732:. Arginase deficiency, unlike other urea cycle disorders, does not entirely prevent ureagenesis. A proposed reason for the continuation of arginase function is suggested by increased activity of arginase II in the kidneys of subjects with arginase I deficiency. Researchers believe that buildup of arginine triggers increased expression of arginase II. The enzymes in the kidney will then catalyze ureagenesis, compensating somewhat for a decrease in arginase I activity in the liver. Due to this alternate method of removing excess
701:
However, since NO synthase and arginase compete for the same substrate (L-arginine), over-expressed arginase can affect NO synthase activity and NO-dependent smooth muscle relaxation by depleting the substrate pool of L-arginine that would otherwise be available to NO synthase. In contrast, inhibiting arginase with ABH or other boronic acid inhibitors will maintain normal cellular levels of arginine, thus allowing for normal muscle relaxation and sexual response.
31:
3302:
684:
exist, saturating both the four acceptor positions on the alpha carboxylate group and all three positions on the alpha amino group. N-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), an intermediate of NO biosynthesis, is a moderate inhibitor of arginase. Crystal structure of its complex with the enzyme reveals that it displaces the metal-bridging hydroxide ion and bridges the binuclear manganese cluster.
252:
675:
The active site holds L-arginine in place via hydrogen bonding between the guanidine group with Glu227. This bonding orients L-arginine for nucleophilic attack by the metal-associated hydroxide ion at the guanidine group. This results in a tetrahedral intermediate. The manganese ions act to stabilize
704:
Arginase is a controlling factor in both male erectile function and female sexual arousal, and is therefore a potential target for treatment of sexual dysfunction in both sexes. Additionally, supplementing the diet with additional L-arginine will decrease the amount of competition between arginase
683:
Arginase's active site is extraordinarily specific. Modifying the substrate structure and/or stereochemistry severely lowers the kinetic activity of the enzyme. This specificity occurs due to the high number of hydrogen bonds between substrate and enzyme; direct or water-facilitated hydrogen bonds
700:
in smooth muscle tissue, such as the muscle in the genitals of both men and women. The contraction and relaxation of these muscles has been attributed to NO synthase, which causes rapid relaxation of smooth muscle tissue and facilitates engorgement of tissue necessary for normal sexual response.
666:
In most mammals, two isozymes of this enzyme exist; the first, Arginase I, functions in the urea cycle, and is located primarily in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes (liver cells). The second isozyme, Arginase II, has been implicated in the regulation of intracellular arginine/ornithine levels. It is
667:
located in mitochondria of several tissues in the body, with most abundance in the kidney and prostate. It may be found at lower levels in macrophages, lactating mammary glands, and brain. The second isozyme may be found in the absence of other urea cycle enzymes.
687:
Additionally, 2(S)-amino-6-boronohexonic acid (ABH) is an L-arginine analogue that also creates a tetrahedral intermediate similar to that formed in the catalysis of the natural substrate, and is a potent inhibitor of human arginase I.
2437:
2603:
2790:
2116:
654:
and urea. Mammalian arginase is active as a trimer, but some bacterial arginases are hexameric. The enzyme requires a two-molecule metal cluster of manganese in order to maintain proper function. These Mn
1082:
Cama E, Colleluori DM, Emig FA, Shin H, Kim SW, Kim NN, Traish AM, Ash DE, Christianson DW (July 2003). "Human arginase II: crystal structure and physiological role in male and female sexual arousal".
2512:
2874:
2742:
2442:
2412:
1388:
3011:
2897:
2830:
2697:
2969:
2843:
2760:
2402:
1990:
2657:
3109:
3016:
1117:
Moody JA, Vernet D, Laidlaw S, Rajfer J, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF (September 1997). "Effects of long-term oral administration of L-arginine on the rat erectile response".
2949:
2780:
2647:
204:
2910:
2856:
2719:
2706:
2820:
2281:
2765:
2497:
2825:
2427:
2397:
769:"Crystal structure of human arginase I complexed with thiosemicarbazide reveals an unusual thiocarbonyl mu-sulfide ligand in the binuclear manganese cluster"
2815:
2417:
1381:
2770:
2422:
2246:
2241:
3055:
2652:
2392:
2261:
2251:
2667:
2662:
2492:
716:
typically refers to decreased function of arginase I, the liver isoform of arginase. This deficiency is commonly referred to as hyperargininemia or
1039:
Cox JD, Kim NN, Traish AM, Christianson DW (November 1999). "Arginase-boronic acid complex highlights a physiological role in erectile function".
