1145:
morphological analysis is fraught with complicating issues due to the various strategies and forms of AM fungi, e.g., lack of sporulation in certain species, seasonality, high unculturability, possible misidentification (human error), and new evidence of multi-nucleate spores and high genetic variation within clonal AM species. Because of these various problems, in the past researchers likely misrepresented the true composition of AM fungal communities present at any one point in time or place. Additionally, by following the traditional extraction, culture and microscopic identification methods, there is no way to determine active/functioning AM fungal populations, which are likely the most important when attempting to relate plant-AM symbiotic interactions and mechanisms to ecological or ecosystem function. This is especially true in the case of root colonization analyses, which can determine percentage of roots colonized by AM fungi. The major problem with this analysis is in field soils, which contain multiple species of AM fungi in association with a target plant at the same time (see
Ecology of AM). The identification of the associated fungal symbionts is impossible without the use of molecular methods. Though genetic analysis of AM fungal communities has advanced a great deal in the past decade, the methodology is not yet completely refined. Below is an overview of the methods used in molecular genetic analyses of AM fungi, along with applications to research, future directions and some of their problems.
1321:
234:
79:
492:
1056:. Their tolerance to freezing and drying is known to shift between AM fungal taxa. AM fungi become less prevalent and diverse at higher soil nutrient and moisture concentrations, presumably because both plants allocate less carbon to AM fungi and AM fungi reallocate their resources to intraradical hyphae in these environmental conditions. Over the long term, these environmental conditions can even create local adaptation between plant hosts, AM fungi and the local soil nutrient concentrations. AM composition often becomes less diverse on mountain tops than at lower elevations, which is driven by the composition of plant species.
67:
860:
31:
6104:
1905:
739:
be much more efficient than plant roots at taking up phosphorus. Phosphorus travels to the root or via diffusion and hyphae reduce the distance required for diffusion, thus increasing uptake. The rate of phosphorus flowing into mycorrhizae can be up to six times that of the root hairs. In some cases, the role of phosphorus uptake can be completely taken over by the mycorrhizal network, and all of the plant's phosphorus may be of hyphal origin. Less is known about the role of
1199:
functionally important in microbial processes such as carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus cycling. FGAs have the ability to simultaneously examine many functional genes. This technique is typically used for general analysis of functional microbial genes, but when complemented with genetic sequencing, inferences can be made about the connection between fungal community composition and microbial functionality.
493:
1222:
acid concentration in soils, and that phospholipids are correlated to an organism's membrane area, and the surface to volume ratio can vary widely between organisms such as bacteria and fungi. More work must be done to identify the efficacy of this method in field soils with many genera and species of AM fungi to discern the methods ability to discriminate between many varying fatty acid compositions.
340:. This conserved morphology may reflect the ready availability of nutrients provided by the plant hosts in both modern and Miocene mutualisms. However, it can be argued that the efficacy of signaling processes is likely to have evolved since the Miocene, and this can not be detected in the fossil record. A finetuning of the signaling processes would improve coordination and nutrient exchange between
494:
579:
turn on AM fungal genes required for the respiration of spore carbon compounds. In experiments, transcription rate of 10 genes increased half-hour after exposure and at an even greater rate after 1 hour. after 4 hours exposure AM respond with morphological growth. Genes isolated from that time are involved in mitochondrial activity and enzyme production. The fungal respiration rate, measured by O
1214:
proportions of specific fatty acids can be organism specific. For example, in AM fungi the proportion of the fatty acids, 16:1ω5 and 18:1ω7, in the phospholipid portion account for approximately 58% of total fatty acid composition. The fatty acid, 16:1ω5 is the most commonly used acid to characterize AM fungi in soils and can be used as a strong indicator of mycelial biomass in soil sample.
48:
1141:
communities and ecosystems. Genetic analyses of AM fungi have been used to explore the genetic structure of single spores using multilocus genotyping, AM fungal diversity and adaptation across multiple grassland communities, all the way up to a global investigation of AM fungal diversity, which greatly increased the described molecular diversity within the phylum
Glomeromycota.
1014:
nitrogen. The diversity of AM fungal communities has been positively linked to plant diversity, plant productivity and herbivory. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be influenced by small scale interactions with the local plant community. For example, the plant neighborhood around a focal plant can alter AM fungal communities as can the order of plant establishment within sites.
496:
1234:) is a technique that can be used to determine the active metabolic function of individual taxa within a complex system of microbes. This level of specificity, linking microbial function and phylogenetics, has not been achieved previously in microbial ecology. This method can also be used independently of classical culture methods in microbial ecology, allowing for
670:
have a high surface-to-volume ratio, making their absorptive ability greater than that of plant roots. AMF hyphae are also finer than roots and can enter into pores of the soil that are inaccessible to roots. The fourth type of AMF hyphae grows from the roots and colonizes other host plant roots. The four types of hyphae are morphologically distinct.
1494:. A strong correlation has been found between GRSP and soil aggregate water stability in a wide variety of soils where organic material is the main binding agent, although the mechanism is not known. The protein glomalin has not yet been isolated and described, and the link between glomalin, GRSP, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is not yet clear.
1218:
lipids in storage structures like spores and vesicles. Because of this NLFA correlates quite well with the number of spores in a given volume of soil. The ratio of NLFA concentration to PLFA concentration (active mycelia) can then give the proportion of carbon allocated to storage structures (spores, measured as NLFA).
1112:
interactions in future climates. In recent meta-analyses, AM fungi were found to increase plant biomass under drought conditions and decrease plant biomass under simulated nitrogen deposition studies. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi themselves have been shown to increase their biomass in response to elevated atmospheric CO
1447:
Since AM fungi are biotrophic, they are dependent on plants for the growth of their hyphal networks. Growing a cover crop extends the time for AM growth into the autumn, winter, and spring. Promotion of hyphal growth creates a more extensive hyphal network. The mycorrhizal colonization increase found
1306:
and health. Soils' quality parameters were significantly improved long-term when a mixture of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species was introduced compared to noninoculated soil and soil inoculated with a single exotic species of AM fungi. The benefits were increased plant growth, increased
1250:
O, and then analyzes the 'labeled' markers using species specific DNA or RNA markers. The analysis of labeled DNA is performed by separating unlabeled and labeled DNA on a cesium chloride gradient formed in an ultra centrifuge. Because all microbial organisms are capable of importing water into their
1213:
Specific organismal chemical signatures can be used to detect biomass of more cryptic organisms, such as AM fungi or soil bacteria. Lipids, more specifically phospholipids and neutral lipids, contain fatty acids connected to a glycerol backbone. The fatty acid composition of organisms varies, and the
1035:
All symbionts within a plant host interact, often in unpredictable ways. A 2010 meta-analysis indicated that plants colonized by both AM fungi and vertically transmitted endophytes often are larger than plants independently colonized by these symbionts. However, this relationship is context-dependent
1026:
The mycorrhizal status of invasive plant species often varies between regions. For example, in the United
Kingdom and central Europe recently invasive plants are more frequently obligately mycorrhizal than expected, while invasive plants in California were found to be less frequently mycorrhizal than
556:
were grown in host plant exudates. Hyphae of fungi grown in the exudates from roots starved of phosphorus grew more and produced tertiary branches compared to those grown in exudates from plants given adequate phosphorus. When the growth-promoting root exudates were added in low concentration, the AM
541:
The branching of AM fungal hyphae grown in phosphorus media of 1 mM is significantly reduced, but the length of the germ tube and total hyphal growth were not affected. A concentration of 10 mM phosphorus inhibited both hyphal growth and branching. This phosphorus concentration occurs in natural soil
1221:
Problems with lipid fatty acid analyses include the incomplete specificity of fatty acids to AM fungi, the species- or genera-specific variation in fatty acid composition can complicate analysis in systems with multiple AM fungal species (e.g. field soil), the high background levels of certain fatty
1217:
Neutral lipid fatty acid analysis of AM fungi is typically looked upon as a method to indicate energy storage, but most importantly, the ratio of NLFA (16:1ω5) to PLFA (16:1ω5) can potentially be used to indicate nutritional status of AM fungi in soils. Energy is mainly stored in AM fungi as neutral
1198:
analysis is currently being used in AM fungal research to simultaneously measure the expression of many genes from target species or experimental samples. The most common tool or method is to use functional gene array (FGA) technology, a specialized microarray that contains probes for genes that are
1102:
The influence of AM fungi on plant root and shoot growth may also have indirect effect on the rhizosphere bacteria. AMF contributes a substantial amount of carbon to the rhizosphere through the growth and degeneration of the hyphal network. There is also evidence to suggest that AM fungi may play an
738:
The main benefit of mycorrhizas to plants has been attributed to increased uptake of nutrients, especially phosphorus. This may be due to increased surface area in contact with soil, increased movement of nutrients into mycorrhizae, a modified root environment, and increased storage. Mycorrhizas can
669:
There are two other types of hyphae that originate from the colonized host plant root. Once colonization has occurred, short-lived runner hyphae grow from the plant root into the soil. These are the hyphae that take up phosphorus and micronutrients, which are conferred to the plant. AM fungal hyphae
1404:
1995, McGonigle & Miller 1999). The disruption of the hyphal network decreases the absorptive abilities of the mycorrhizae because the surface area spanned by the hyphae is greatly reduced. This, in turn, lowers the phosphorus input to the plants that are connected to the hyphal network (Figure
1311:
content, and soil aggregation, attributed to higher legume nodulation in the presence of AM fungi, better water infiltration, and soil aeration due to soil aggregation. Native strains of AM fungi enhance the extraction of heavy metal(s) from the polluted soils and make the soil healthy and suitable
1182:
or quantitative PCR (qPCR), is becoming a well-established method to quickly amplify and simultaneously quantify targeted AM fungal DNA from biological samples (plant roots or soils). Fairly recent developments in qPCR markers allow researchers to explore the relative abundance of AM fungal species
1098:
The extent of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and species affects the bacterial population in the rhizosphere. Bacterial species differ in their abilities to compete for carbon compound root exudates. A change in the amount or composition of root exudates and fungal exudates due to the existing
993:
The specificity, host range, and degree of colonization of mycorrhizal fungi are difficult to analyze in the field due to the complexity of interactions between the fungi within a root and within the system. There is no clear evidence to suggest that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi exhibit specificity
377:
The ancient plants did not have true roots. Strullu-Derrien and
Strullu proposed the term 'Paramycorrhizae' for the mycorrhizae that infected the rhizome or shoot or thalli, and 'Eumycorrhizae' that infects true roots. These structures were reported in both sporophytes and gametophytes of the early
1295:-threatened areas is often followed by degradation of physical and biological soil properties, soil structure, nutrient availability, and organic matter. When restoring disturbed land, it is essential to replace not only the above ground vegetation but also biological and physical soil properties.
1001:
In pathogenic relations, the host plant benefits from mutations that prevent colonization, whereas, in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship, the plant benefits from mutation that allow for colonization by AMF. However, plant species differ in the extent and dependence on colonization by certain AM
578:
Molecular techniques have been used to understand the signaling pathways between arbuscular mycorrhizae and plant roots. In 2003 it was shown how the AM undergoes physiological changes in the presence of exudates from potential host plant roots, to colonize it. Host plant root exudates trigger and
1267:
Little has been done with this method in arbuscular mycorrhizal experiments, but if proven to work in a controlled experiment, and with further refinement of DNA/RNA fungal community analyses techniques, this may be a viable option to very specifically determine the actively growing portion of AM
1009:
The ability of the same AM fungi to colonize many species of plants has ecological implications. Plants of different species can be linked underground to a common mycelial network. One plant may provide the photosynthate carbon for the establishment of the mycelial network that another plant of a
984:
is influenced by dispersal limitation, environmental factors such as climate, soil series and soil pH, soil nutrients and plant community. While evidence from 2000 suggests that AM fungi are not specialists on their host species, studies as of 2002 have indicated that at least some fungi taxa are
583:
consumption rate, increased by 30% 3 hours after exposure to root exudates, indicating that host plant root exudates stimulate AMF spore mitochondrial activity. It may be part of a fungal regulatory mechanism that conserves spore energy for efficient growth and the hyphal branching upon receiving
574:
were separated from the roots of a host plant, nonhost plants, and dead host plant by a membrane permeable only to hyphae. In the treatment with the host plant, the fungi crossed the membrane and always emerged within 800 μm of the root, but not in the treatments with nonhost plants and dead
182:
from the soil. It is believed that the development of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis played a crucial role in the initial colonisation of land by plants and in the evolution of the vascular plants. It has been said that it is quicker to list the plants that do not form endomycorrhizae than
1452:
1998). The extraradical mycelia are able to survive the winter, providing rapid spring colonization and early season symbiosis (McGonigle and Miller 1999). This early symbiosis allows plants to tap into the well-established hyphal network and be supplied with adequate phosphorus nutrition during
1013:
Since
Glomeromycota fungi live inside plant roots, they can be influenced substantially by their plant host and in return affect plant communities as well. Plants can allocate up to 30% of their photosynthate carbon to AM fungi and in return AM fungi can acquire up to 80% of plant phosphorus and
3221:
Cope, Kevin R.; Bascaules, Adeline; Irving, Thomas B.; Venkateshwaran, Muthusubramanian; Maeda, Junko; Garcia, Kevin; Rush, Tomás A.; Ma, Cathleen; Labbé, Jessy; Jawdy, Sara; Steigerwald, Edward; Setzke, Jonathan; Fung, Emmeline; Schnell, Kimberly G.; Wang, Yunqian; Schleif, Nathaniel; Bücking,
1140:
In the past ten years there have been spectacular advances in molecular genetic technologies and tools. These advances allow microbial and mycorrhizal ecologists to ask new and exciting questions about the ecological and evolutionary roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi as individuals, in
272:
and molecular evidence indicate that AM is an ancient symbiosis that originated at least 460 million years ago. AM symbiosis is ubiquitous among land plants, which suggests that mycorrhizas were present in the early ancestors of extant land plants. This positive association with plants may have
1082:
Mycorrhizae diversity has been shown to increase plant species diversity as the potential number of associations increases. Dominant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can prevent the invasion of non-mycorrhizal plants on land where they have established symbiosis and promote their mycorrhizal host.
