49:
2261:
584:, where Aristotelian logic is unable to satisfactorily render such sentences as "some guys have all the luck", because both quantities "all" and "some" may be relevant in an inference, but the fixed scheme that Aristotle used allows only one to govern the inference. Just as linguists recognize recursive structure in natural languages, it appears that logic needs recursive structure.
183:. Russell wrote: "Some kind of knowledge of logical forms, though with most people it is not explicit, is involved in all understanding of discourse. It is the business of philosophical logic to extract this knowledge from its concrete integuments, and to render it explicit and pure."
382:
from the form of its constituent sentences; the logical form of an argument is sometimes called argument form. Some authors only define logical form with respect to whole arguments, as the schemata or inferential structure of the argument. In
433:
The modern view is more complex, since a single judgement of
Aristotle's system involves two or more logical connectives. For example, the sentence "All men are mortal" involves, in term logic, two non-logical terms "is a man" (here
418:, which is of the form "is" or "is not"; (3) a predicate (e.g., "mortal"). Thus: "all men are mortal." The logical constants such as "all", "no", and so on, plus sentential connectives such as "and" and "or", were called
402:. Thus, for example, the expression "all A's are B's" shows the logical form which is common to the sentences "all men are mortals", "all cats are carnivores", "all Greeks are philosophers", and so on.
562:
576:
The more complex modern view comes with more power. On the modern view, the fundamental form of a simple sentence is given by a recursive schema, like natural language and involving
410:
The fundamental difference between modern formal logic and traditional, or
Aristotelian logic, lies in their differing analysis of the logical form of the sentences they treat:
1643:
394:
It consists of stripping out all spurious grammatical features from the sentence (such as gender, and passive forms), and replacing all the expressions specific to
315:. Inductive logical forms include inductive generalization, statistical arguments, causal argument, and arguments from analogy. Common deductive argument forms are
506:
477:
414:
On the traditional view, the form of the sentence consists of (1) a subject (e.g., "man") plus a sign of quantity ("all" or "some" or "no"); (2) the
1016:
331:, and chain arguments because if the premises of the argument are true, then the conclusion necessarily follows. Two invalid argument forms are
430:â together with). This is a fixed scheme, where each judgment has a specific quantity and copula, determining the logical form of the sentence.
675:
Russell, Bertrand. 1914(1993). Our
Knowledge of the External World: as a field for scientific method in philosophy. New York: Routledge. p. 53
1733:
1833:
580:, which are joined by juxtaposition to other sentences, which in turn may have logical structure. Medieval logicians recognized the
144:, only the logical principles stated in schematic terms belong to logic, and not those given in concrete terms. The concrete terms
1595:
2285:
1838:
931:
912:
893:
864:
837:
810:
783:
756:
699:
1009:
92:
statement into a statement with a precise, unambiguous logical interpretation with respect to a formal system. In an ideal
1917:
979:
967:
323:, argument by definition, argument based on mathematics, argument from definition. The most reliable forms of logic are
2046:
635:
17:
2195:
731:
511:
85:
2279:
1042:
2316:
1871:
1828:
1002:
985:
Beaney, Michael, "Analysis", The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
2200:
1808:
1673:
581:
1554:
1333:
1295:
1245:
2311:
1803:
1703:
646:
854:
2275:
1544:
1494:
706:
195:
of an argument, substitute letters for similar items throughout the sentences in the original argument.
2321:
2226:
1683:
1423:
1303:
1034:
31:
2205:
2130:
1912:
1768:
1368:
1275:
1115:
101:
179:
in 1914, in the context of his program to formalize natural language and reasoning, which he called
2103:
1693:
565:
332:
100:
alone. Logical forms are semantic, not syntactic constructs; therefore, there may be more than one
596:, statements in natural languages are converted into logical forms that represent their meanings.
2187:
1338:
1265:
1120:
41:"Argument structure" redirects here. For the possible complements of a verb in linguistics, see
27:
Form for logical arguments, obtained by abstracting from the subject matter of its content terms
2326:
1584:
1428:
1363:
1025:
336:
316:
800:
133:, was probably the first to employ variable letters to represent valid inferences. Therefore,
2241:
1559:
1539:
1474:
1358:
1140:
827:
773:
687:
674:
320:
2306:
2160:
2006:
1723:
1633:
1432:
1393:
1125:
569:
415:
384:
482:
453:
8:
2115:
2098:
2078:
2041:
1990:
1985:
1927:
1864:
1773:
1763:
1613:
1569:
1403:
1180:
1095:
629:
312:
308:
180:
89:
53:
137:
claims that the introduction of variables was "one of
Aristotle's greatest inventions."