427:
274:
3073:
1983:
1374:
736:
and ammonia from the bloodstream, subjects with arginase deficiency tend to have longer lifespans than those who have other urea cycle defects.
2091:
2810:
2795:
2573:
2553:
2522:
2096:
2076:
2071:
2066:
223:
3078:
2869:
2800:
2548:
2527:
1252:
3123:
2954:
2687:
2081:
2061:
2989:
2984:
2598:
2593:
2517:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
1976:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2944:
2677:
2192:
2588:
2502:
2453:
2775:
2387:
1652:
216:
2507:
1564:
1531:
1459:
747:, retardation of growth, and hyperammonemia. While some symptoms of the disease can be controlled via dietary restrictions and
3327:
1617:
1498:
1410:
432:
279:
167:
3322:
2752:
451:
298:
1629:
3178:
1699:
1296:
1245:
439:
286:
1004:
Reczkowski RS, Ash DE (July 1994). "Rat liver arginase: kinetic mechanism, alternate substrates, and inhibitors".
676:
both the hydroxyl group in the tetrahedral intermediate, as well as the developing sp lone electron pair on the NH
2407:
3192:
1592:
161:
143:
1855:
148:
3280:
2266:
3128:
2939:
2152:
1238:
1230:
1216:
444:
291:
228:
3292:
2276:
1554:
1350:
1320:
1301:
136:
2162:
2050:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1891:
1878:
1840:
1155:
Iyer RK, Yoo PK, Kern RM, Rozengurt N, Tsoa R, O'Brien WE, Yu H, Grody WW, Cederbaum SD (July 2002).
71:
1850:
1804:
1747:
1401:
1366:
1210:
559:
492:
339:
54:
164:
3209:
2737:
2469:
2157:
1752:
1471:
1325:
88:
3206:
2464:
2167:
3133:
2630:
2474:
1773:
1692:
1355:
862:
697:
659:
coordinate with water, orienting and stabilizing the molecule and allowing water to act as a
509:
513:
2479:
2432:
2256:
2182:
2172:
1845:
1602:
1287:
356:
979:
919:"Expression, purification, assay, and crystal structure of perdeuterated human arginase I"
533:
497:
380:
344:
124:
8:
3337:
3143:
1809:
1582:
1481:
713:
642:, a series of biochemical reactions in mammals during which the body disposes of harmful
360:
66:
100:
2374:
2331:
2005:
1742:
1607:
1265:
1064:
943:
918:
891:
866:
838:
793:
768:
59:
1181:
1156:
1130:
179:
3332:
2351:
2041:
1577:
1186:
1172:
1134:
1099:
1056:
1021:
983:
966:
Morris SM (2002). "Regulation of enzymes of the urea cycle and arginine metabolism".
948:
896:
843:
798:
155:
1968:
1206:
1068:
917:
Di
Costanzo L, Moulin M, Haertlein M, Meilleur F, Christianson DW (September 2007).
817:
3025:
2619:
2346:
2297:
2177:
1788:
1783:
1757:
1685:
1176:
1168:
1126:
1091:
1048:
1013:
975:
938:
930:
886:
878:
833:
825:
788:
780:
740:
504:
351:
3213:
2884:
2672:
2271:
1835:
1819:
1732:
468:
315:
543:
390:
183:
3306:
3233:
2892:
2785:
2682:
2382:
2369:
2356:
2002:
1873:
1814:
1634:
1597:
1569:
1521:
1516:
1503:
1453:
1415:
748:
199:
35:
934:
882:
3316:
3174:
2923:
2732:
2361:
2341:
2336:
2321:
1778:
1737:
1661:
1587:
1536:
725:
632:
174:
40:
3251:
3227:
2558:
2326:
2026:
2013:
1999:
1727:
1443:
1423:
1190:
1103:
1060:
1017:
987:
952:
900:
802:
3257:
cGMP preferring PDE inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, paraxanthine, tadalafil)
1260:
1221:
1138:
1025:
847:
3264:
3035:
2959:
2568:
2563:
2448:
2289:
2187:
2031:
1951:
1886:
1722:
1511:
1438:
1428:
729:
660:
480:
327:
751:
developments, no cure or completely effective therapy currently exists.