246:
network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) extends beyond the depletion zone (grey), accessing a greater area of soil for phosphate uptake. A mycorrhizal-phosphate depletion zone will also eventually form around AM hyphae (purple). Other nutrients that have enhanced assimilation in AM-roots
1276:
sRNAs have been reported to take crucial role in the crosstalk between host and symbiont. sRNAs processing mechanism is thus, important for understanding AM symbiosis. It seems that AM fungi have their unique features to have bacterial type core enzyme as well as the large number of
Argonaute
1263:
O, or heavy water method will target all organisms that are actively growing, and induce little influence on growth itself. This would be especially true with most greenhouse experiments with arbuscular mycorrhizas because plants must be watered anyway, and water does not directly select for
1111:
Global climate change is affecting AM fungal communities and interactions between AM fungi and their plant hosts. While it is generally accepted that interactions between organisms will affect their response to global climate change, we still lack the ability to predict the outcome of these
398:, the most basal group, and phylogeny of the three genes proved to agree with then current land plant phylogenies. This implies that mycorrhizal genes must have been present in the common ancestor of land plants, and that they must have been vertically inherited since plants colonized land.
1486:
There is other circumstantial evidence to show that glomalin is of AM fungal origin. When AM fungi are eliminated from soil through incubation of soil without host plants, the concentration of GRSP declines. A similar decline in GRSP has also been observed in incubated soils from forested,
1186:
qPCR markers for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi will consist of AM specific primers and fluorescently labeled hydrolysis probes. These AM specific primers (discussed above) can be chosen by the researcher and this decision is typically guided by the question at hand, resources available, and
723:, occurs in the extraradical mycelium. Approximately 25% of the carbon translocated from the plant to the fungi is stored in the extraradical hyphae. Up to 20% of the host plant's carbon may be transferred to the AM fungi. This represents the host plant's considerable carbon investment in
1144:
All the recent advances in molecular genetics clearly permit the analysis of microbial communities at much finer and functional scales and potentially with more confidence than previous methods. The classical AM fungal identification method of spore extraction from soil and further spore
369:
There is some fossil evidence that suggests that the parasitic fungi did not kill the host cells immediately upon invasion, although a response to the invasion was observed in the host cells. This response may have evolved into the chemical signaling processes required for symbiosis.
3169:
Maillet, Fabienne; Poinsot, Véréna; André, Olivier; Puech-Pagès, Virginie; Haouy, Alexandra; Gueunier, Monique; Cromer, Laurence; Giraudet, Delphine; Formey, Damien; Niebel, Andreas; Martinez, Eduardo Andres; Driguez, Hugues; Bécard, Guillaume; Dénarié, Jean (January 2011). "Fungal
1022:
During invasions of plant species, the AM fungal community and biomass can be drastically altered. In the majority of cases AM fungal biomass and diversity decrease with invasions. However, some mycotrophic plant species may actually increase AM fungal diversity during invasion.
604:
had been removed to eliminate signaling between the fungi and the plant host. However, the hyphae did not further penetrate the cells and grow in toward the root cortex, which indicates that signaling between symbionts is required for further growth once appressoria are formed.
1593:
Spatafora, Joseph W.; Chang, Ying; Benny, Gerald L.; Lazarus, Katy; Smith, Matthew E.; Berbee, Mary L.; Bonito, Gregory; Corradi, Nicolas; Grigoriev, Igor; Gryganskyi, Andrii; James, Timothy Y.; O'Donnell, Kerry; Roberson, Robert W.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Uehling, Jessie (2016).
1171:) gene, and the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene are currently the most common DNA markers used. The SSU region has been used most frequently in ecological studies, while the ITS and LSU regions have been predominantly used in taxonomic constructions of the phylum Glomeromycota.
1377:
Proper management of AMF in the agroecosystems can improve the quality of the soil and the productivity of the land. Agricultural practices such as reduced tillage, low phosphorus fertilizer usage, and perennialized cropping systems promote functional mycorrhizal symbiosis.
506:
live spore. Nuclei were visualized as large green spots with SytoGreen fluorescent dye, while mitochondria were stained with MitoTracker and are shown as small red spots. The movie was acquired at 1 frame every 5 min for a total of 90 min and displayed at a rate of 5
6265:
George E., K. Haussler, S.K. Kothari, X.L. Li and H. Marshner,1992 Contribution of
Mycorrhizal Hyphae to Nutrient and Water Uptake of Plants. In Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems, ed., D.J. Read, D.H. Lewis, A.H. Fitter, I.J. Alexander. United Kingdom: C.A.B. International,
975:
and temperate grasslands where they have many potential host plants and can take advantage of their ability to colonize a broad host range. There is a lower incidence of mycorrhizal colonization in very arid or nutrient-rich soils. Mycorrhizas have been observed in
1408:
In reduced-tillage system, heavy phosphorus fertilizer input may not be required as compared to heavy-tillage systems. This is due to the increase in mycorrhizal network, which allows mycorrhizae to provide the plant with sufficient phosphorus (Miller
2229:
Lee, Soon-Jae; Kong, Mengxuan; Harrison, Paul; Hijri, Mohamed (2018), "Conserved
Proteins of the RNA Interference System in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Rhizoglomus irregulare Provide New Insight into the Evolutionary History of Glomeromycota",
1006:, while others may be obligate mycotrophs. Recently, mycorrhizal status has been linked to plant distributions, with obligate mycorrhizal plants occupying warmer, drier habitats while facultative mycorrhizal plants occupy larger ranges of habitats.
734:
supplied to the fungi is decreased. Species of AMF differ in their abilities to supply the plant with phosphorus. In some cases, arbuscular mycorrhizae are poor symbionts, providing little phosphorus while taking relatively high amounts of carbon.
4466:
Liu, QH; Parsons AJ; Xue H; Fraser K; Ryan GD; Newman JA; Rasmussen S (2011). "Competition between foliar
Neotyphodium lolii endophytes and mycorrhizal Glomus spp. fungi in Lolium perenne depends on resource supply and host carbohydrate content".
495:
1158:
Genetic analyses of AM fungi from soil and root samples range in their applicability to answer ecological or phylogenetic questions. DNA analyses utilize various nuclear markers to describe AM fungi and represent different regions of the nuclear
560:
This chemotaxic fungal response to the host plants exudates is thought to increase the efficacy of host root colonization in low-phosphorus soils. It is an adaptation for fungi to efficiently explore the soil in search of a suitable plant host.
842:
2003). The factor was first identified by
Fabienne Maillet and coworkers in a groundbreaking work published in Nature, where they have extracted three hundred litre mycorrhized carrot roots and exudates from 40 million germinating spores of
1078:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis affects the community and diversity of other organisms in the soil. This can be directly seen by the release of exudates, or indirectly by a change in the plant species and plant exudates type and amount.
1424:
As the soil's phosphorus levels available to the plants increases, the amount of phosphorus also increases in the plant's tissues, and carbon drain on the plant by the AM fungi symbiosis become non-beneficial to the plant (Grant 2005).
557:
fungi produced scattered long branches. As the concentration of exudates was increased, the fungi produced more tightly clustered branches. At the highest-concentration arbuscules, the AMF structures of phosphorus exchange were formed.
373:
In both cases, the symbiotic plant-fungi interaction is thought to have evolved from a relationship in which the fungi was taking nutrients from the plant into a symbiotic relationship where the plant and fungi exchange nutrients.
980:; however, waterlogged soils have been shown to decrease colonization in some species. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are found in 80% of plant species and have been surveyed on all continents except Antarctica. The biogeography of
431:
Surprisingly, despite their long evolution as an underground partner of plant roots, whose environment is far from light or temperature fluctuation, AMF still have a conserved circadian clock whose fungal circadian oscillator
511:
Spores of the AM fungi are thick-walled multi-nucleate resting structures. The germination of the spore does not depend on the plant, as spores have been germinated under experimental conditions in the absence of plants both
410:
from a cyanobacterial ancestor, and possibly related to symbiosis,. This finding of a genetic fossil inside AM fungi raises the possibility of an intimate relationship between AM fungi and cyanobacterial ancestors. A similar
5600:
He, Zhili; Joy D. VAN NOSTRAND; Ye DENG; Jizhong ZHOU (2011). "Development and applications of functional gene microarrays in the analysis of the functional diversity, composition, and structure of microbial communities".
1167:) found in all eukaryotic organisms. The DNA analysis of AM fungi using these markers began in the early 1990s and are continuing to be developed today. The small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, the internal transcribed spacer (
5548:
Redecker, Dirk; Arthur Schüßler; Herbert Stockinger; Sidney L. Stürmer; Joseph B. Morton; Christopher Walker (2013). "An evidence-based consensus for the classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota)".
2137:
Wang, B.; Yeun, L.H.; Xue, Y.; Liu, Y.; Ane, J.M.; Qiu, Y.L. (2010). "Presence of three mycorrhizal genes in the common ancestor of land plants suggests a key role of mycorrhizas in the colonization of land by plants".
1533:
1090:
2003). Molecules similar to Nod factors were isolated from AM fungi and were shown to induce MtEnod11, lateral root formation and enhance mycorrhization. Effective mycorrhizal colonization can also increase the
1428:
A decrease in mycorrhizal colonization due to high soil-phosphorus levels can lead to plant deficiencies in other micronutrients that have mycorrhizal-mediated uptake such as copper (Timmer & Leyden 1980).
1938:
538:, and the soil phosphorus concentration. Low-phosphorus concentrations in the soil increase hyphal growth and branching as well as induce plant exudation of compounds that control hyphal branching intensity.
2045:
Krings, Michael; Harper, Carla J; Taylor, Edith L. (2018), "Fungi and fungal interactions in the Rhynie chert: a review of the evidence, with the description of Perexiflasca tayloriana gen. et sp. nov",
1351:
Most agricultural crops can perform better and are more productive when well-colonized by AM fungi. AM symbiosis increases the phosphorus and micronutrient uptake and growth of their plant host (George
719:
biosynthesis also occurs in the intraradical mycelium. Lipids are then stored or exported to extraradical hyphae where they may be stored or metabolized. The breakdown of lipids into hexoses, known as
2557:"Root Factors Induce Mitochondrial-Related Gene Expression and Fungal Respiration during the Developmental Switch from Asymbiosis to Presymbiosis in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Gigaspora rosea"
1086:
When rhizobium bacteria are present in the soil, mycorrhizal colonization is increased due to an increase in the concentration of chemical signals involved in the establishment of symbiosis (Xie
705:. Trehalose and glycogen are carbon storage forms that can be rapidly synthesized and degraded and may buffer the intracellular sugar concentrations. The intraradical hexose enters the oxidative
5131:
Stukenbrock, Eva; Rosendahl, Soren (2005). "Clonal diversity and population genetic structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( Glomus spp.) studied by multilocus genotyping of single spores".
3701:
Hempel, Stefan; Gotzenberger L; Kuhn I; Michalski SG; Rillig M; Zobel M; Moora M (2013). "Mycorrhizas in the Central European flora – relationships with plant life history traits and ecology".
1255:
O stable isotope probing is a very exciting new method that can shed light on questions microbial ecologists and biologists have struggled with answering for years, in particular, what are the
5709:
Montoliu-Nerin, Merce; Sánchez-García, Marisol; Bergin, Claudia; Grabherr, Manfred; Ellis, Barbara; Kutschera, Verena Esther; Kierczak, Marcin; Johannesson, Hanna; Rosling, Anna (2020-01-28).
194:
Previously this type of mycorrhizal associations were called 'Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM)', but since some members of these fungi do not produce any vesicles, such as the members of
1337:
Many modern agronomic practices are disruptive to mycorrhizal symbiosis. There is great potential for low-input agriculture to manage the system in a way that promotes mycorrhizal symbiosis.
2090:
Strullu-Derrien, Christine; Selosse, Marc-André; Kenrik, Paul; Martin, Francis M. (24 March 2018), "The origin and evolution of mycorrhizal symbioses: from palaeomycology to phylogenomics",
1036:
as AM fungi can interact synergistically with fungal endophytes inhabiting the leaves of their host plant, or antagonistically. Similar ranges of interactions can occur between AM fungi and
6398:
Miller, M.H.; McGonigle T.P.; Addy, H.D. (1995). "Functional ecology if vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas as influenced by phosphate fertilization and tillage in an agricultural ecosystem".