123:
The importance of the concept of form to logic was already recognized in ancient times.
2331:
2051:
1980:
1937:
1623:
1519:
1514:
1438:
1413:
1215:
1200:
1165:
720:
623:
577:
399:
152:, and so forth are analogous to the substitution values of the schematic placeholders
134:
2265:
2236:
2231:
2221:
2155:
2083:
1968:
1589:
1509:
1348:
1230:
927:
908:
889:
860:
833:
806:
779:
752:
727:
695:
641:
73:
2170:
1896:
1891:
1653:
1564:
1388:
1383:
1185:
958:
617:
593:
419:
379:
304:
176:
141:
2016:
1958:
1798:
1713:
1469:
1448:
1398:
1378:
1318:
1285:
1240:
1235:
1195:
1080:
962:
447:
129:
93:
984:
391:, an argument form is sometimes seen as a broader notion than the logical form.
2270:
1963:
1942:
1857:
1549:
1504:
1328:
1260:
1130:
611:
388:
30:
This article is about the term as used in logic. For the linguistics term, see
1135:
60:
makes use of three statements in logical form expressed in simplified
English.
2300:
2120:
2061:
1793:
1408:
1313:
1308:
1270:
1190:
1170:
1145:
1110:
975:
947:
328:
81:
42:
450:, the sentence involves the same two non-logical concepts, here analyzed as
48:
1932:
1534:
1484:
1443:
1353:
1255:
1210:
1205:
1175:
1160:
1155:
605:
324:
57:
2145:
2140:
2093:
1778:
1743:
1663:
1489:
1280:
1220:
1105:
1090:
994:
375:
2088:
2056:
2021:
1783:
1574:
1418:
1373:
1250:
1225:
1150:
1085:
951:
35:
2150:
2011:
1922:
1815:
1524:
1464:
1343:
1323:
1075:
1070:
1050:
829:
Argument, inference and dialectic: collected papers on informal logic
124:
96:, the meaning of a logical form can be determined unambiguously from
77:
283:
of the original argument. Moreover, each individual sentence of the
2071:
1788:
1479:
1100:
1060:
371:
108:
989:
2135:
2066:
1499:
1055:
856:
Integration of World
Knowledge for Natural Language Understanding
1973:
1644:
An Essay
Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
1579:
587:
97:
2165:
1880:
1065:
665:
The
Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, CUP 1999, pp. 511â512
608: â Visual representation of the structure of an argument
65:
2125:
902:
104:
that represents the same logical form in a given language.
299:
Attention is given to argument and sentence form, because
1849:
614: â Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw
685:
626: â Family of formalisms in natural language syntax
883:
852:
620: â Form of incorrect argument in natural language
886:
Logical forms: an introduction to philosophical logic
514:
485:
456:
291:
of its respective sentence in the original argument.
34:. For the term used in knowledge representation, see
719:
556:
500:
471:
749:Critical thinking : a student's introduction
632: â Distinction in the philosophy of language
307:or cogent. All logical form arguments are either
175:The term "logical form" itself was introduced by
2298:
746:
846:
825:
557:{\displaystyle \forall x(m(x)\rightarrow d(x))}
405:
679:
294:
1865:
1010:
765:
140:According to the followers of Aristotle like
924:The bounds of logic: a generalized viewpoint
798:
588:Logical forms in natural language processing
853:Ekaterina Ovchinnikova (15 February 2012).
771:
191:To demonstrate the important notion of the
186:
84:. Informally, the logical form attempts to
1872:
1858:
1734:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
1024:
1017:
1003:
792:
638: â Semantic distinction in philosophy
442:): the sentence is given by the judgement
921:
903:Gerhard Preyer, Georg Peter, ed. (2002).
859:. Springer Science & Business Media.
690:. In Gerhard Preyer; Georg Peter (eds.).
819:
564:, involving the logical connectives for
164:, which were called the "matter" (Greek
47:
14:
2299:
726:. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub. Co.
717:
378:of sentences, has a logical form that
1853:
998:
956:
778:. Taylor & Francis. p. 18.
2047:Analytic and synthetic propositions
1918:Formal semantics (natural language)
980:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
968:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
24:
877:
686:Ernie Lepore; Kirk Ludwig (2002).
515:
366:Therefore, Missy is not an animal.
25:
2343:
941:
2259:
884:Richard Mark Sainsbury (2001).