3237:
3217:
3151:
2805:
2222:
2217:
2106:
2086:
1666:
1549:
1466:
1269:
1261:
860:
639:
620:
562:
475:
322:
112:
1095:
829:
784:
3223:
3182:
3045:
3040:
2101:
1925:
1899:
1642:
1397:
721:
717:
651:
605:
582:
30:
1396:
3301:
3244:
3200:
3186:
3101:
2692:
2583:
2130:
2021:
744:
733:
647:
593:
1052:
916:
724:
recessive. It is characterized by lowered activity of arginase in
3164:
3030:
2543:
2538:
2487:
2306:
2301:
2227:
2147:
2136:
1486:
1311:
1225:
643:
131:
728:. It is considered to be the rarest of the heritable defects in
456:
303:
3260:
3156:
3050:
2613:
1938:
1708:
1433:
1272:
663:
and attack L-arginine, hydrolyzing it into ornithine and urea.
616:
586:
463:
310:
211:
107:
95:
83:
705:
and NO synthase by providing extra substrate for each enzyme.
1912:
1612:
597:
766:
3138:
3065:
2639:
1476:
1448:
656:
609:
420:
405:
267:
243:
119:
1677:
867:"Evolution of the arginase fold and functional diversity"
1116:
1038:
251:
2022:
Nitroxyl anion (NO; oxonitrate(1-), hyponitrite anion)
1081:
3290:
1998:
767:
Di
Costanzo L, Pique ME, Christianson DW (May 2007).
1217:
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on
Arginase Deficiency
1154:
2513:
Methylamine hexamethylene methylamine/NO (MAHMA/NO)
638:Arginase catalyzes the fifth and final step in the
2327:Amyl nitrite (isoamyl nitrite, isopentyl nitrite)
680:group as the tetrahedral intermediate is formed.
3314:
2188:Naproxcinod (nitronaproxen; AZD-3582, HCT-3012)
1150:
1148:
912:
910:
818:"Arginine metabolism: nitric oxide and beyond"
2604:N-Acetyl-N-acetoxy-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide
2163:Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN; nitroglycol)
1984:
1693:
1382:
1246:
1003:
999:
997:
1145:
589:. The reaction catalyzed by this enzyme is:
1157:"Mouse model for human arginase deficiency"
1075:
1032:
959:
907:
854:
760:
623:. It is ubiquitous to all domains of life.
1991:
1977:
1700:
1686:
1389:
1375:
1253:
1239:
1110:
994:
809:
691:
250:
29:
2347:Isobutyl nitrite (2-methylpropyl nitrite)
2257:Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate (GTN))
1209:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1180:
965:
942:
890:
861:Dowling DP, Di Costanzo L, Gennadios HA,
837:
792:
626:
815:
2423:S-Nitrosocysteine (SNC, CysNO, SNO-Cys)
2413:S-Nitroso-N-valerylpenicillamine (SNVP)
1006:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
923:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
3315:
2408:S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)
2282:Sodium trioxodinitrate (Angeli's salt)
38:of human arginase I trimer. PDB entry
1972:
1681:
1618:Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
1370:
1234:
1222:Arginase family signature and profile
980:10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.110801.140547
3243:non-selective PDE inhibitors (e.g.,
2027:Nitric oxide (NO; nitrogen monoxide)
646:. Specifically, arginase converts L-
2267:Pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN)
2153:Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN)
13:
3172:Indirect/downstream NO modulators:
2940:Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)
2049:
14:
3349:
2970:Nitroarginine methyl ester (NAME)
2433:S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, SNOG)
2403:S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC)
2277:Propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN)
2032:Nitrosonium (NO; nitrosyl cation)
1200:
816:Wu G, Morris SM (November 1998).