5936:
Akhtar, Ovaid; Mishra, Rani; Kehri, Harbans Kaur (2019-03-01). "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Association Contributes to Cr Accumulation and Tolerance in Plants Growing on Cr Contaminated Soils".
3637:. Halifax, Canada: Microbial Biosystems: New Frontiers. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology. Atlantic Canada Society for Microbial Ecology. pp. 845–851.
5893:
Jeffries, P.; Gianinazzi, S.; Perotto, S.; Turnau, K.; Barea, J. (2003). "The Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable maintenance of plant health and soil fertility".
743:
and its impact on the symbiosis and community. While significant advances have been made in elucidating the mechanisms of this complex interaction, much investigation remains to be done.
617:. These are the distinguishing structures of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Arbuscules are the sites of exchange for phosphorus, carbon, water, and other nutrients. There are two forms:
6016:"Arbuscular mycorrhiza and Aspergillus terreus inoculation along with compost amendment enhance the phytoremediation of Cr-rich technosol by Solanum lycopersicum under field conditions"
2748:
Matekwor, Ahulu E; Nakata, M; Nonaka, M (Mar 2005). "Arum- and Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhizas in a mixed pine forest on sand dune soil in Niigata Prefecture, central Honshu, Japan".
1238:
analysis of functional microbes. Application of sequencing of single nucleus from spores of AM fungi has also been developed recently and also circumvents the need of culture methods.
291:
saw the development of terrestrial flora. Plants of the Rhynie chert from the Lower Devonian (400 m.yrs ago) were found to contain structures resembling vesicles and spores of present
2385:
Douds, D.D. and Nagahashi, G. 2000. Signalling and Recognition Events Prior to Colonisation of Roots by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. In Current Advances in Mycorrhizae Research. Ed.
730:
Increasing the plant's carbon supply to the AM fungi increases uptake and transfer of phosphorus from fungi to plant. Likewise, phosphorus uptake and transfer is lowered when the
917:
pathways, but may have some common receptors involved in both pathogen recognition as well as CSSP. A recent work by Kevin Cope and colleagues shown that possibly other type of
963:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are most frequent in plants growing on mineral soils, and are of extreme importance for plants growing in nutrient-deficient substrates such as in
329:. The fossil arbuscules appear very similar to those of existing AMF. The cells containing arbuscules have thickened walls, which are also observed in extant colonized cells.
144:). They are characterized by the formation of unique tree-like structures, the arbuscules. In addition, globular storage structures called vesicles are often encountered.
6419:
Mozafar, A.; Anken, T.; Ruh, R.; Frossard, E. (2000). "Tillage intensity, Mycorrhizal and non mycorrhizal fungi and nutrient concentrations in maize, wheat and canola".
3807:
van der Heijden, MG; Boller AT; Wiemken A; Sanders IR (1998). "Different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species are potential determinants of plant community structure".
1010:
different species can utilize for mineral uptake. This implies that arbuscular mycorrhizae are able to balance below-ground intra–and interspecific plant interactions.
5979:
Fillion, M.; Brisson, J.; Guidi W.; Labrecque, M. (2011). "Increasing phosphorus removal in willow and poplar vegetation filters using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi".
2285:
Lee, SJ., Kong, M., Morse, D. et al. Expression of putative circadian clock components in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoglomus irregulare. Mycorrhiza (2018)
4641:
Johnson, NC; Rowland DL; Corkidi L; Egerton-Warburton LM; Allen EB (2003). "Nitrogen enrichment alters mycorrhizal allocation at five mesic to semiarid grasslands".
4051:
Hawkes, CV; Belnap J; D'Antonio C; Firestone M (2006). "Arbuscular mycorrhizal assemblages in native plant roots change in the presence of invasive exotic grasses".
209:
since the 1970s have led to a greater understanding of the multiple roles of AMF in the ecosystem. An example is the important contribution of the glue-like protein
479:
The development of the AM fungi prior to root colonization, known as presymbiosis, consists of three stages: spore germination, hyphal growth, host recognition and
693:
Carbon transfer from plant to fungi may occur through the arbuscules or intraradical hyphae. Secondary synthesis from the hexoses by AM occurs in the intraradical
284:
has yielded fossils of the earliest land plants in which AM fungi have been observed. The fossilized plants containing mycorrhizal fungi were preserved in silica.
4351:
Larimer, AL; Bever JD; Clay K (2012). "Consequences of simultaneous interactions of fungal endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with a shared host grass".
386:
Increased interest in mycorrhizal symbiosis and the development of sophisticated molecular techniques has led to the rapid development of genetic evidence. Wang
1348:, poor crop rotations, and selection for plants that survive these conditions, hinder the ability of plants to form symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
1320:
740:
4809:
Marschner, P.; Timonen, S. (2004). "Interactions between plant species and mycorrhizal colonization on the bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere".
1277:
proteins in their sRNA processing system (or RNAi system). sRNA and sRNA processing mechanism research is also exciting topic to understand AM fungi symbiosis.
5876:
Formey D, et al. 2016. Regulation of small RNAs and corresponding targets in Nod factor-induced Phaseolus vulgaris root hair cells. Int J Mol Sci . 176:887.
4571:
Klironomos, JN; Hart MM; Gurney JE; Moutoglis P (2001). "Interspecific differences in the tolerance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to freezing and drying".
1370:, which has poor chemotaxic ability, is highly dependent on AM-mediated phosphorus uptake at low and intermediate soil phosphorus concentrations (Thingstrup
600:
cortex. AM need no chemical signals from the plant to form the appressoria. AM fungi could form appressoria on the cell walls of "ghost" cells in which the
4386:
Omacini, M; Eggers T; Bonkowski M; Gange AC; Jones TH (2006). "Leaf endophytes affect mycorrhizal status and growth of co-infected and neighboring plants".
1728:
Simon, L.; Bousquet, J.; Levesque, C.; Lalonde, M. (1993). "Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants".
4421:
Mack, KML; Rudgers JA (2008). "Balancing multiple mutualists: asymmetric interactions among plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and fungal endophytes".
2187:"Genetic and cytogenetic mapping of DMI1, DMI2, and DMI3 genes of Medicago truncatula involved in Nod factor transduction, nodulation, and mycorrhization"
1437:
Cover crops are grown in the fall, winter, and spring, covering the soil during periods when it would commonly be left without a cover of growing plants.
2668:"The Interface between the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus intraradices and Root Cells of Panax quinquefolius: A Paris-Type Mycorrhizal Association"
1448:
in cover crops systems may be largely attributed to an increase in the extraradical hyphal network that can colonize the roots of the new crop (Boswell
1421:
The benefits of AMF are greatest in systems where inputs are low. Heavy usage of phosphorus fertilizer can inhibit mycorrhizal colonization and growth.
522:. AM fungal spores germinate given suitable conditions of the soil matrix, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, pH, and phosphorus concentration.
5400:"Significant genetic and phenotypic changes arising from clonal growth of a single spore of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus over multiple generations"
2992:
Phosphate uptake, transport and transfer by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices is stimulated by increased carbohydrate availability
6079:"Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Associated Microbiota as Plant Biostimulants: Research Strategies for the Selection of the Best Performing Inocula"
1359:
Management of AM fungi is especially important for organic and low-input agriculture systems where soil phosphorus is, in general, low, although all
2713:
Yamato, Masahide (2005). "Morphological types of arbuscular mycorrhizas in pioneer woody plants growing in an oil palm farm in Sumatra, Indonesia".
3744:
Drigo, B; Pijl, AS; Duyts, H; Kielak, AM; Gamper, HA; Houtekamer, MJ; Boschker, HTS; Bodelier, PLE; Whiteley, AS; Veen, JAV; Kowalchuk, GA (2010).
3364:
1809:
794:
of several AMF species, suggesting that these supposedly ancient asexual fungi may be capable of undergoing conventional meiosis. Furthermore, in
406:
It was revealed that AM fungi have the bacterial type core enzyme (ribonuclease III) of the sRNA processing mechanism, probably by the process of
187:
is a highly evolved mutualistic relationship found between fungi and plants, the most prevalent plant symbiosis known, and AMF is found in 80% of
5674:
J., Schnürer; Clarholm, M.; Rosswall, T (1985). "Microbial biomass and activity in an agricultural soil with different organic matter contents".
4727:
Gai, JP; Tian H; Yang FY; Christie P; Li XL; Klironomos JN (2012). "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity along a Tibetan elevation gradient".
3224:"The Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Laccaria bicolor Produces Lipochitooligosaccharides and Uses the Common Symbiosis Pathway to Colonize Populus Roots"
6340:
Kabir, Z.; R.T. Koide (2000). "The effect of dandelion or a cover crop on mycorrhiza inoculum potential, soil aggregation and yield of maize".
4008:
Batten, KM; Skow KM; Davies KF; Harrison SP (2006). "Two invasive plants alter soil microbial community composition in serpentine grasslands".
2459:"Phosphorus amendment inhibits hyphal branching of VAM fungus Gigaspora margarita directly and indirectly through its effect on root exudation"
5233:
Opik, Maarja; et al. (2013). "Global sampling of plant roots expands the described molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi".
646:
The host plant exerts a control over the intercellular hyphal proliferation and arbuscule formation. There is a decondensation of the plant's
6122:
Rillig, M.; Ramsey, P.; Morris, S.; Paul, E. (2003). "Glomalin, an arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungal soil protein, responds to land-use change".
3222:
Heike; Strauss, Steven H.; Maillet, Fabienne; Jargeat, Patricia; Bécard, Guillaume; Puech-Pagès, Virginie; Ané, Jean-Michel (October 2019).
910:
550:
Root exudates from AMF host plants grown in a liquid medium with and without phosphorus have been shown to affect hyphal growth. Spores of
6077:
Giovannini, Luca; Palla, Michela; Agnolucci, Monica; Avio, Luciano; Sbrana, Cristiana; Turrini, Alessandra; Giovannetti, Manuela (2020).
5284:
Johnson, Nancy; Zak, D.R.; Tilman, D.; Pfleger, F.L. (1991). "Dynamics of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae during old field succession".
4306:
Novas, MV; Iannone LJ; Godeas AM; Cabral D (2009). "Positive association between mycorrhiza and foliar endophytes in a Poa bonariensis".
3590:
Allen, EB; Allen MF; Helm DJ; Trappe JM; Molina R; Rincon E (1995). "Patterns and regulation of mycorrhizal plant and fungal diversity".
6369:
McGonigle, T.P.; M.H. Miller (1999). "Winter survival of extraradical hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the field".
4096:"Differentiating between effects of invasion and diversity: impacts of aboveground plant communities on belowground fungal communities"
6299:"A Diffusible Factor from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induces Symbiosis-Specific MtENOD11 Expression in Roots of Medicago truncatula"
4891:"Production of fungal and bacterial growth modulating secondary metabolites is widespread among mycorrhiza-associated streptomycetes"
1523:
1389:
reduces the inoculation potential of the soil and the efficacy of mycorrhizaes by disrupting the extraradical hyphal network (Miller
985:
host specialists. The ecology of Mucoromycotinian fungi, which form "fine root endophyte" arbuscular mycorrhizas is largely unknown.
1440:
Mycorrhizal cover crops can be used to improve the mycorrhizal inoculum potential and hyphal network (Kabir and Koide 2000, Boswell
347:
The nature of the relationship between plants and the ancestors of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is contentious. Two hypotheses are:
3385:"The online database MaarjAM reveals global and ecosystemic distribution patterns in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota)"
1483:(Mab32B11) raised against crushed AMF spores. It is defined by its extraction conditions and reaction with the antibody Mab32B11.
3965:
Hausmann, N; Hawkes CV (2010). "Order of plant host establishment alters the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal communities".
1366:
Some crops that are poor at seeking out nutrients in the soil are very dependent on AM fungi for phosphorus uptake. For example,
394:
fungal partners (DMI1, DMI3, IPD3). These three genes could be sequenced from all major clades of modern land plants, including
686:
ability and depend on the plant for their carbon nutrition. AM fungi take up the products of the plant host's photosynthesis as
5500:"Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonising Hyacinthoides non-scripta (bluebell) in a seminatural woodland"
4236:
Pringle, A; Bever, JD; Gardes, M; Parrent, JL; Rillig, MC; Klironomos, JN (2009). "Mycorrhizal symbioses and plant invasions".
1993:
Kar, R.K.; Mandaokar, B.D.; Kar, R. (2005). "Mycorrhizal fossil fungi from the Miocene sediments of Mirozam, Northeast India".
450:
opens the door to the study of circadian clocks in the fungal partner of AM symbiosis. The same research characterized the AMF
17:
6493:
L.) depends on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for growth and P uptake at intermediate but not high soil P levels in the field".
1709:
1577:
6626:
3650:"Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and patterns of associations over time and space in a tropical forest"
3120:
Halary, Sébastien; Malik, Shehre-Banoo; Lildhar, Levannia; Slamovits, Claudio H.; Hijri, Mohamed; Corradi, Nicolas (2011).
4263:
Larimer, AL; Bever JD; Clay K (2010). "The interactive effects of plant microbial symbionts: a review and meta-analysis".
