry,
24:
2217:
1482:. Although parity is conserved in
1328:{\displaystyle i,j,k\in \{1,2,3\}}
25:
2304:
1674:in this scheme gives rise to the
1494:, it turns out to be violated in
1401:
1007:is defined by the change of signs
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445:, including, but not limited to,
1811:from events in which a produced
1593:Baryon asymmetry of the universe
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1623:. This asymmetry is called the
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56:needs additional citations for
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2016:
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198:Left-right asymmetry (biology)
13:
1:
2023:Friedman, Matt (2008-07-10).
1854:
1805:parton distribution functions
1393:
2094:Schilthuizen, Menno (2013).
1917:Baofu, Peter (19 Mar 2009).
563:An asymmetric relation is a
349:Some asymmetrical structures
294:As an indicator of unfitness
7:
2232:, W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd.
1832:
10:
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2184:Introduction to Set Theory
1844:Asymmetric multiprocessing
1709:forward-backward asymmetry
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1471:
477:
191:
36:Asymmetry (disambiguation)
29:
2113:10.1163/15707563-00002398
1971:biology-assets.anu.edu.au
1868:"Definition of ASYMMETRY"
1893:"Definition of SYMMETRY"
1789:Stanford Linear Collider
849:{\displaystyle a\ngtr b}
2293:Passive fire protection
2198:Mathematik für Physiker
1897:www.merriam-webster.com
1872:www.merriam-webster.com
1686:In collider experiments
810:cannot be greater than
480:Symmetry in mathematics
443:passive fire protection
406:Blohm & Voss BV 141
2145:10.1098/rstb.2010.0404
1414:: it claimed that the
1382:Certain molecules are
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783:{\displaystyle a<b}
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464:certification listings
243:
226:left-right asymmetries
147:
34:. For other uses, see
1839:Information asymmetry
1335:. For even or uneven
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1034:{\displaystyle (-/+)}
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392:Auditorio de Tenerife
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1757:left-right asymmetry
1580:quantum field theory
1412:asymmetrical in time
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521:asymmetric relations
188:Asymmetry in biology
65:improve this article
2238:Nature Cell Biology
2139:(1571): 1638–1659.
2041:10.1038/nature07108
1488:strong interactions
984:{\displaystyle b=a}
918:{\displaystyle a=b}
671:{\displaystyle bRa}
612:holds for elements
605:{\displaystyle aRb}
559:Asymmetric Relation
278:Several species of
194:Symmetry in biology
175:biological symmetry
32:asymmetric relation
2012:– via JSTOR.
1807:of protons at the
1660:strong interaction
1542:charge conjugation
1362:. You can help by
1325:
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999:Asymmetric Tensors
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539:. For instance, a
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433:In fire protection
378:Puente de la Mujer
244:
148:
2207:978-3-642-37653-5
2035:(7201): 209–212.
1928:978-1-4438-0524-7
1750:weak mixing angle
1692:weak interactions
1644:Werner Heisenberg
1640:weak interactions
1631:Isospin violation
1627:of the universe.
1576:Lorentz invariant
1496:weak interactions
1428:Clausius' Theorem
1380:
1379:
1005:Asymmetric tensor
958:{\displaystyle a}
945:is also equal to
938:{\displaystyle b}
892:{\displaystyle b}
872:{\displaystyle a}
823:{\displaystyle b}
803:{\displaystyle a}
757:{\displaystyle b}
737:{\displaystyle a}
717:{\displaystyle b}
697:{\displaystyle a}
645:{\displaystyle b}
625:{\displaystyle a}
579:{\displaystyle R}
537:lines of symmetry
531:Lines of symmetry
525:asymmetric graphs
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310:from an accident.
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16:(Redirected from
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1694:violate parity,
1625:baryon asymmetry
1484:electromagnetism
1474:parity (physics)
1468:Parity violation
1462:particle physics
1453:Particle physics
1449:higher entropy.
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1967:"Fiddler Crabs"
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1921:. p. 149.
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1516:Chien-Shiung Wu
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366:
361:
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317:facial symmetry
296:
200:
192:Main articles:
190:
163:
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2244:(2): E42–E44.