743:include neurological impairment,
720:. The disorder is hereditary and
3300:
1297:Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
1173:10.1128/MCB.22.13.4491-4498.2002
696:Arginase II is coexpressed with
2498:Diethylenetriamine/NO (DETA/NO)
1400:: carbon-nitrogen non-peptide (
2698:N-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (
1593:Inosine monophosphate synthase
1161:Molecular and Cellular Biology
1:
3281:Receptor/signaling modulators
2950:Guanidinoethyldisulfide (GED)
2168:Isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN)
2158:Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN)
1131:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64368-4
824:. 336. ( Pt 1) (Pt 1): 1–17.
754:
3328:Genes on human chromosome 14
2418:S-Nitrosocaptopril (SNO-Cap)
2247:Nitroflurbiprofen (HCT-1026)
2242:Nitroatorvastatin (NCX-6560)
1321:Argininosuccinate synthetase
708:
670:
7:
3323:Genes on human chromosome 6
2893:Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
2786:Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
2683:Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
2447:N-Nitroso compounds (e.g.,
2262:Nitropravastatin (NCX-6550)
2173:Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN)
1707:
16:Manganese-containing enzyme
10:
3354:
3179:AT-II receptor antagonists
2924:Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)
2761:1-Amino-2-hydroxyguanidine
2733:Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)
2480:Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)
1555:Protein-arginine deiminase
1477:Fatty acid amide hydrolase
1351:N-Acetylglutamate synthase
1302:Ornithine transcarbamylase
968:Annual Review of Nutrition
698:nitric oxide (NO) synthase
3274:
3091:
3064:
3002:
2932:
2883:
2751:
2638:
2629:
2612:
2129:
2040:
2012:
1864:
1856:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
1828:
1797:
1766:
1715:
1651:
1628:
1563:
1530:
1497:
1409:
1343:
1310:
1286:
1279:
1041:Nature Structural Biology
935:10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.036
883:10.1007/s00018-008-7554-z
539:
529:
524:
520:
503:
491:
486:
474:
462:
450:
438:
426:
416:
411:
404:
386:
376:
371:
367:
350:
338:
333:
321:
309:
297:
285:
273:
263:
258:
249:
242:
222:
210:
198:
193:
189:
173:
154:
142:
130:
118:
106:
94:
82:
77:
65:
53:
48:
28:
23:
2658:3-Chloro-5-nitroindazole
2493:Diethylamine/NO (DEA/NO)
2465:Metal nitrosyl complexes
2393:S-Nitrosoalbumin (SNALB)
2087:Cinaciguat (BAY 58-2667)
1748:Diffusion-limited enzyme
1211:Medical Subject Headings
631:Arginase belongs to the
3250:PDE9 inhibitors (e.g.,
2738:Pentamidine isethionate
2648:3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole
2535:Heterocyclic compounds:
2059:Activators/stimulators:
1472:Aspartylglucosaminidase
1326:Argininosuccinate lyase
822:The Biochemical Journal
692:Role in sexual response
579:arginine transamidinase
3207:L-Type calcium channel
1119:The Journal of Urology
1018:10.1006/abbi.1994.1276
627:Structure and function
2811:Cindunistat (SD-6010)
2766:2-Ethylaminoguanidine
2523:Spermine/NO (SPER/NO)
2320:O-Nitroso compounds (
1841:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
1774:Allosteric regulation
1356:Ornithine translocase
1266:amino acid metabolism
3197:receptor antagonists
2870:Ronopterin (VAS-203)
2569:Molsidomine (SIN-10)
2490:(diazeniumdiolates):
2470:Roussin's black salt
2183:Mannitol hexanitrate
1851:Lineweaver–Burk plot
1603:GTP cyclohydrolase I
1344:Regulatory/transport
1288:mitochondrial matrix
2564:Linsidomine (SIN-1)
2461:Nitrosyl compounds:
2428:S-Nitrosodiclofenac
2398:S-Nitrosated AR545C
2383:S-Nitroso compounds
1583:Adenosine deaminase
1482:Histone deacetylase
871:Cell. Mol. Life Sci
714:Arginase deficiency
635:family of enzymes.