722:A concise introduction to logic
694:. Clarendon Press. p. 54.
508:, and the sentence is given by
80:version of that statement in a
1674:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
740:
711:
668:
659:
636:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
582:problem of multiple generality
551:
548:
542:
536:
533:
527:
521:
495:
489:
466:
460:
247:All that has been done in the
208:Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
13:
1:
1555:Principle of compositionality
751:(5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
652:
1704:Philosophical Investigations
647:List of valid argument forms
406:Logical form in modern logic
7:
1545:Modality (natural language)
990:IEP, Validity and Soundness
718:Hurley, Patrick J. (1988).
599:
295:Importance of argument form
10:
2348:
1684:Language, Truth, and Logic
1424:Theological noncognitivism
1309:Contrast theory of meaning
1304:Causal theory of reference
1035:Index of language articles
805:. Routledge. p. 386.
303:is what makes an argument
118:
40:
32:Logical form (linguistics)
29:
2254:
2214:
2186:
2179:
2131:Necessity and sufficiency
2034:
1999:
1951:
1905:
1887:
1879:
1824:
1769:Philosophy of information
1756:
1605:
1457:
1369:Mediated reference theory
1294:
1041:
1032:
905:Logical form and language
747:Bassham, Gregory (2012).
692:Logical form and language
352:Therefore, Coco is a dog.
76:is a precisely-specified
1694:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
832:. Springer. p. 84.
826:Robert C. Pinto (2001).
566:universal quantification
438:) and "is mortal" (here
343:Affirming the consequent
333:affirming the consequent
187:Example of argument form
1495:Useâmention distinction
1339:Direct reference theory
688:"What is logical form?"
107:The logical form of an
2317:Philosophy of language
1429:Theory of descriptions
1364:Linguistic determinism
1026:Philosophy of language
558:
502:
473:
422:terms (from the Greek
357:Denying the antecedent
337:denying the antecedent
317:hypothetical syllogism
279:. What results is the
202:All humans are mortal.
61:
2266:Philosophy portal
1540:Mental representation
1475:Linguistic relativity
1359:Inquisitive semantics
799:Paul Tomassi (1999).
559:
503:
474:
360:All cats are animals.
346:All dogs are animals.
321:categorical syllogism
51:
1724:Naming and Necessity
1634:De Arte Combinatoria
1433:Definite description
1394:Semantic externalism
772:J. C. Beall (2009).
512:
501:{\displaystyle d(x)}
483:
472:{\displaystyle m(x)}
454:
426:â to predicate, and
385:argumentation theory
2312:Analytic philosophy
1928:Philosophy of logic
1774:Philosophical logic
1764:Analytic philosophy
1570:Sense and reference
1449:Verification theory
1404:Situation semantics
907:. Clarendon Press.
888:. Wiley-Blackwell.
630:Sense and reference
578:logical connectives
400:schematic variables
398:of the argument by
363:Missy is not a cat.
181:philosophical logic
172:) of the argument.
54:propositional logic
2227:Rules of inference
2196:Mathematical logic
1938:Semantics of logic
1624:Port-Royal Grammar
1520:Family resemblance
1439:Theory of language
1414:Supposition theory
922:Gila Sher (1991).
624:Categorial grammar
554:
498:
469:
396:the subject matter
349:Coco is an animal.
205:Socrates is human.
62:
18:Argument structure
2322:Concepts in logic
2294:
2293:
2250:
2249:
2084:Deductive closure
2030:
2029:
1969:Critical thinking
1847:
1846:
1349:Dynamic semantics
957:Pietroski, Paul.
933:978-0-262-19311-5
914:978-0-19-924555-0
895:978-0-631-21679-7
866:978-94-91216-53-4
839:978-0-7923-7005-5
812:978-0-415-16696-6
785:978-0-415-77498-7
775:Logic: the Basics
758:978-0-07-803831-0
701:978-0-19-924555-0
642:Semantic argument
199:Original argument
115:of the argument.
52:This argument in
16:(Redirected from
2339:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2184:
2183:
1949:
1948:
1913:Computer science
1874:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1809:Formal semantics
1757:Related articles
1749:
1739:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1689:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1389:Relevance theory
1384:Phallogocentrism
1019:
1012:
1005:
996:
995:
972:
963:Zalta, Edward N.