2399:
Akiyama K; Matsuzaki K; Hayashi H (2005). "Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi".
654:
in arbuscule-containing cells. Major modifications are required in the plant host cell to accommodate the arbuscules. The
366:
Both saprotrophs and biotrophs were found in the Rhynie Chert, but there is little evidence to support either hypothesis.
5635:"Signature fatty acids provide tools for determination of the distribution and interactions of mycorrhizal fungi in soil"
4871:
1880:"Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding"
1179:
325:
was observed in root intracellular spaces, and arbuscules were observed in the layer thin wall cells similar to palisade
5182:
Baoming, Ji; et al. (2013). "Patterns of diversity and adaptation in Glomeromycota from three prairie grasslands".
1331:
On the left: a visual representation of the AMF life cycle and factors affecting the different AMF developmental stages.
5441:"Specific amplification of 18S fungal ribosomal genes from vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots"
1539:
853:
817:
6557:
Xie, Z.; Staehelin, C.; Vierheilig, H.; Weimken, A.; Jabbouri, S.; Broughton W.; Vogeli-Lange, R.; Thomas B. (1995).
6233:"Phosphate uptake, transport and transfer by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus is increased by carbohydrate availability"
4836:
Eriksson, A. (2001). "Arbuscular mycorrhizae in relation to management history, soil nutrients and plant diversity".
1863:
1827:
1774:
1333:
On the right: mycorrhizal helper (MH) and plant growth promoting (PGP) bacteria synergistically interacting with AMF.
762:-ions) and by releasing H ions. Decreased soil pH increases the solubility of phosphorus precipitates. The hyphal NH
643:
type is primarily determined by the host plant family, although some families or species are capable of either type.
1268:
fungal species across growing seasons, with different plant hosts or treatments, and in the face of climate change.
613:
Once inside the parenchyma, the fungus forms highly branched structures for nutrient exchange with the plant called
3063:"Reciprocal recombination genomic signatures in the symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Rhizophagus irregularis"
1518:
1203:
849:
and purified the active fraction. They demonstrated this active principle is lipo-chito-oligosaccharide in nature.
4985:
Worchel, Elise; Giauque, Hannah E.; Kivlin, Stephanie N. (2013). "Fungal symbionts alter plant drought response".
1099:
AM mycorrhizal colonization determines the diversity and abundance of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere.
856:(CSSP) that eventually leads to plant's accommodation programme to provide hostage to the arbuscular mycorrhizae.
4654:
3820:
2845:
Bolan, N.S. (1991). "A critical review of the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of phosphorus by plants".
1298:
A relatively new approach to restoring land is to inoculate soil with AM fungi when reintroducing vegetation in
1103:
important role on mediating the plant species' specific effect on the bacterial composition of the rhizosphere.
3525:"Consistent responses of soil microbial communities to elevated nutrient inputs in grasslands across the globe"
924:
The AMF colonization requires the following chain of events that can be roughly divided into following steps -
596:
or 'infection structure' forms on the root epidermis. From this structure hyphae can penetrate into the host's
233:
5774:
Dumont, Marc G.; Murrell, Colin J. (2005). "Stable isotope probing – linking microbial identity to function".
4962:
4940:
Van der Putten, WH (2012). "Climate change, Aboveground-belowground interactions and species' range shifts".
3836:"The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems"
3746:"Shifting carbon flow from roots into associated microbial communities in response to elevated atmospheric CO
1843:
1302:
projects (phytoremediation). It has enabled host plants to establish themselves on degraded soil and improve
6524:"The relationship of mycorrhizal infection to phosphorus-induced copper deficiency in sour orange seedlings"
2273:
Alexopolous C, Mims C, Blackwell M. 2004. Introductory mycology, 4th ed . Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley and Sons.
6621:
256:
6559:"Rhizobial Nodulation Factors Stimulate Mycorrhizal Colonization of Nodulating and Nonnodulating Soybeans"
6448:
Sorensen, J.N.; J Larsen; I. Jakobsen (2005). "Mycorrhizae formation and nutrient concentration in leeks (
3480:"Role of niche restrictions and dispersal in the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities"
2555:
Tamasloukht, M.; Sejalon-Delmas, N.; Kluever, A.; Jauneau, A.; Roux., C.; Becard, G.; Franken, P. (2003).
1230:
One prospect for future analysis of AM fungi is the use of stable isotope probes. Stable isotope probing (
1168:
2504:
Sbrana, C.; Giovannetti, M. (2005). "Chemotropism in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae".
1183:
within roots in greenhouse experiments as well as in the field to identify local AM fungal communities.
876:
913:
perception that are released from Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The pathway is distinguished from the
5711:"Building de novo reference genome assemblies of complex eukaryotic microorganisms from single nuclei"
4763:
3885:"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate below-ground plant–herbivore interactions: a phylogenetic study"
2013:
6611:
6015:
2364:
Wright S.F. (2005). "Management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi". In R.W. Zobel; S.F. Wright (eds.).
706:
4443:
5036:
Kivlin, SN; Emery SM; Rudgers JA (2013). "Fungal symbionts alter plant response to global change".
1466:
1246:
SIP, more explicitly DNA/RNA-based SIP, uses stable-isotope enriched substrates, such as C, N, or H
914:
407:
1400:
By breaking apart the soil macro structure, the hyphal network is rendered non-infective (Miller
1041:
845:
796:
3523:; Firn, Jennifer L.; Harpole, W. Stanley; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Hofmockel, Kirsten S. (2015-09-01).
1701:
4438:
2014:"Mycorrhization of fossil and living plantsLa mycorrhization des plantes fossiles et actuelles"
1462:
1299:
1053:
1037:
770:
flow to the plant as the soil's inner surfaces absorb ammonium and distribute it by diffusion.
359:
52:
2665:
830:'s inducible gene MtEnod11. This is the same gene involved in establishing symbiosis with the
635:
is characterized by the growth of hyphae in the space between plant cells. The choice between
78:
66:
6651:
6297:
Kosuta, S.; Chabaud, M.; Lougnon, G.; Gough, C.; Denarie, J.; Barker, D.; Bacard, G. (2003).
4249:
2611:"Plant Cell Responses to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Getting to the Roots of the Symbiosis"
1059:
AM fungi have been shown to improve plant tolerance to abiotic environmental factors such as
801:
459:
218:
83:
71:
4598:
Auge, RM (2001). "Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis".
3011:"Mycorrhizal Fungi Can Dominate Phosphate Supply to Plants Irrespective of Growth Responses"
247:
include nitrogen (ammonium) and zinc. Benefits from colonization include tolerances to many
6461:
6428:
6378:
6349:
6211:
6027:
5988:
5902:
5833:
5722:
5683:
5646:
5558:
5514:
5452:
5352:
5293:
5242:
5191:
5140:
4994:
4736:
4681:
4607:
4525:
4514:"Mycorrhiza reduces adverse effects of dark septate endophytes (DSE) on growth of conifers"
4476:
4430:
4395:
4360:
4272:
4208:
4148:
4060:
4017:
3974:
3896:
3847:
3761:
3710:
3599:
3536:
3491:
3444:
3179:
3074:
2854:
2757:
2513:
2470:
2408:
2311:
2020:, La paléobotanique et l'évolution du monde végétal : Quelques problèmes d'actualité,
1947:
1739:
1596:"A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data"
971:. The populations of AM fungi is greatest in plant communities with high diversity such as
779:
214:
151:. This subphylum, along with the Mortierellomycotina, and Mucoromycotina, form the phylum
6108:
6103:
5547:
4953:
1909:
1904:
8:
5822:"Characterization of growing microorganisms in soil by stable isotope probing with H218O"
3122:"Conserved Meiotic Machinery in Glomus SPP., a Putatively Ancient Asexual Fungal Lineage"
1308:
972:
894:
783:
724:
6465:
6432:
6382:
6353:
6215:
6107: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
6031:
5992:
5906:
5837:
5726:
5687:
5650:
5562:
5518:
5456:
5356:
5297:
5246:
5195:
5144:
4998:
4740:
4685:
4611:
4529:
4480:
4434:
4399:
4364:
4276:
4212:
4152:
4064:
4021:
3978:
3900:
3851:
3765:
3714:
3603:
3540:
3495:
3448:
3383:
Opik, M; Vanatoa A; Vanatoa E; Moora M; Davidson J; Kalwij JM; Reier U; Zobel M (2010).
3183:
3078:
2858:
2761:
2517:
2474:
2412:
2315:
2048:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
1951:
1908: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
1743:
6641:
6545:
6540:
6523:
6510:
6477:
6139:
6059:
5961:
5918:
5854:
5821:
5799:
5751:
5710:
5659:
5634:
5582:
5530:
5375:
5340:
5317:
5266:
5215:
5164:
5018:
4967:
4917:
4890:
4853:
4786:
4704:
4669:
4623:
4548:
4513:
4333:
4288:
4169:
4136:
4076:
4033:
3784:
3745:
3680:
3615:
3567:
3524:
3460:
3358:
3301:
3274:
3250:
3223:
3203:
3146:
3097:
3062:
3035:
3010:
2870:
2789:
2730:
2687:
2630:
2554:
2537:
2486:
2432:
2334:
2299:
2252:
2068:
1755:
1694:
1628:
1595:
1569:
1508:
133:
6583:
6558:
6390:
6361:
6323:
6298:
6223:
5499:
5475:
5440:
4193:
3649:
2906:"Carbon Uptake and the Metabolism and Transport of Lipids in an Arbuscular Mycorrhiza"
2825:
2808:
2643:
2610:
2581:
2556:
6646:
6588:
6328:
6272:"Soil and fertilizer phosphorus: effects on plant supply and mycorrhizal development"
6254:
6249:
6232:
6063:
6051:
6043:
5953:
5938:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences
5859:
5791:
5756:
5738:
5695:
5574:
5526:
5480:
5421:
5416:
5399:
5380:
5309:
5258:
5207:
5156:
5152:
5098:
5093:
5073:"A meta-analysis of mycorrhizal responses to nitrogen, phosphorus, and atmospheric CO
5053:
5010:
4922:
4709:
4553:
4488:
4452:
4407:
4372:
4221:
4174:
4117:
4112:
4095:
3990:
3947:
3942:
3925:
3909:
3884:
3865:
3860:
3835:
3789:
3726:
3672:
3668:
3572:
3554:
3504:
3479:
3428:
3406:
3401:
3384:
3306:
3255:
3195:
3151:
3102:
3040:
2935:
2930:
2905:
2809:"Cost efficiency of nutrient acquisition of mycorrhizal symbiosis for the host plant"
2781:
2773:
2695:
2667:
2648:
2586:
2529:
2424:
2339:
2257:
2208:
2167:
2153:
2117:
2109:
2073:
1975:
1970:
1933:
1859:
1855:
1823:
1705:
1674:
1669:
1652:
1633:
1615:
1573:
1559:
1164:
968:
822:
Recent research has shown that AM fungi release an diffusional factor, known as the
679:
442:
297:
137:
6549:
6514:
6481:
6143:
5965:
5922:
5803:
5586:
5534:
5321:
5270:
5168:
4971:
4875:
4857:
4627:
4292:
4080:
4037:
3684:
3619:
3464:
3061:
Mateus, I. D.; Auxier, B.; Ndiaye MMS; Cruz, J.; Lee, S. J.; Sanders, I. R. (2022).
2874:
2793:
2734:
2541:
2490:
998:
for their host plants. This may be due to the opposite selective pressure involved.
27:
Symbiotic penetrative association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant
6612:
INVAM: International Culture Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
6578:
6570:
6535:
6502:
6469:
6436:
6407:
6386:
6357:
6318:
6310:
6283:
6244:
6219:
6175:
6131:
6090:
6035:
5996:
5945:
5910:
5849:
5841:
5783:
5746:
5730:
5691:
5654:
5610:
5566:
5522:
5470:
5460:
5411:
5370:
5360:
5301:
5250:
5219:
5199:
5148:
5088:
5045:
5002:
4957:
4949:
4912:
4902:
4845:
4818:
4790:
4778:
4744:
4699:
4689:
4650:
4615:
4580:
4543:
4533:
4492:
4484:
4448:
4403:
4368:
4337:
4323:
4315:
4280:
4245:
4216:
4164:
4156:
4107:
4068:
4025:
3982:
3937:
3904:
3855:
3816:
3779:
3769:
3718:
3664:
3607:
3562:
3544:
3499:
3452:
3396:
3296:
3286:
3245:
3235:
3207:
3187:
3141:
3133:
3092:
3082:
3030:
3022:
2971:
2925:
2917:
2862:
2820:
2765:
2722:
2679:
2638:
2622:
2576:
2568:
2521:
2478:
2436:
2416:
2329:
2319:
2247:
2239:
2198:
2157:
2149:
2099:
2063:
2055:
2025:
1965:
1955:
1891:
1851:
1815:
1790:
1759:
1747:
1730:
1664:
1623:
1607:
1565:
1286:
252:
30:
6000:
5465:
5397:
5336:
5022:
3456:
3275:"Plant Signaling and Metabolic Pathways Enabling Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis"
568:, that enable hyphal growth toward the roots of a potential host plant: Spores of
213:
to soil structure (see below). This knowledge is applicable to human endeavors of
6039:
4822:
4748:
4538:
3520:
3087:
2203:
2186:
2140:
1292:
977:
720:
592:
When arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae encounter the root of a host plant, an
570:
395:
269:
117:
39:
6440:
4137:"Severe plant invasions can increase mycorrhizal fungal abundance and diversity"
1534:
The International Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM)
1490:
Glomalin is hypothesized to improve soil aggregate water stability and decrease
1271:
519:
5892:
5734:
4674:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3754:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2887:
Harley, J.L., Smith, S.E., 1983. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press: London.