2233:
2219:
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2188:
2176:
2119:
2100:Animal Biology
2086:
2062:
2015:
1982:
1958:
1934:
1927:
1909:
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1856:
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1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1687:
1684:
1632:
1629:
1619:as opposed to
1597:Main article:
1594:
1591:
1534:Main article:
1531:
1528:
1500:Standard Model
1472:Main article:
1469:
1466:
1454:
1451:
1439:978-0471815181
1408:thermodynamics
1403:
1402:Thermodynamics
1400:
1395:
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1378:
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1357:
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1080:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1046:Epsilon-tensor
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1003:In general an
1000:
997:
980:
977:
974:
954:
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911:
908:
888:
868:
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842:
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641:
621:
601:
598:
595:
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560:
557:
532:
529:
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494:
492:
475:
474:In mathematics
472:
468:building codes
434:
431:
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404:
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26:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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2203:
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2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1948:
1944:
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1743:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:Eightfold Way
1673:
1672:strange quark
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:time reversal
1564:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1524:Leon Lederman
1521:
1517:
1514:In 1956–1957
1512:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
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1481:
1475:
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1463:
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1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1358:This section
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1338:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
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1218:
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1206:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1185:
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1179:
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1169:
1164:
1161:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1006:
996:
994:
978:
975:
972:
952:
932:
912:
909:
906:
886:
866:
857:
843:
840:
837:
817:
797:
777:
774:
771:
751:
744:is less than
731:
711:
691:
683:
679:
665:
662:
659:
639:
619:
599:
596:
593:
573:
566:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
528:
526:
522:
511:
502:
498:
495:This section
493:
490:
486:
485:
481:
471:
469:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
427:
423:
416:
411:
407:
401:
396:
393:
387:
382:
379:
373:
368:
365:
359:
354:
353:
352:
350:
345:
341:
339:
335:
328:In structures
325:
323:
318:
309:
305:
302:
301:birth defects
298:
297:
288:
284:
281:
277:
274:
271:
268:
264:
261:
260:fiddler crabs
257:
254:
251:, because of
250:
246:
245:
242:
238:
233:
229:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
209:
204:
199:
195:
185:
182:
181:Louis Pasteur
178:
176:
172:
168:
158:
156:
152:
145:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2001:
1997:
1985:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:
1937:
1918:
1912:
1901:. Retrieved
1899:. 2023-07-22
1896:
1887:
1876:. Retrieved
1874:. 2023-07-19
1871:
1862:
1828:experiments.
1800:
1756:
1708:
1699:
1690:Because the
1689:
1680:
1634:
1602:
1599:baryogenesis
1572:CPT symmetry
1565:
1562:
1550:James Cronin
1545:
1544:(C), called
1539:
1536:CP-violation
1530:CP violation
1520:R. L. Garwin
1513:
1477:
1456:
1446:
1442:
1432:Kerson Huang
1405:
1397:
1387:
1381:
1368:
1364:adding to it
1359:
1343:In chemistry
1337:permutations
1278:
1043:
1002:
879:is equal to
858:
682:Inequalities
680:
562:
534:
518:
505:
501:adding to it
496:
454:
436:
424:, a form of
348:
346:
342:
331:
313:
240:
237:fiddler crab
223:
202:
201:
179:
164:
161:In organisms
150:
149:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
18:Asymmetrical
2106:(1): 1–20.
2075:www.bto.org
1794:tau leptons
1621:anti-matter
1607:(i.e., the
1587:Hamiltonian
1424:Lord Kelvin
1388:enantiomers
553:symmetrical
527:et cetera.
165:Due to how
80:"Asymmetry"
2277:Categories
2080:2023-06-04
1976:2023-06-04
1952:2023-06-04
1903:2023-07-23
1878:2023-07-23
1855:References
1779:), where N
1731:), where N
1700:difference
1394:In physics
478:See also:
441:, used in
241:Uca pugnax
219:handedness
169:divide in
91:newspapers
2283:Asymmetry
2153:0962-8436
2049:1476-4687
1849:Chirality
1584:Hermitian
1554:Val Fitch
1509:neutrinos
1371:July 2023
1302:∈
1198:∈
1162:−
1116:∈
1057:ϵ
1018:−
993:symmetric
841:≯
508:July 2023
334:modernist
287:genitalia
203:Asymmetry
171:organisms
151:Asymmetry
2288:Symmetry
2258:10559895
2226:(1990),
2171:21536551
2057:18615083
2010:40510720
2004:(3): 1.
1833:See also
1809:Tevatron
1696:collider
1654:and the
1613:neutrons
1458:Symmetry
1420:Clausius
925:), then
790:), then
549:infinite
453:, which
408:aircraft
273:Flatfish
155:symmetry
121:May 2011
2266:9399564
2162:3130383
1818:B meson
1813:W boson
1746:Z boson
1652:neutron
1636:Isospin
1609:protons
1605:baryons
1582:with a
1492:gravity
1443:towards
1416:entropy
652:, then
267:narwhal
253:torsion
105:scholar
2264:
2256:
2204:
2169:
2159:
2151:
2055:
2047:
2029:Nature
2008:
1998:Arctic
1925:
1664:quarks
1656:proton
1617:matter
1578:local
1504:chiral
1498:. The
1480:parity
1437:
1384:chiral
1279:,with
545:circle
541:square
459:tested
249:snails
184:time.
107:
100:
93:
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2262:S2CID
2006:JSTOR
1826:Belle
1822:BaBar
1558:kaons
1430:(see
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995:one.
724:. If
258:Male
247:Most
235:Male
215:heart
208:human
167:cells
112:JSTOR
98:books
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2167:PMID
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2045:ISSN
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547:has
455:side
451:fire
422:proa
336:and
308:limb
280:owls
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211:lung
196:and
84:news
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