2475:Roussin's red salt
2332:Cyclohexyl nitrite
2223:Nipradilol (K-351)
1810:Enzyme superfamily
1743:Enzyme promiscuity
1608:Cytidine deaminase
1567:: Cyclic amidines/
1534:: Linear amidines/
567:arginine amidinase
3288:
3287:
3113:
3104:
3087:
3086:
3020:
2998:
2997:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2898:N-(1-Iminoethyl)-
2864:
2860:
2851:
2847:
2844:N-(1-Iminoethyl)-
2838:
2834:
2831:N-(1-Iminoethyl)-
2771:2-Iminopiperidine
2727:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2623:
2352:Isopropyl nitrite
2298:Nitroso compounds
2140:
2125:
2124:
1966:
1965:
1675:
1674:
1578:Guanine deaminase
1413:: Linear amides /
1364:
1363:
1339:
1338:
1125:(3 Pt 1): 942–7.
1096:10.1021/bi034340j
830:10.1042/bj3360001
785:10.1021/ja071567j
553:
552:
549:
548:
406:Arginase, type II
400:
399:
396:
395:
238:
237:
234:
233:
137:metabolic pathway
3345:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3214:dihydropyridines
3114:-arginine (NOHA)
3111:
3102:
3056:alpha aminoacids
3026:chlorogenic acid
3021:-arginine (NOHA)
3018:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2899:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2653:3-Chloroindazole
2636:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2617:
2315:
2314:
2252:Nitrofluvastatin
2236:
2235:
2178:Itramin tosilate
2134:
2047:
2046:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1846:Hanes–Woolf plot
1789:Enzyme activator
1784:Enzyme inhibitor
1758:Enzyme catalysis
1702:
1695:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1501:: Cyclic amides/
1391:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1284:
1283:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1001:
992:
991:
963:
957:
956:
946:
914:
905:
904:
894:
858:
852:
851:
841:
813:
807:
806:
796:
773:J. Am. Chem. Soc
764:
739:Symptoms of the
615:It is the final
522:
521:
402:
401:
369:
368:
254:
240:
239:
191:
190:
43:
33:
21:
20:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3299:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3270:
3234:PDE5 inhibitors
3196:
3160:
3147:
3083:
3060:
2994:
2928:
2879:
2747:
2673:7-Nitroindazole
2668:6-Nitroindazole
2663:5-Nitroindazole
2616:
2608:
2385:(thionitrites):
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2272:Propatylnitrate
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2133:
2121:
2036:
2008:
1997:
1967:
1962:
1874:Oxidoreductases
1860:
1836:Enzyme kinetics
1824:
1820:List of enzymes
1793:
1762:
1733:Catalytic triad
1711:
1706:
1676:
1671:
1647:
1635:Aminohydrolases
1633:
1624:
1570:Aminohydrolases
1568:
1559:
1535:
1526:
1504:Amidohydrolases
1502:
1493:
1416:Amidohydrolases
1414:
1405:
1395:
1365:
1360:
1335:
1306:
1275:
1259:
1203:
1198:
1153:
1146:
1115:
1111:
1090:(28): 8445–51.
1080:
1076:
1037:
1033:
1002:
995:
964:
960:
915:
908:
877:(13): 2039–55.
863:Christianson DW
859:
855:
814:
810:
765:
761:
757:
711:
694:
679:
673:
629:
601:
44:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3310:
3309:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3231:
3221:
3204:
3194:
3190:
3175:ACE inhibitors
3168:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3107:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2908:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2854:
2841:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2717:
2704:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2546:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2457:
2456:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2378:-Butyl nitrite
2372:
2370:Pentyl nitrite
2367:
2365:-Butyl nitrite
2359:
2357:Methyl nitrite
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2322:alkyl nitrites
2311:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2143:
2141:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1947:
1934:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1798:Classification
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1600:
1598:DCMP deaminase
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1537:Ureohydrolases
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1522:Dihydroorotase
1519:
1517:Beta-lactamase
1514:
1508:
1506:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1454:Aspartoacylase
1451:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1407:
1406:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1214:
1202:
1201:External links
1199:
1197:
1196:
1167:(13): 4491–8.
1144:
1109:
1074:
1047:(11): 1043–7.
1031:
993:
958:
906:
853:
808:
779:(20): 6388–9.