2029:
1939:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1503:
1264:
organisms with specific metabolic pathways, as would happen when using C andN.
1231:
1195:
731:
437:
288:
188:
141:
125:
6607:
Mycorrhizal Associations: The Web Resource. Section 4: Arbuscular Mycorrhizas.
6506:
6488:
6473:
6411:
6200:"Winter Wheat cover cropping, VA mycorrhizal fungi and maize growth and yield"
6197:
6135:
5949:
5914:
5614:
5570:
5254:
5006:
4849:
4782:
4670:"Resource limitation is a driver of local adaptation in mycorrhizal symbioses"
4640:
4319:
4284:
4072:
4029:
2769:
2726:
2525:
1794:
6635:
6556:
6269:
6095:
6078:
6047:
5957:
5742:
5398:
Ehinger, Martine O.; Daniel Croll; Alexander M. Koch; Ian R. Sanders (2012).
4907:
3558:
3426:
2903:
2777:
2666:
Lara Armstrong; R. Larry Peterson; Lara Armstrong; R. Larry Peterson (2002).
2113:
1960:
1619:
1360:
1160:
1135:
981:
964:
877:"Fungal lipochitooligosaccharide symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza."
746:
Mycorrhizal activity increases the phosphorus concentration available in the
552:
535:
502:
307:, which are ancient plants possessing characteristics of vascular plants and
195:
179:
148:
5365:
5072:
4694:
3926:"Plant neighborhood control of arbuscular mycorrhizal community composition"
3774:
3635:
Host-specificity and functional diversity among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
3549:
3432:
2324:
2286:
1896:
1879:
1727:
518:
and in soil. However, the rate of germination can be increased by host root
466:
gene evolution in the fungal kingdom is much older than previously thought.
6592:
6452:) in relation to previous crop and cover crop management on high P soils".
6332:
6258:
6055:
5978:
5863:
5795:
5760:
5578:
5425:
5384:
5341:"Spore development and nuclear inheritance in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi"
5313:
5262:
5211:
5160:
5102:
5057:
5014:
4926:
4713:
4584:
4557:
4178:
4121:
3994:
3951:
3869:
3806:
3793:
3730:
3676:
3576:
3519:
Leff, Jonathan W.; Jones, Stuart E.; Prober, Suzanne M.; Barberán, Albert;
3410:
3336:
Smith, S.E., Read D.J. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. 2002. Academic Press: London.
3310:
3259:
3199:
3155:
3106:
3044:
2960:"Impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on N and P cycling in the root zone"
2939:
2785:
2699:
2652:
2590:
2533:
2428:
2386:
2343:
2300:"Spore development and nuclear inheritance in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi"
2261:
2212:
2171:
2121:
2077:
2059:
1979:
1678:
1637:
1528:
1491:
1303:
1125:
790:, including seven meiosis-specific genes were found to be conserved in the
663:
593:
480:
277:
152:
6574:
5708:
5484:
4619:
4160:
3026:
2626:
2482:
1819:
1030:
564:
Further evidence that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi exhibit host-specific
542:
conditions and could thus contribute to reduced mycorrhizal colonization.
6296:
5845:
3833:
3291:
3240:
3137:
2921:
2243:
2162:
1487:
afforested, and agricultural land and grasslands treated with fungicide.
1092:
1072:
902:
747:
222:
198:; the term has been changed to 'Arbuscular Mycorrhizae' to include them.
60:
5787:
5599:
5116:
Glomalin. "Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon".
5049:
4872:"Lipochitooligosaccharides Stimulating Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis"
4050:
3273:
MacLean, Allyson M.; Bravo, Armando; Harrison, Maria J. (October 2017).
3191:
2420:
1063:. They alleviate salt stress and benefit plant growth and productivity.
344:
while increasing the fitness of both the fungi and the plant symbionts.
6418:
6270:
Grant, C.; Bitman, S.; Montreal, M.; Plenchette, C.; Morel, C. (2005).
5305:
4328:
3611:
2866:
2691:
2634:
1513:
1477:
918:
898:
831:
827:
618:
601:
597:
565:
337:
326:
312:
202:
167:
102:
82:
Bilayered glomoid spore of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the root of
6314:
6121:
5334:
5203:
4497:
3986:
3722:
3700:
3170:
lipochitooligosaccharide symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza".
2572:
2104:
1700:. Frontiers in Physics. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. p.
4570:
4134:
3477:
3121:
2012:
Strullu-Derrien, Christine; Strullu, Désiré-Georges (November 2007),
1751:
1469:
by the production of extraradical hyphae and a soil protein known as
1345:
1003:
859:
698:
659:
647:
629:
413:
390:(2010) investigated plant genes involved in communication with order
308:
184:
106:
56:
6489:
Thingstrup, I.; G. Rubaek; E. Sibbensen; I. Jakobsen (1999). "Flax (
6397:
6288:
6271:
6180:
6163:
2976:
2959:
2683:
2458:
6606:
6199:
4667:
3433:"Global diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi"
2747:
2456:
1611:
1480:
1476:
Glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSP) have been identified using a
1470:
1060:
995:
906:
835:
805:
767:
759:
702:
694:
683:
514:
446:. The proven conservation of a circadian clock and output genes in
391:
355:
interaction that developed into a mutually beneficial relationship.
352:
341:
322:
281:
210:
175:
163:
4385:
3478:
Lekberg, Y; Koide RT; Rohr JR; Aldirch-Wolfe L; Morton JB (2007).
2806:
2366:
Roots and Soil Management: Interactions between roots and the soil
2297:
2089:
1931:
336:
exhibit a vesicular morphology closely resembling that of present
6447:
4764:"stress alleviation using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A review"
4668:
Johnson, NC; Wilson GWT; Bowker MA; Wilson JA; Miller RM (2010).
4007:
3647:
3220:
1844:"2 - Colonization of roots and anatomy of arbuscular mycorrhizas"
1808:
Moore, David; Robson, Geoffrey D.; Trinci, Anthony P. J. (2020),
1386:
1341:
994:
for colonization of potential AM host plant species as do fungal
787:
710:
655:
333:
315:
248:
206:
156:
5497:
4305:
2136:
1934:"Four hundred-million-year-old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae"
1132:, do not establish arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on their roots.
921:
may involve the CSSP components such as Myc-factor recognition.
6616:
1992:
1878:
Jacott, Catherine; Murray, Jeremy; Ridout, Christopher (2017).
1363:
can benefit by promoting arbuscular mycorrhizae establishment.
1129:
791:
687:
625:
419:
303:
243:
171:
132:. Arbuscular mycorrhiza is a type of endomycorrhiza along with
109:
6014:
Akhtar, Ovaid; Kehri, Harbans Kaur; Zoomi, Ifra (2020-09-15).
3648:
Husband, R; Herre EA; Turner SL; Gallery R; Young JPW (2002).
3168:
3008:
863:
The chemical structure of MycRi-IV (C16:0,S), a Myc factor of
534:
through the soil is controlled by host root exudates known as
6198:
Boswell, E. P.; R.T. Koide; D.L. Shumway; H.D. Addy. (1998).
3589:
3382:
2398:
1465:
projects and the rapidity of soil recovery. AM fungi enhance
1272:
sRNA and sRNA processing mechanism to understand AM symbiosis
1075:
is the soil zone in the immediate vicinity of a root system.
716:
531:
6076:
2904:
Pfeffer, P.; Douds D.; Becard, G.; Shachar-Hill, Y. (1999).
786:
structures. However, homologs of 51 genes that function in
239:
Positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization
147:
Arbuscular mycorrhizae are formed by fungi in the subphylum
47:
5130:
4655:
10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1895:neamaa]2.0.co;2
3834:
van der Heijden, MGA; Bardgett RD; Van Straalen NM (2008).
3821:
10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2082:damfsa]2.0.co;2
3626:
3119:
1367:
1225:
121:
35:
6368:
5438:
4726:
4465:
3060:
1592:
1136:
Molecular genetic analyses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
1106:
727:
and contribution to the below-ground organic carbon pool.
70:
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae in the terminal roots of
6230:
5673:
4235:
4093:
2503:
651:
650:, which indicates increased transcription of the plant's
5035:
4808:
3958:
3917:
1461:
Restoration of native AM fungi increases the success of
1119:
1095:
and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in mycorrhizal legumes.
426:
6164:"Arbuscular mycorrhizae, glomalin and soil aggregation"
5773:
5283:
4135:
Lekberg, Y; Gibbons SM; Rosendahl S; Ramsey PW (2013).
3518:
1031:
Interactions between AM fungi and other plant symbionts
751:
741:
nitrogen nutrition in the arbuscular mycorrhizal system
401:
5498:
Helgason, Thorunn; Fitter, A.H.; Young, J.P.W (1999).
4761:
4194:"Darkness visible: reflections on underground ecology"
2608:
2011:
1047:
295:
species. Colonized fossil roots have been observed in
4350:
4262:
2368:. US: American Society of Agronomy. pp. 183–197.
1653:"Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants"
1453:
early growth, which greatly improves the crop yield.
228:
6521:
4984:
4942:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
4238:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
3827:
3800:
3743:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3272:
2228:
1307:
phosphorus uptake and soil nitrogen content, higher
155:, a sister clade of the more well-known and diverse
6339:
4933:
3344:
3342:
4511:
2044:
1877:
1693:
5935:
5815:
5813:
4978:
4963:20.500.11755/0f7d61b9-e435-4da3-b3d6-3ca115bdbdb5
4882:
3964:
3882:
3371:
2298:Marleau J; Dalpé Y; St-Arnaud M; Hijri M (2011).
1932:Remy, W.; Taylor, T.; Hass, H.; Kerp, H. (1994).
1807:
1432:
1207:
436:) is activated by the blue light, similar to the
6633:
6013:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
3923:
3339:
2712:
2457:Nagahashi, G; Douds, D. D.; Abney, G.D. (1996).
2281:
2279:
1691:
988:
4564:
4094:Kivlin, Stephanie; Christine V. Hawkes (2011).
3529:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2807:Tuomi, J.; Kytoviita, M.; Hardling, R. (2001).
1692:Barbour, M.G.; Burk, J.H.; Pitts, W.D. (1980).
1650:
1241:
673:
6157:
6155:
6153:
5810:
5628:
5626:
5624:
4939:
4505:
4420:
4087:
3696:
3694:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
1052:Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi vary across many
1017:
697:. Inside the mycelium, hexose is converted to
5879:
5541:
5491:
5064:
4762:Porcel, R; Aroca, R; Ruiz-Lozano, JM (2012).
3876:
3422:
3420:
3056:
3054:
2389:, Douds, D.D. Minnesota: APS Press. Pp 11–18.
2276:
1128:), such as cabbage, cauliflower, canola, and
897:in plants that seen to be activated in both
5972:
5767:
5328:
5277:
4835:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4661:
4634:
4379:
4344:
4256:
4128:
3641:
3471:
3363:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3004:
3002:
3000:
1772:
1644:
1340:Conventional agriculture practices, such as
811:
773:
273:facilitated the development of land plants.
6150:
5621:
5124:
5029:
4229:
4044:
4001:
3691:
3348:
3317:
3009:Smith, S.; Smith, A.; Jakobsen, I. (2003).
2844:
2548:
2363:
1393:1995, McGonigle & Miller 1999, Mozafar
1291:Disturbance of native plant communities in
6161:
5439:Simon, L; Lalonde, M.; Bruns, T.D (1992).
5432:
4299:
4185:
3737:
3632:
3583:
3417:
3051:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2224:
2222:
1685:
1002:fungi, and some plants may be facultative
6582:
6539:
6322:
6287:
6248:
6179:
6094:
5853:
5750:
5658:
5474:
5464:
5415:
5374:
5364:
5226:
5092:
4961:
4916:
4906:
4797:
4703:
4693:
4591:
4547:
4537:
4496:
4442:
4414:
4327:
4220:
4168:
4111:
3941:
3908:
3859:
3783:
3773:
3566:
3548:
3503:
3400:
3300:
3290:
3249:
3239:
3145:
3096:
3086:
3034:
2997:
2975:
2957:
2929:
2824:
2659:
2642:
2580:
2392:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2333:
2323:
2287:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-018-0843-y
2251:
2202:
2161:
2103:
2067:
1969:
1959:
1895:
1841:
1766:
1668:
1627:
1524:Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage
5819:
5667:
5070:
4829:
4720:
4459:
4250:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173454
3427:Kivlin, Stephanie; Christine V. Hawkes;
2953:
2951:
2949:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
1416:
1319:
1226:Future research directions with AM fungi
1187:willingness to troubleshoot in the lab.