937:
918:
899:
871:
870:
850:
844:
843:
823:
817:
816:
796:
790:
789:
769:
763:
762:
744:
738:
737:
725:
715:
709:
705:
683:
677:
672:
666:
663:
618:Informal fallacy
594:semantic parsing
563:
561:
560:
555:
507:
505:
504:
499:
478:
476:
475:
470:
420:syncategorematic
177:Bertrand Russell
21:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2260:
2258:
2246:
2210:
2201:Boolean algebra
2175:
2026:
2017:Metamathematics
1995:
1947:
1901:
1883:
1878:
1848:
1843:
1820:
1799:School of Names
1752:
1747:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1714:Of Grammatology
1707:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1647:
1637:
1627:
1617:
1601:
1453:
1399:Semantic holism
1379:Non-cognitivism
1319:Conventionalism
1290:
1037:
1028:
1023:
944:
934:
915:
896:
880:
878:Further reading
875:
874:
867:
851:
847:
840:
824:
820:
813:
797:
793:
786:
770:
766:
759:
745:
741:
734:
716:
712:
702:
684:
680:
673:
669:
664:
660:
655:
612:Logical fallacy
602:
590:
513:
510:
509:
484:
481:
480:
455:
452:
451:
448:predicate logic
408:
297:
189:
135:Jan Åukasiewicz
130:Prior Analytics
121:
94:formal language
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2345:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2273:
2268:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1660:
1650:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:Presupposition
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1329:Deconstruction
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1007:
999:
993:
992:
987:
982:
973:
959:"Logical Form"
954:
943:
942:External links
940:
939:
938:
932:
919:
913:
900:
894:
879:
876:
873:
872:
865:
845:
838:
818:
811:
791:
784:
764:
757:
739:
732:
710:
700:
678:
667:
657:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
644:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
609:
601:
598:
589:
586:
574:
573:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
497:
494:
491:
488:
468:
465:
462:
459:
431:
407:
404:
389:informal logic
368:
367:
364:
361:
358:
354:
353:
350:
347:
344:
296:
293:
245:
244:
233:
223:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
188:
185:
120:
117:
111:is called the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2344:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:Logical truth
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2243:
2242:Logic symbols
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Logical truth
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:Contradiction
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:Argumentation
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1991:Philosophical
1989:
1987:
1986:Non-classical
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Scholasticism
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:Structuralism
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Descriptivism
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Contrastivism
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
1000:
997:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
977:
974:
970:
969:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
946:
945:
935:
929:
926:. MIT Press.
925:
920:
916:
910:
906:
901:
897:
891:
887:
882:
881:
868:
862:
858:
857:
849:
841:
835:
831:
830:
822:
814:
808:
804:
803:
795:
787:
781:
777:
776:
768:
760:
754:
750:
743:
735:
733:0-534-08928-3
729:
724:
723:
714:
708:
703:
697:
693:
689:
682:
676:
671:
662:
658:
648:
645:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
603:
597:
595:
585:
583:
579:
571:
567:
545:
539:
530:
524:
518:
492:
486:
463:
457:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:
411:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
381:
377:
374:, seen as an
373:
365:
362:
359:
356:
355:
351:
348:
345:
342:
341:
340:
338:
334:
330:
329:modus tollens
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
292:
290:
289:sentence form
286:
285:argument form
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:argument form
242:
238:
234:
231:
227:
224:
221:
217:
213:
211:Argument form
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
196:
194:
184:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
131:
126:
116:
114:
113:argument form
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:formal system
79:
75:
71:
67:
59:
55:
50:
44:
43:verb argument
37:
33:
19:
2161:Substitution
2110:
1981:Mathematical
1906:Major fields
1742:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1612:
1594:
1535:Metalanguage
1530:Logical form
1529:
1485:Truth-bearer
1444:Unilalianism
1354:Expressivism
1181:Wittgenstein
1126:von Humboldt
1043:Philosophers
976:Logical form
966:
948:Logical form
923:
904:
885:
855:
848:
828:
821:
801:
794:
774:
767:
748:
742:
721:
713:
691:
681:
670:
661:
606:Argument map
591:
575:
443:
439:
435:
427:
423:
409:
395:
393:
369:
325:modus ponens
300:
298:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
246:
240:
236:
229:
225:
219:
215:
192:
190:
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
139:
128:
122:
112:
106:
70:logical form
69:
63:
58:modus ponens
2307:Abstraction
2276:WikiProject
2146:Proposition
2141:Probability
2094:Description
2035:Foundations
1779:Linguistics
1744:Limited Inc
1664:On Denoting
1490:Proposition
1141:de Saussure
1106:Ibn Khaldun
570:implication
376:ordered set
235:Therefore,
88:a possibly
2301:Categories
2206:Set theory
2104:Linguistic
2099:Entailment
2089:Definition
2057:Consequent
2052:Antecedent
1839:Discussion
1834:Task Force
1784:Pragmatics
1575:Speech act
1505:Categories
1419:Symbiosism
1374:Nominalism
1286:Watzlawick
1166:Bloomfield
1086:Chrysippus
952:PhilPapers
653:References
370:A logical
251:is to put
56:utilizing
36:Logic form
2332:Arguments
2237:Fallacies
2232:Paradoxes
2222:Logicians
2156:Statement
2151:Reference
2116:Induction
2079:Deduction
2042:Abduction
2012:Metalogic
1959:Classical
1923:Inference
1816:Semiotics
1804:Semantics
1654:Alciphron
1590:Statement
1525:Intension
1465:Ambiguity
1344:Dramatism
1324:Cratylism
1076:Eubulides
1071:Aristotle
1051:Confucius
537:→
516:∀
424:kategorei
313:deductive
309:inductive
127:, in the
125:Aristotle
90:ambiguous
86:formalize
74:statement
2271:Category
2171:Validity
2072:Antinomy
2000:Theories
1964:Informal
1829:Category
1789:Rhetoric
1614:Cratylus
1585:Sentence
1560:Property
1480:Language
1458:Concepts
1296:Theories
1261:Strawson
1246:Davidson
1236:Hintikka
1231:Anscombe
1176:Vygotsky
1131:Mauthner
1101:Averroes
1091:Zhuangzi
1081:Diodorus
1061:Cratylus
707:preprint
600:See also
372:argument
277:Socrates
168:, Latin
142:Ammonius
109:argument
78:semantic
2286:changes
2278: (
2136:Premise
2067:Paradox
1897:History
1892:Outline
1596:more...
1500:Concept
1241:Dummett
1216:Gadamer
1211:Chomsky
1196:Derrida
1186:Russell
1171:Bergson
1156:Tillich
1116:Leibniz
1056:Gorgias
978:at the
965:(ed.).
380:derives
287:is the
170:materia
119:History
2188:topics
1974:Reason
1952:Logics
1943:Syntax
1748:(1988)
1738:(1982)
1728:(1980)
1718:(1967)
1708:(1953)
1698:(1951)
1688:(1936)
1678:(1921)
1668:(1905)
1658:(1732)
1648:(1668)
1638:(1666)
1628:(1660)
1618:(n.d.)
1580:Symbol
1281:Searle
1271:Putnam
1221:Kripke
1206:Austin
1191:Carnap
1136:RicÅur
1121:Herder
1111:Hobbes
930:
911:
892:
863:
836:
809:
782:
755:
730:
698:
444:A(M,D)
416:copula
271:, and
269:mortal
261:humans
150:mortal
102:string
98:syntax
68:, the
2215:other
2180:Lists
2166:Truth
1933:Proof
1881:Logic
1606:Works
1515:Class
1276:Lewis
1266:Quine
1251:Grice
1201:Whorf
1161:Sapir
1146:Frege
1096:Xunzi
1066:Plato
961:. In
802:Logic
446:. In
305:valid
257:human
72:of a
66:logic
2280:talk
2126:Name
2111:Form
1565:Sign
1470:Cant
1256:Ryle
1226:Ayer
1151:Boas
928:ISBN
909:ISBN
890:ISBN
861:ISBN
834:ISBN
807:ISBN
780:ISBN
753:ISBN
728:ISBN
696:ISBN
568:and
479:and
335:and
301:form
281:form
275:for
267:for
259:and
255:for
218:are
214:All
193:form
166:hyle
2022:Set
1510:Set
950:at
592:In
428:syn
387:or
339:.
311:or
239:is
228:is
146:man
64:In
2303::
1666:"
327:,
319:,
263:,
160:,
156:,
148:,
2282:)
1873:e
1866:t
1859:v
1662:"
1435:)
1431:(
1018:e
1011:t
1004:v
971:.
936:.
917:.
898:.
869:.
842:.
815:.
788:.
761:.
736:.
704:.
572:.
552:)
549:)
546:x
543:(
540:d
534:)
531:x
528:(
525:m
522:(
519:x
496:)
493:x
490:(
487:d
467:)
464:x
461:(
458:m
440:D
436:M
273:S
265:M
253:H
243:.
241:M
237:S
232:.
230:H
226:S
222:.
220:M
216:H
162:C
158:B
154:A
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