758:
756:
753:
749:pharmaceutical
710:
707:
693:
690:
677:
672:
669:
628:
625:
613:
612:
599:
551:
550:
547:
546:
541:
537:
536:
531:
527:
526:
518:
517:
507:
501:
500:
495:
489:
488:
484:
483:
478:
472:
471:
466:
460:
459:
454:
448:
447:
442:
436:
435:
430:
424:
423:
418:
414:
413:
409:
408:
398:
397:
394:
393:
388:
384:
383:
378:
374:
373:
365:
364:
354:
348:
347:
342:
336:
335:
331:
330:
325:
319:
318:
313:
307:
306:
301:
295:
294:
289:
283:
282:
277:
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
256:
255:
247:
246:
244:Liver arginase
236:
235:
232:
231:
226:
220:
219:
214:
208:
207:
202:
196:
195:
187:
186:
177:
171:
170:
159:
152:
151:
146:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
36:Ribbon diagram
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3350:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Calmidazolium
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2909:
2907:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2855:
2853:
2842:
2840:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2718:
2716:
2705:
2703:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Hexyl nitrite
2340:
2338:
2337:Ethyl nitrite
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Enzyme family
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Cooperativity
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:Oxyanion hole
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1668:
1667:Thiaminase II
1665:
1663:
1662:Riboflavinase
1660:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:AMP deaminase
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:10.1038/14929
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:(1): 87–105.
973:
969:
962:
954:
950:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
911:
902:
898:
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:(July 2008).
864:
857:
849:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
812:
804:
800:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
763:
759:
752:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
726:hepatic cells
723:
719:
715:
706:
702:
699:
689:
685:
681:
668:
664:
662:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
633:ureohydrolase
624:
622:
618:
611:
607:
603:
595:
592:
591:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
561:
557:
545:
542:
538:
535:
532:
528:
523:
519:
516:
515:
511:
508:
506:
502:
499:
496:
494:
490:
485:
482:
479:
477:
473:
470:
467:
465:
461:
458:
455:
453:
449:
446:
443:
441:
437:
434:
431:
429:
425:
422:
419:
415:
410:
407:
403:
392:
389:
385:
382:
379:
375:
370:
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
353:
349:
346:
343:
341:
337:
332:
329:
326:
324:
320:
317:
314:
312:
308:
305:
302:
300:
296:
293:
290:
288:
284:
281:
278:
276:
272:
269:
266:
262:
257:
253:
248:
245:
241:
230:
227:
225:
221:
218:
215:
213:
209:
206:
203:
201:
197:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
176:
175:Gene Ontology
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
153:
150:
147:
145:
141:
138:
135:
133:
129:
126:
123:
121:
117:
114:
113:NiceZyme view
111:
109:
105:
102:
99:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
76:
73:
70:
68:
64:
61:
58:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3277:
3276:
3252:paraxanthine
3228:beta blocker
3171:
3120:
3098:
3003:
2902:-ornithine (
2835:-ornithine (
2580:
2559:Feprosidnine
2554:Sydnonimines
2552:
2537:
2534:
2486:
2463:
2460:
2449:nitrosamines
2446:
2381:
2375:
2362:
2319:
2296:
2146:
2113:
2092:GSK-2181236A
2058:
2000:Nitric oxide
1952:Translocases
1949:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1897:
1887:Transferases
1884:
1871:
1728:Binding site
1544:
1444:Aminoacylase
1424:Asparaginase
1330:
1164:
1160:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1087:
1084:Biochemistry
1083:
1077:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1009:
1005:
971:
967:
961:
926:
922:
874:
870:
856:
821:
811:
776:
772:
762:
738:
712:
703:
695:
686:
682:
674:
665:
637:
630:
614:
585:-containing
578:
574:
570:
566:
555:
554:
512:
359:
101:BRENDA entry
18:
3265:simvastatin
3099:Precursors:
3036:epicatechin
2960:Indospicine
2915:-arginine (
2861:-arginine (
2796:AR-C 102222
2724:-arginine (
2711:-arginine (
2574:Sydnonimine
2307:Nitrite (NO
2290:Trolnitrate
2286:Tenitramine
2228:Nitrate (NO
2114:Inhibitors:
2097:Praliciguat
2077:BAY 60-4552
2072:BAY 41-8543
2067:BAY 41-2272
1723:Active site
1632:: Nitriles/
1512:Barbiturase
1439:Biotinidase
1429:Glutaminase
1012:(1): 31–7.