858:
852:Recognition of Myc factors triggers the
490:
232:
77:
65:
46:
29:
6627:Janusz Blaszkowski – Information on AMF
6617:Phylogeny and taxonomy of Glomeromycota
6342:Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
6204:Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
5593:
5391:
5181:
5175:
4889:Schrey, Silvia D.; et al. (2012).
2890:
2443:
2219:
2132:
2130:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1723:
1721:
1328:on plant performance and soil fertility
1259:microbial organisms in my system? The H
1107:Glomeromycota and global climate change
14:
6634:
6020:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
5826:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
5632:
4888:
4191:
2990:H. Bücking and Y.Shachar-Hill (2005).
2881:
2497:
2350:
2185:Ané, JM; et al. (November 2002).
1326:Impacts of AMF and beneficial bacteria
1148:
1066:
800:genetic exchange involving reciprocal
666:is reorganized around the arbuscules.
4954:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110411-160423
2946:
2833:
2800:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2372:
2040:
2038:
1120:Plants lacking arbuscular mycorrhizae
584:signals from a potential host plant.
427:Circadian clock evolution in AM fungi
381:
351:Mycorrhizal symbiosis evolved from a
6231:Bücking H.; Shachar-Hill Y. (2005).
5232:
5115:
4771:Agronomy for Sustainable Development
4597:
2191:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
2127:
1916:
1842:Smith, Sally A; Read, David (2008),
1718:
486:
402:AM fungi and cyanobacteria symbiosis
201:Advances in research on mycorrhizal
5339:; St-Arnaud, M.; Hijri, M. (2011).
2184:
2178:
1986:
1280:
1174:
1048:Response to environmental gradients
545:
423:symbiosis was previously reported.
24:
6541:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb04443.x
5660:10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00621.x
2597:
2035:
1773:Schüßler, A.; et al. (2001).
1570:10.1016/b978-0-12-370526-6.x5001-6
1540:Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum
891:Common Symbiotic Signaling Pathway
854:common symbiotic signaling pathway
818:Common Symbiotic Signaling Pathway
750:. Mycorrhizae lower the root zone
624:is characterized by the growth of
229:Evolution of mycorrhizal symbiosis
25:
6663:
6600:
6400:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
6276:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
2826:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.920108.x
1405:3, McGonigle & Miller 1999).
358:Mycorrhizal fungi developed from
6250:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01274.x
6168:Canadian Journal of Soil Science
6115:
6102:
6070:
6007:
5929:
5870:
5527:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00604.x
5417:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04278.x
5153:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02453.x
5094:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01159.x
4512:Reininger, V; Sieber TN (2012).
4489:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01853.x
4453:10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15973.x
4408:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01099.x
4373:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20153.x
4222:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2005.00990.x
4113:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03494.x
3943:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02882.x
3910:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02046.x
3883:Vannette, RL; Rasmann S (2012).
3861:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01139.x
3669:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01647.x
3505:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01193.x
3402:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03334.x
2964:Canadian Journal of Soil Science
2154:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03137.x
1903:
1856:10.1016/B978-012370526-6.50004-0
1670:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x
1519:Mycorrhizae and changing climate
525:
362:fungi that became endosymbiotic.
162:AM fungi help plants to capture
6622:Mycorrhizal Literature Exchange
6522:Timmer, L.; Leyden, R. (1980).
5702:
5603:Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. China
5109:
4864:
4755:
3512:
3349:Smith, Read, Sally, DJ (2008).
3266:
3214:
3162:
3113:
2984:
2741:
2706:
2609:Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. (1996).
2291:
2267:
2083:
2005:
1811:21st Century Guidebook to Fungi
1456:
1124:Members of the mustard family (
958:
778:AM fungi have been regarded as
628:from one cell to the next; and
587:
474:
263:
5895:Biology and Fertility of Soils
3924:Haumann, N; Hawkes CV (2009).
1871:
1835:
1801:
1586:
1552:
1433:Perennialized cropping systems
1315:
255:stresses through induction of
13:
1:
6391:10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00165-6
6362:10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00121-8
6224:10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00094-7
6001:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.09.002
5676:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
5466:10.1128/AEM.58.1.291-295.1992
5118:Agricultural Research Journal
3457:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.07.012
3437:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
1546:
1444:1998, Sorensen et al. 2005).
1190:
989:Response to plant communities
782:because they lack observable
469:
462:of Dikarya, and suggests the
191:families in existence today.
6040:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110869
5696:10.1016/0038-0717(85)90036-7
4823:10.1016/j.apsoil.2004.06.007
4749:10.1016/j.pedobi.2011.12.004
4539:10.1371/journal.pone.0042865
3126:Genome Biology and Evolution
3088:10.1371/journal.pone.0270481
2232:Genome Biology and Evolution
2204:10.1094/MPMI.2002.15.11.1108
1242:Stable Isotope Probing (SIP)
1202:
949:3. The Accommodation program
928:1.The Pre-Contact Signaling,
674:Nutrient uptake and exchange
662:proliferate. The plant cell
608:
257:systemic acquired resistance
42:containing paired arbuscules
7:
6441:10.2134/agronj2000.9261117x
5776:Nature Reviews Microbiology
3353:. New York: Academic Press.
2994:New Phytologist 165:899–912
1497:
1018:AM fungi and plant invasion
10:
6668:
5735:10.1038/s41598-020-58025-3
5038:American Journal of Botany
4573:Canadian Journal of Botany
2030:10.1016/j.crpv.2007.09.006
1779:: phylogeny and evolution"
1775:"A new fungal phylum, the
1381:
1284:
1153:
953:
815:
766:uptake also increases the
658:shrink and other cellular
6474:10.1007/s11104-004-6960-8
6412:10.3109/07388559509147411
5950:10.1007/s40011-017-0914-4
5915:10.1007/s00374-002-0546-5
5820:Schwartz, Egbert (2007).
5639:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
5633:Olsson, Pal Axel (1999).
5615:10.1007/s11783-011-0301-y
5571:10.1007/s00572-013-0486-y
5255:10.1007/s00572-013-0482-2
5007:10.1007/s00248-012-0151-6
4783:10.1007/s13593-011-0029-x
4320:10.1007/s11557-008-0579-8
4285:10.1007/s13199-010-0083-1
4073:10.1007/s11104-005-4826-3
4030:10.1007/s10530-004-3856-8
3633:Klironomos, John (2000).
2770:10.1007/s00572-004-0310-9
2727:10.1007/s10267-004-0212-x
2526:10.1007/s00572-005-0362-5
1850:(Third ed.): 42–90,
1795:10.1017/S0953756201005196
1696:Terrestrial plant ecology
812:Mechanism of colonization
808:between haploid genomes.
774:Meiosis and recombination
754:by selective uptake of NH
707:pentose phosphate pathway
454:gene, which is the first
140:(not to be confused with
116:, or AMF) penetrates the
6191:
6096:10.3390/agronomy10010106
5445:Appl. Environ. Microbiol
5345:BMC Evolutionary Biology
4908:10.1186/1471-2180-12-164
2304:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1961:10.1073/pnas.91.25.11841
1651:Brundrett, M.C. (2002).
1467:soil aggregate stability
1344:, heavy fertilizers and
408:horizontal gene transfer
6507:10.1023/A:1004362310788
6136:10.1023/A:1024807820579
5366:10.1186/1471-2148-11-51
4850:10.1023/A:1013204803560
4695:10.1073/pnas.0906710107
3775:10.1073/pnas.0912421107
3550:10.1073/pnas.1508382112
2325:10.1186/1471-2148-11-51
1897:10.3390/agronomy7040075
1054:environmental gradients
1042:dark septate endophytes
909:), as well as found in
865:Rhizophagus irregularis
846:Rhizophagus irregularis
797:Rhizophagus irregularis
5981:Ecological Engineering
4585:10.1139/cjb-79-10-1161
2060:10.1098/rstb.2016.0500
2018:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1463:ecological restoration
1334:
1300:ecological restoration
969:sand dune environments
886:
826:, which activates the
804:was found to occur in
508:
260:
86:
75:
63:
53:fluorescent microscopy
44:
18:Arbuscular mycorrhizae
6575:10.1104/pp.108.4.1519
5071:Treseder, KK (2004).
4620:10.1007/s005720100097
4161:10.1038/ismej.2013.41
3351:Mycorrhizal symbiosis
3027:10.1104/pp.103.024380
2627:10.1105/tpc.8.10.1871
2483:10.1007/s005720050139
1848:Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
1820:10.1017/9781108776387
1561:Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
1417:Phosphorus fertilizer
1323:
1312:for crop production.
1038:ectomycorrhizal fungi
862:
500:Time-lapse series on
499:
332:Mycorrhizas from the
236:
219:ecosystem restoration
91:arbuscular mycorrhiza
81:
69:
59:stained with WGA and
50:
33:
6371:Applied Soil Ecology
5846:10.1128/AEM.02021-06
4811:Applied Soil Ecology
4308:Mycological Progress
4010:Biological Invasions
3429:Kathleen K. Treseder
3292:10.1105/tpc.17.00555
3241:10.1105/tpc.18.00676
2922:10.1104/pp.120.2.587
973:tropical rainforests
915:pathogen recognition
682:. They have limited
215:ecosystem management
183:those that do. This
6491:Linum usitatissimum
6466:2005PlSoi.273..101S
6433:2000AgrJ...92.1117M
6383:1999AppSE..12...41M
6354:2000AgEE...78..167K
6216:1998AgEE...67...55B
6162:Rillig, M. (2004).
6032:2020EcoES.20110869A
5993:2011EcEng..37..199F
5907:2003BioFS..37....1J
5838:2007ApEnM..73.2541S
5788:10.1038/nrmicro1162
5727:2020NatSR..10.1303M
5688:1985SBiBi..17..611S
5651:1999FEMME..29..303O
5563:2013Mycor..23..515R
5519:1999MolEc...8..659H
5457:1992ApEnM..58..291S
5357:2011BMCEE..11...51M
5298:1991Oecol..86..349J
5247:2013Mycor..23..411O
5196:2013MolEc..22.2573J
5145:2005MolEc..14..743S
5050:10.3732/ajb.1200558
4999:2013MicEc..65..671W
4741:2012Pedob..55..145G
4686:2010PNAS..107.2093J
4612:2001Mycor..11....3A
4530:2012PLoSO...742865R
4481:2011FuEco..25..910L
4435:2008Oikos.117..310M
4400:2006FuEco..20..226O
4365:2012Oikos.121.2090L
4277:2010Symbi..51..139L
4213:2005JEcol..93..231F
4192:Fitter, AH (2005).
4153:2013ISMEJ...7.1424L
4065:2006PlSoi.281..369H
4022:2006BiInv...8..217B
3979:2010Ecol...91.2333H
3901:2012FuEco..26.1033V
3852:2008EcolL..11..296V
3766:2010PNAS..10710938D
3760:(24): 10938–10942.
3715:2013Ecol...94.1389H
3604:1995PlSoi.170...47A
3541:2015PNAS..11210967L
3535:(35): 10967–10972.
3521:Borer, Elizabeth T.
3496:2007JEcol..95...95L
3449:2011SBiBi..43.2294K
3192:10.1038/nature09622
3184:2011Natur.469...58M
3079:2022PLoSO..1770481M
2859:1991PlSoi.134..189B
2762:2005Mycor..15..129M
2518:2005Mycor..15..539S
2475:1996Mycor...6..403N
2421:10.1038/nature03608
2413:2005Natur.435..824A
2316:2011BMCEE..11...51M
1952:1994PNAS...9111841R
1946:(25): 11841–11843.
1744:1993Natur.363...67S
1309:soil organic matter
1251:cells, the use of H
1149:Overview of methods
1067:Rhizosphere ecology
725:mycorrhizal network
713:for nucleic acids.
553:Gigaspora margarita
503:Gigaspora margarita
5715:Scientific Reports
5306:10.1007/bf00317600
4469:Functional Ecology
4388:Functional Ecology
4201:Journal of Ecology
3889:Functional Ecology
3612:10.1007/bf02183054
3484:Journal of Ecology
3138:10.1093/gbe/evr089
2958:Hamel, C. (2004).
2867:10.1007/BF00012037
2244:10.1093/gbe/evy002
1509:Ericoid mycorrhiza
1335:
942:2.C. Transcription
887:
836:rhizobial bacteria
680:obligate symbionts
509:
382:Molecular evidence
261:
134:ericoid mycorrhiza
87:
76:
64:
55:image of a fungal
45:
6315:10.1104/pp.011882
5507:Molecular Ecology
5204:10.1111/mec.12268
5184:Molecular Ecology
5133:Molecular Ecology
5077:in field studies"
4987:Microbial Ecology
4579:(10): 1161–1166.
4359:(12): 2090–2096.
3987:10.1890/09-0924.1
3973:(8): 2333–23343.
3723:10.1890/12-1700.1
3663:(12): 2669–2678.
3657:Molecular Ecology
3443:(11): 2294–2303.
3285:(10): 2319–2335.
3234:(10): 2386–2410.
2621:(10): 1871–1883.
2573:10.1104/pp.012898
2407:(7043): 824–827.
2105:10.1111/nph.15076
1789:(12): 1413–1421.
1711:978-0-8053-0540-1
1579:978-0-12-370526-6
939:2.B. Transmission
895:Signaling cascade
828:nodulation factor
709:, which produces
530:The growth of AM
497:
487:Spore germination
443:Neurospora crassa
440:circadian fungus
298:Aglaophyton major
138:orchid mycorrhiza
16:(Redirected from
6659:
6596:
6586:
6569:(4): 1519–1525.
6563:Plant Physiology
6553:
6543:
6518:
6485:
6460:(1–2): 101–114.
6444:
6427:(6): 1117–1124.
6421:Agronomy Journal
6415:
6406:(3–4): 241–255.
6394:
6365:
6336:
6326:
6303:Plant Physiology
6293:
6291:
6262:
6252:
6227:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6159:
6148:
6147:
6119:
6113:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6011:
6005:
6004:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5890:
5877:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5857:
5832:(8): 2541–2546.
5817:
5808:
5807:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5754:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5630:
5619:
5618:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5504:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5468:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5419:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5378:
5368:
5335:Marleau, Julie;
5332:
5326:
5325:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5190:(9): 2573–2587.
5179:
5173:
5172:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5096:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5044:(7): 1445–1457.
5033:
5027:
5026:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4965:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4920:
4910:
4895:BMC Microbiology
4886:
4880:
4879:
4874:. Archived from
4868:
4862:
4861:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4806:
4795:
4794:
4768:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4697:
4680:(5): 2093–2098.
4665:
4659:
4658:
4649:(7): 1895–1908.
4638:
4632:
4631:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4551:
4541:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4446:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4198:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4147:(7): 1424–1433.
4132:
4126:
4125:
4115:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4059:(1–2): 369–380.
4048:
4042:
4041:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3945:
3936:(4): 1188–1200.
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3895:(5): 1033–1042.
3880:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3815:(6): 2082–2091.
3804:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3777:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3709:(6): 1389–1399.
3698:
3689:
3688:
3654:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3552:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3380:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3337:
3334:
3315:
3314:
3304:
3294:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3253:
3243:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3149:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3090:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3015:Plant Physiology
3006:
2995:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2955:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2910:Plant Physiology
2901:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2842:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2606:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2567:(3): 1468–1478.
2561:Plant Physiology
2552:
2546:
2545:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2396:
2390:
2383:
2370:
2369:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2327:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2107:
2098:(4): 1012–1030,
2087:
2081:
2080:
2071:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2024:(6–7): 483–494,
2009:
2003:
2002:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1929:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1752:10.1038/363067a0
1725:
1716:
1715:
1699:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1606:(5): 1028–1046.
1590:
1584:
1583:
1556:
1287:Phytoremediation
1281:Phytoremediation
1209:
1175:qPCR and qRT-PCR
978:aquatic habitats
901:perception (for
867:as indicated in
546:Host recognition
498:
458:gene identified
21:
6667:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6632:
6631:
6603:
6528:New Phytologist
6289:10.4141/P03-182
6266:pp. 42–47.
6237:New Phytologist
6194:
6189:
6181:10.4141/S04-003
6160:
6151:
6120:
6116:
6075:
6071:
6012:
6008:
5977:
5973:
5934:
5930:
5891:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5818:
5811:
5772:
5768:
5707:
5703:
5672:
5668:
5631:
5622:
5598:
5594:
5546:
5542:
5502:
5496:
5492:
5437:
5433:
5404:New Phytologist
5396:
5392:
5333:
5329:
5282:
5278:
5231:
5227:
5180:
5176:
5129:
5125:
5114:
5110:
5081:New Phytologist
5076:
5069:
5065:
5034:
5030:
4983:
4979:
4938:
4934:
4887:
4883:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4834:
4830:
4807:
4798:
4766:
4760:
4756:
4725:
4721:
4666:
4662:
4639:
4635:
4596:
4592:
4569:
4565:
4510:
4506:
4464:
4460:
4444:10.1.1.722.4169
4419:
4415:
4384:
4380:
4349:
4345:
4304:
4300:
4261:
4257:
4234:
4230:
4196:
4190:
4186:
4133:
4129:
4100:New Phytologist
4092:
4088:
4049:
4045:
4006:
4002:
3963:
3959:
3930:New Phytologist
3922:
3918:
3881:
3877:
3840:Ecology Letters
3832:
3828:
3805:
3801:
3749:
3742:
3738:
3699:
3692:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3631:
3627:
3588:
3584:
3517:
3513:
3476:
3472:
3425:
3418:
3389:New Phytologist
3381:
3372:
3356:
3355:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3318:
3271:
3267:
3219:
3215:
3178:(7328): 58–63.
3167:
3163:
3118:
3114:
3073:(7): e0270481.
3059:
3052:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2985:
2977:10.4141/S04-004
2956:
2947:
2902:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2843:
2834:
2805:
2801:
2746:
2742:
2711:
2707:
2684:10.2307/3761710
2664:
2660:
2607:
2598:
2553:
2549:
2502:
2498:
2455:
2444:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2373:
2362:
2351:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2227:
2220:
2197:(11): 1108–18.
2183:
2179:
2141:New Phytologist
2135:
2128:
2092:New Phytologist
2088:
2084:
2043:
2036:
2010:
2006:
1995:Current Science
1991:
1987:
1930:
1917:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1806:
1802:
1771:
1767:
1738:(6424): 67–69.
1726:
1719:
1712:
1690:
1686:
1657:New Phytologist
1649:
1645:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1500:
1459:
1435:
1419:
1384:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1318:
1293:desertification
1289:
1283:
1274:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1228:
1211:
1193:
1177:
1156:
1151:
1138:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1069:
1050:
1033:
1020:
991:
961:
956:
936:2.A. Perception
832:nitrogen fixing
820:
814:
776:
765:
757:
721:gluconeogenesis
676:
611:
590:
582:
548:
528:
491:
489:
477:
472:
429:
404:
384:
311:with primitive
270:paleobiological
266:
241:
231:
149:Glomeromycotina
101:) is a type of
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6665:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6602:
6601:External links
6599:
6598:
6597:
6554:
6519:
6495:Plant and Soil
6486:
6454:Plant and Soil
6445:
6416:
6395:
6366:
6348:(2): 167–174.
6337:
6309:(3): 952–962.
6294:
6267:
6263:
6243:(3): 889–912.
6228:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6174:(4): 355–363.
6149:
6130:(2): 293–299.
6124:Plant and Soil
6114:
6069:
6006:
5987:(2): 199–205.
5971:
5928:
5878:
5869:
5809:
5782:(6): 499–504.
5766:
5701:
5682:(5): 611–618.
5666:
5645:(4): 303–310.
5620:
5592:
5557:(7): 515–531.
5540:
5513:(4): 659–666.
5490:
5451:(1): 291–295.
5431:
5410:(3): 853–861.
5390:
5327:
5292:(3): 349–358.
5276:
5241:(5): 411–430.
5225:
5174:
5139:(3): 743–752.
5123:
5108:
5087:(2): 347–355.
5074:
5063:
5028:
4993:(3): 671–678.
4977:
4932:
4881:
4878:on 2012-08-05.
4863:
4844:(2): 129–137.
4828:
4796:
4754:
4735:(3): 145–151.
4719:
4660:
4633:
4590:
4563:
4504:
4475:(4): 910–920.
4458:
4429:(2): 310–320.
4413:
4394:(2): 226–232.
4378:
4343:
4298:
4271:(2): 139–148.
4255:
4228:
4207:(2): 231–243.
4184:
4127:
4106:(2): 526–535.
4086:
4053:Plant and Soil
4043:
4016:(2): 217–230.
4000:
3957:
3916:
3875:
3846:(3): 296–310.
3826:
3799:
3747:
3736:
3690:
3640:
3625:
3592:Plant and Soil
3582:
3511:
3470:
3416:
3395:(1): 233–241.
3370:
3338:
3316:
3279:The Plant Cell
3265:
3228:The Plant Cell
3213:
3161:
3112:
3050:
2996:
2983:
2970:(4): 383–395.
2945:
2916:(2): 587–598.
2889:
2880:
2853:(2): 189–207.
2847:Plant and Soil
2832:
2799:
2740:
2705:
2678:(4): 587–595.
2658:
2615:The Plant Cell
2596:
2547:
2512:(7): 539–545.
2496:
2469:(5): 403–408.
2442:
2391:
2371:
2349:
2290:
2275:
2266:
2238:(1): 328–343,
2218:
2177:
2148:(2): 514–525.
2126:
2082:
2034:
2004:
1985:
1915:
1870:
1864:
1834:
1828:
1800:
1765:
1717:
1710:
1684:
1663:(2): 275–304.
1643:
1612:10.3852/16-042
1585:
1578:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1504:Ectomycorrhiza
1499:
1496:
1458:
1455:
1434:
1431:
1418:
1415:
1383:
1380:
1361:agroecosystems
1324:
1317:
1314:
1285:Main article:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1227:
1224:
1210:
1201:
1196:DNA microarray
1192:
1189:
1176:
1173:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1137:
1134:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1068:
1065:
1049:
1046:
1032:
1029:
1019:
1016:
990:
987:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
946:
945:
944:
943:
940:
937:
929:
816:Main article:
813:
810:
775:
772:
763:
755:
675:
672:
610:
607:
589:
586:
580:
571:Glomus mosseae
547:
544:
536:strigolactones
527:
524:
488:
485:
476:
473:
471:
468:
428:
425:
403:
400:
383:
380:
364:
363:
356:
289:Early Devonian
265:
262:
237:
230:
227:
189:vascular plant
180:micronutrients
142:ectomycorrhiza
126:vascular plant
118:cortical cells
40:cortical cells
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6664:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6594:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6450:Allium porrum
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6196:
6195:
6182:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6105:
6097:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6010:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5873:
5865:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5814:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5705:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5670:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5596:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5067:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4838:Plant Ecology
4832:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3695:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3490:(1): 95–100.
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3421:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3360:
3352:
3345:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2987:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2756:(2): 129–36.
2755:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2163:2027.42/78704
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1865:9780123705266
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1829:9781108776387
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1777:Glomeromycota
1769:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:Real-time PCR
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1005:
999:
997:
986:
983:
982:glomeromycota
979:
974:
970:
966:
965:volcanic soil
948:
941:
938:
935:
934:
933:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
881:
878:
874:
872:
866:
861:
857:
855:
850:
848:
847:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
819:
809:
807:
803:
802:recombination
799:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
771:
769:
761:
753:
749:
744:
742:
736:
733:
732:photosynthate
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
678:AM fungi are
671:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
632:
627:
623:
621:
616:
606:
603:
599:
595:
585:
576:
573:
572:
567:
562:
558:
555:
554:
543:
539:
537:
533:
526:Hyphal growth
523:
521:
517:
516:
505:
504:
484:
482:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:R. irregulare
445:
444:
439:
435:
424:
422:
421:
416:
415:
409:
399:
397:
393:
389:
379:
378:land plants.
375:
371:
367:
361:
357:
354:
350:
349:
348:
345:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
321:Intraradical
319:
317:
314:
310:
306:
305:
300:
299:
294:
290:
285:
283:
280:of the lower
279:
274:
271:
258:
254:
250:
245:
240:
235:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
196:Gigasporaceae
192:
190:
186:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
105:in which the
104:
100:
96:
92:
85:
80:
73:
68:
62:
58:
54:
49:
41:
37:
32:
19:
6652:Soil biology
6566:
6562:
6531:
6527:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6424:
6420:
6403:
6399:
6377:(1): 41–50.
6374:
6370:
6345:
6341:
6306:
6302:
6279:
6275:
6240:
6236:
6210:(1): 55–65.
6207:
6203:
6171:
6167:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6101:
6086:
6082:
6072:
6023:
6019:
6009:
5984:
5980:
5974:
5944:(1): 63–70.
5941:
5937:
5931:
5898:
5894:
5872:
5829:
5825:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5718:
5714:
5704:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5642:
5638:
5606:
5602:
5595:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5510:
5506:
5493:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5407:
5403:
5393:
5348:
5344:
5330:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5117:
5111:
5084:
5080:
5066:
5041:
5037:
5031:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4898:
4894:
4884:
4876:the original
4866:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4814:
4810:
4774:
4770:
4757:
4732:
4729:Pedobiologia
4728:
4722:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4204:
4200:
4187:
4144:
4141:ISME Journal
4140:
4130:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3757:
3753:
3739:
3706:
3702:
3660:
3656:
3643:
3634:
3628:
3598:(1): 47–62.
3595:
3591:
3585:
3532:
3528:
3514:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3440:
3436:
3392:
3388:
3350:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3231:
3227:
3216:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3070:
3066:
3021:(1): 16–20.
3018:
3014:
2991:
2986:
2967:
2963:
2913:
2909:
2883:
2850:
2846:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2618:
2614:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2466:
2462:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2387:Podila, G.K.