929:(1): 82–9.
730:ureagenesis
661:nucleophile
534:Swiss-model
412:Identifiers
381:Swiss-model
259:Identifiers
89:IntEnz view
49:Identifiers
3338:Urea cycle
3317:Categories
3238:sildenafil
3218:nifedipine
3121:Cofactors:
3110:N-Hydroxy-
3017:N-Hydroxy-
2806:Canavanine
2801:BYK-191023
2620:inhibitors
2549:REC15/2739
2528:V-PYRRO/NO
2218:Nicorandil
2107:Vericiguat
2006:modulators
1926:Isomerases
1900:Hydrolases
1767:Regulation
1550:Agmatinase
1467:Ceramidase
1398:Hydrolases
1280:Main cycle
1270:urea cycle
1262:Metabolism
755:References
640:urea cycle
621:urea cycle
575:L-arginase
571:canavanase
530:Structures
525:Search for
487:Other data
377:Structures
372:Search for
334:Other data
158:structures
125:KEGG entry
72:9000-96-8
3278:See also:
3224:Nebivolol
3183:captopril
3105:-Arginine
3046:norvaline
3041:ornithine
2955:GW-273629
2911:N-Methyl-
2857:N-Methyl-
2848:-lysine (
2720:N-Propyl-
2707:N-Methyl-
2688:ARL-17477
2581:Unsorted:
2131:NO donors
2102:Riociguat
2082:BI-703704
2062:Ataciguat
2003:signaling
1805:EC number
1643:Nitrilase
722:autosomal
718:arginemia
709:Pathology
671:Mechanism
652:ornithine
606:ornithine
583:manganese
493:EC number
469:NM_001172
428:NCBI gene
340:EC number
316:NM_000045
275:NCBI gene
78:Databases
3333:EC 3.5.3
3245:caffeine
3210:blockers
3201:bosentan
3187:losartan
3004:Arginase
2990:VAS-2381
2985:ONO-1714
2933:Unsorted
2693:Indazole
2599:FR146881
2594:FR144220
2584:Cimlanod
2539:Furoxans
2518:PROLI/NO
2488:NONOates
2438:SNO-t-PA
2302:nitrites
2213:NCX-4215
2208:NCX 4040
2203:NCX-4016
2198:NCX-2216
2148:Nitrates
2137:prodrugs
1829:Kinetics
1753:Cofactor
1716:Activity
1545:Arginase
1331:Arginase
1207:Arginase
1191:12052859
1104:12859189
1069:22808766
1061:10542097
988:12055339
953:17562323
901:18360740
803:17469833
745:dementia
741:disorder
734:arginine
648:arginine
594:arginine
556:Arginase
544:InterPro
391:InterPro
229:proteins
217:articles
205:articles
162:RCSB PDB
24:Arginase
3307:Biology
3263:(e.g.,
3261:Statins
3236:(e.g.,
3212:(e.g.,
3199:(e.g.,
3181:(e.g.,
3031:ginseng
2980:NXN-462
2975:NCX-456
2965:KD-7040
2945:CKD-712
2678:A-84643
2544:Furoxan
2443:SNO-vWF
2193:NCX-466
2042:Targets
1939:Ligases
1709:Enzymes
1655:: Other
1487:Sirtuin
1312:cytosol
1273:enzymes
1226:PROSITE
1139:9258123
1026:8031143
944:2018606
892:2653620
848:9806879
839:1219836
794:2593847
650:into L-
644:ammonia
619:of the
581:) is a
563:3.5.3.1
540:Domains
510:Chr. 14
498:3.5.3.1
476:UniProt
387:Domains
345:3.5.3.1
323:UniProt
184:QuickGO
149:profile
132:MetaCyc
67:CAS no.
60:3.5.3.1
3293:Portal
3092:Others
3051:lysine
2614:Enzyme
2589:FK-409
2503:GLO/NO
2454:SIN-1A
1913:Lyases
1653:3.5.99
1456:(ACY2)
1434:Urease
1213:(MeSH)
1189:
1182:133904
1179:
1137:
1102:
1067:
1059:
1024:
986:
951:
941:
899:
889:
846:
836:
801:
791:
617:enzyme
587:enzyme
481:P78540
464:RefSeq
457:107830
417:Symbol
357:Chr. 6
328:P05089
311:RefSeq
304:608313
264:Symbol
212:PubMed
194:Search
180:AmiGO
168:PDBsum
108:ExPASy
96:BRENDA
84:IntEnz
55:EC no.
3124:NADPH
2919:-NMA)
2906:-NIO)
2865:-NMA)
2852:-NIL)
2839:-NIO)
2781:AEITU
2776:1400W
2728:-NPA)
2715:-NMA)
2702:-NIO)
2388:LA810
2014:Forms
1865:Types
1630:3.5.5
1613:AICDA
1565:3.5.4
1532:3.5.3
1499:3.5.2
1411:3.5.1
1065:S2CID
514:q24.1
505:Locus
352:Locus
144:PRIAM
3139:Heme
3066:CAMK
2885:eNOS
2875:TRIM
2826:MITU
2821:IPTU
2816:EITU
2753:iNOS
2743:TRIM
2640:nNOS
2508:JS-K
2376:tert
1957:list
1950:EC7
1944:list
1937:EC6
1931:list
1924:EC5
1918:list
1911:EC4
1905:list
1898:EC3
1892:list
1885:EC2
1879:list
1872:EC1
1460:ACY3
1449:ACY1
1404:3.5)
1187:PMID
1135:PMID
1100:PMID
1057:PMID
1022:PMID
984:PMID
949:PMID
897:PMID
844:PMID
799:PMID
657:ions
610:urea
452:OMIM
440:HGNC
421:ARG2
299:OMIM
287:HGNC
268:ARG1
224:NCBI
165:PDBe
120:KEGG
41:2pha
3152:CaM
3134:FMN
3129:FAD
3079:W-7
3012:ABH
2791:AMT
2631:NOS
2117:ODQ
2051:sGC
1224:in
1177:PMC
1169:doi
1127:doi
1123:158
1092:doi
1049:doi
1014:doi
1010:312
976:doi
939:PMC
931:doi
927:465
887:PMC
879:doi
834:PMC
826:doi
789:PMC
781:doi
777:129
445:664
433:384
361:q23
292:663
280:383
200:PMC
156:PDB
3319::
3216::
3193:ET
3185:,
3165:Ca
3144:BH
2551:;
2451:):
2445:;
2380:;
2324:):
2318:;
1402:EC
1268:-
1264::
1185:.
1175:.
1165:22
1163:.
1159:.
1147:^
1133:.
1121:.
1098:.
1088:42
1086:.
1063:.
1055:.
1043:.
1020:.
1008:.
996:^
982:.
972:22
970:.
947:.
937:.
925:.
921:.
909:^
895:.
885:.
875:65
873:.
869:.
842:.
832:.
820:.
797:.
787:.
775:.
771:.
608:+
604:→
596:+
577:,
573:,
569:,
565:,
560:EC
182:/
3295::
3267:)
3254:)
3247:)
3240:)
3230:)
3226:(
3220:)
3203:)
3195:B
3189:)
3177:/
3159:2
3157:O
3146:4
3112:L
3103:L
3019:L
2917:L
2913:L
2904:L
2900:L
2863:L
2859:L
2850:L
2846:L
2837:L
2833:L
2726:L
2722:L
2713:L
2709:L
2700:L
2622:)
2618:(
2556::
2541::
2467::
2363:n
2316:)
2312:2
2304::
2300:/
2237:)
2233:3
2150::
2139:)
2135:(
1992:e
1985:t
1978:v
1959:)
1955:(
1946:)
1942:(
1933:)
1929:(
1920:)
1916:(
1907:)
1903:(
1894:)
1890:(
1881:)
1877:(
1701:e
1694:t
1687:v
1390:e
1383:t
1376:v
1314::
1290::
1254:e
1247:t
1240:v
1193:.
1171::
1141:.
1129::
1106:.
1094::
1071:.
1051::
1045:6
1028:.
1016::
990:.
978::
955:.
933::
903:.
881::
850:.
828::
805:.
783::
678:2
602:O
600:2
598:H
558:(
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