2365:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2269:
2235:
2231:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2145:
2139:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2051:
2047:
2021:
2017:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1943:
1937:
1902:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1847:
1837:
1810:
1803:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1735:
1729:
1695:
1687:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1603:
1599:
1588:
1560:
1554:
1538:
1529:Prototaxites
1492:soil erosion
1489:
1485:
1475:
1460:
1457:Soil quality
1449:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1339:
1336:
1325:
1304:soil quality
1297:
1290:
1275:
1266:
1256:
1245:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1194:
1185:
1178:
1157:
1143:
1139:
1126:Brassicaceae
1123:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1058:
1051:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1008:
1000:
992:
962:
959:Biogeography
931:2. The CSSP
923:
893:(CSSP) is a
890:
888:
882:
879:
870:
868:
864:
851:
844:
839:
823:
821:
795:
777:
745:
737:
729:
715:
692:
677:
668:
664:cytoskeleton
645:
640:
636:
630:
619:
614:
612:
594:appressorium
591:
588:Appressorium
577:
569:
563:
559:
551:
549:
540:
529:
513:
510:
501:
481:appressorium
478:
475:Presymbiosis
463:
455:
451:
447:
441:
433:
430:
418:
412:
405:
387:
385:
376:
372:
368:
365:
346:
331:
320:
302:
296:
292:
286:
278:Rhynie chert
275:
267:
264:Paleobiology
238:
200:
193:
161:
153:Mucoromycota
146:
129:
113:
98:
94:
90:
88:
5901:(1): 1–16.
5721:(1): 1303.
5609:(1): 1–20.
4948:: 365–383.
4777:: 181–200.
4606:(1): 3–42.
4524:(8): 1–10.
4329:11336/27622
4244:: 699–715.
3132:: 950–958.
2715:Mycoscience
1316:Agriculture
1093:nodulations
1073:rhizosphere
919:mycorrhizae
869:Maillet, F
748:rhizosphere
507:frames/sec.
483:formation.
313:protostelic
223:agriculture
99:mycorrhizae
61:Alexa Fluor
6636:Categories
6026:: 110869.
5551:Mycorrhiza
5235:Mycorrhiza
4901:(1): 164.
4600:Mycorrhiza
4498:10214/3316
2750:Mycorrhiza
2506:Mycorrhiza
2463:Mycorrhiza
2001:: 257–259.
1783:Mycol. Res
1547:References
1514:Mycorrhiza
1478:monoclonal
1346:fungicides
1191:Microarray
1027:expected.
1004:mycotrophs
911:MYC-factor
899:NOD-factor
824:myc factor
660:organelles
615:arbuscules
602:protoplast
598:parenchyma
566:chemotaxis
470:Physiology
396:liverworts
338:Glomerales
327:parenchyma
309:bryophytes
203:physiology
168:phosphorus
130:arbuscules
103:mycorrhiza
97:) (plural
84:Horse Gram
72:Horse Gram
6642:Symbiosis
6534:: 15–23.
6501:: 37–46.
6109:CC BY 4.0
6064:220073862
6048:0147-6513
5958:2250-1746
5743:2045-2322
5351:(1): 51.
5337:Dalpé, Y.
5286:Oecologia
4817:: 23–36.
4439:CiteSeerX
4314:: 75–81.
4265:Symbiosis
3559:0027-8424
3359:cite book
2819:: 62–70.
2778:0940-6360
2721:: 66–68.
2672:Mycologia
2310:(1): 51.
2114:1469-8137
1910:CC BY 4.0
1890:(4): 75.
1620:0027-5514
1600:Mycologia
1161:ribosomal
996:pathogens
806:dikaryons
699:trehalose
648:chromatin
639:type and
609:Symbiosis
414:Geosiphon
353:parasitic
342:symbionts
185:symbiosis
164:nutrients
57:arbuscule
6647:Mycology
6593:12228558
6550:85946706
6515:27345855
6482:30777851
6333:12644648
6282:: 3–14.
6259:15720701
6144:11007821
6111:license.
6083:Agronomy
6056:32585490
5966:46007322
5923:20792333
5864:17322324
5804:24051877
5796:15886694
5761:31992756
5587:16495856
5579:23558516
5535:85991904
5426:22931497
5385:21349193
5322:31539360
5314:28312920
5271:17162006
5263:23422950
5212:23458035
5169:30799196
5161:15723666
5103:33873547
5058:23757444
5015:23250115
4972:85941864
4927:22852578
4858:42097761
4714:20133855
4628:29379395
4558:22900058
4518:PLOS ONE
4293:11569239
4179:23486251
4122:20958304
4081:16801874
4038:24969103
3995:20836455
3952:19496954
3870:18047587
3794:20534474
3731:23923502
3685:10279037
3677:12453249
3620:25097125
3577:26283343
3465:85135958
3431:(2011).
3411:20561207
3311:28855333
3260:31416823
3200:21209659
3156:21876220
3107:35776745
3067:PLOS ONE
3045:12970469
2940:10364411
2875:44215263
2794:25476630
2786:15290409
2735:83767351
2700:21156532
2653:12239368
2591:12644696
2542:23648484
2534:16133246
2491:36014515
2429:15944706
2344:21349193
2262:29329439
2213:12423016
2172:20059702
2122:29573278
2078:29254965
2054:(1739),
1980:11607500
1912:license.
1884:Agronomy
1679:33873429
1638:27738200
1564:. 2008.
1498:See also
1481:antibody
1471:glomalin
1165:18S rRNA
1163:operon (
1061:salinity
907:Rhizobia
905:forming
838:(Kosuta
768:nitrogen
760:ammonium
703:glycogen
695:mycelium
684:saprobic
656:vacuoles
575:plants.
520:exudates
515:in vitro
460:outgroup
392:Glomales
360:saprobic
323:mycelium
316:rhizomes
282:Devonian
211:glomalin
176:nitrogen
166:such as
157:dikaryan
128:forming
114:AM fungi
107:symbiont
6462:Bibcode
6429:Bibcode
6379:Bibcode
6350:Bibcode
6212:Bibcode
6089:: 106.
6028:Bibcode
5989:Bibcode
5903:Bibcode
5855:1855593
5834:Bibcode
5752:6987183
5723:Bibcode
5684:Bibcode
5647:Bibcode
5559:Bibcode
5515:Bibcode
5485:1339260
5453:Bibcode
5376:3060866
5353:Bibcode
5294:Bibcode
5243:Bibcode
5220:6769986
5192:Bibcode
5141:Bibcode
4995:Bibcode
4918:3487804
4791:8572482
4737:Bibcode
4705:2836645
4682:Bibcode
4643:Ecology
4608:Bibcode
4549:3416760
4526:Bibcode
4477:Bibcode
4431:Bibcode
4396:Bibcode
4361:Bibcode
4338:2206235
4273:Bibcode
4209:Bibcode
4170:3695300
4149:Bibcode
4061:Bibcode
4018:Bibcode
3975:Bibcode
3967:Ecology
3897:Bibcode
3848:Bibcode
3809:Ecology
3785:2890735
3762:Bibcode
3711:Bibcode
3703:Ecology
3600:Bibcode
3568:4568213
3537:Bibcode
3492:Bibcode
3445:Bibcode
3302:5940448
3251:6790088
3208:4373531
3180:Bibcode
3147:3184777
3098:9249182
3075:Bibcode
3036:1540331
2855:Bibcode
2758:Bibcode
2692:3761710
2635:3870236
2514:Bibcode
2471:Bibcode
2437:4343708
2409:Bibcode
2335:3060866
2312:Bibcode
2253:5786227
2069:5745336
1948:Bibcode
1760:4319766
1740:Bibcode
1629:6078412
1413:1995).
1397:2000).
1387:Tillage
1382:Tillage
1374:1998).
1356:1992).
1342:tillage
1236:in situ
1154:DNA/RNA
954:Ecology
875:(2011)
792:genomes
788:meiosis
780:asexual
711:pentose
688:hexoses
417:–
334:Miocene
249:abiotic
207:ecology
159:fungi.
120:of the
6591:
6584:157531
6581:
6548:
6513:
6480:
6331:
6324:166861
6321:
6257:
6142:
6062:
6054:
6046:
5964:
5956:
5921:
5862:
5852:
5802:
5794:
5759:
5749:
5741:
5585:
5577:
5533:
5483:
5476:195206
5473:
5424:
5383:
5373:
5320:
5312:
5269:
5261:
5218:
5210:
5167:
5159:
5101:
5056:
5023:122731
5021:
5013:
4970:
4925:
4915:
4856:
4789:
4712:
4702:
4626:
4556:
4546:
4441:
4336:
4291:
4177:
4167:
4120:
4079:
4036:
3993:
3950:
3868:
3792:
3782:
3729:
3683:
3675:
3618:
3575:
3565:
3557:
3463:
3409:
3309:
3299:
3258:
3248:
3206:
3198:
3172:Nature
3154:
3144:
3105:
3095:
3043:
3033:
2938:
2928:
2873:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2733:
2698:
2690:
2651:
2644:161321
2641:
2633:
2589:
2582:166906
2579:
2540:
2532:
2489:
2435:
2427:
2401:Nature
2342:
2332:
2260:
2250:
2211:
2170:
2120:
2112:
2076:
2066:
1978:
1968:
1862:
1826:
1758:
1731:Nature
1708:
1677:
1636:
1626:
1618:
1576:
1450:et al.
1442:et al.
1411:et al.
1402:et al.
1395:et al.
1391:et al.
1372:et al.
1354:et al.
1257:active
1130:crambe
1088:et al.
903:nodule
885:58–63.
880:Nature
840:et al.
784:sexual
626:hyphae
532:hyphae
420:Nostoc
388:et al.
304:Rhynia
293:Glomus
253:biotic
244:hyphal
221:, and
172:sulfur
110:fungus
6546:S2CID
6511:S2CID
6478:S2CID
6192:Notes
6140:S2CID
6060:S2CID
5962:S2CID
5919:S2CID
5800:S2CID
5583:S2CID
5531:S2CID
5503:(PDF)
5318:S2CID
5267:S2CID
5216:S2CID
5165:S2CID
5019:S2CID
4968:S2CID
4854:S2CID
4787:S2CID
4767:(PDF)
4624:S2CID
4423:Oikos
4353:Oikos
4334:S2CID
4289:S2CID
4197:(PDF)
4077:S2CID
4034:S2CID
3681:S2CID
3653:(PDF)
3616:S2CID
3461:S2CID
3204:S2CID
2931:59298
2871:S2CID
2813:Oikos
2790:S2CID
2731:S2CID
2688:JSTOR
2631:JSTOR
2538:S2CID
2487:S2CID
2433:S2CID
1971:45331
1756:S2CID
871:et al
717:Lipid
637:Paris
620:Paris
438:model
268:Both
124:of a
122:roots
74:plant
38:root
6589:PMID
6329:PMID
6255:PMID
6052:PMID
6044:ISSN
5954:ISSN
5860:PMID
5792:PMID
5757:PMID
5739:ISSN
5575:PMID
5481:PMID
5422:PMID
5381:PMID
5310:PMID
5259:PMID
5208:PMID
5157:PMID
5099:PMID
5054:PMID
5011:PMID
4923:PMID
4710:PMID
4554:PMID
4175:PMID
4118:PMID
3991:PMID
3948:PMID
3866:PMID
3790:PMID
3727:PMID
3673:PMID
3573:PMID
3555:ISSN
3407:PMID
3365:link
3307:PMID
3256:PMID
3196:PMID
3152:PMID
3103:PMID
3041:PMID
2936:PMID
2782:PMID
2774:ISSN
2696:PMID
2649:PMID
2587:PMID
2530:PMID
2425:PMID
2340:PMID
2258:PMID
2209:PMID
2168:PMID
2118:PMID
2110:ISSN
2074:PMID
1976:PMID
1860:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1675:PMID
1634:PMID
1616:ISSN
1574:ISBN
1368:flax
1208:NLFA
1204:PLFA
1071:The
1040:and
967:and
889:The
883:469:
701:and
641:Arum
633:type
631:Arum
622:type
301:and
287:The
276:The
251:and
242:The
205:and
178:and
136:and
36:Flax
6579:PMC
6571:doi
6567:108
6536:doi
6503:doi
6499:203
6470:doi
6458:273
6437:doi
6408:doi
6387:doi
6358:doi
6319:PMC
6311:doi
6307:131
6284:doi
6245:doi
6241:165
6220:doi
6176:doi
6132:doi
6128:253
6091:doi
6036:doi
6024:201
5997:doi
5946:doi
5911:doi
5850:PMC
5842:doi
5784:doi
5747:PMC
5731:doi
5692:doi
5655:doi
5611:doi
5567:doi
5523:doi
5471:PMC
5461:doi
5412:doi
5408:196
5371:PMC
5361:doi
5302:doi
5251:doi
5200:doi
5149:doi
5089:doi
5085:164
5046:doi
5042:100
5003:doi
4958:hdl
4950:doi
4913:PMC
4903:doi
4846:doi
4842:155
4819:doi
4779:doi
4745:doi
4700:PMC
4690:doi
4678:107
4651:doi
4616:doi
4581:doi
4544:PMC
4534:doi
4493:hdl
4485:doi
4449:doi
4427:117
4404:doi
4369:doi
4357:121
4324:hdl
4316:doi
4281:doi
4246:doi
4217:doi
4165:PMC
4157:doi
4108:doi
4104:189
4069:doi
4057:281
4026:doi
3983:doi
3938:doi
3934:183
3905:doi
3856:doi
3817:doi
3780:PMC
3770:doi
3758:107
3719:doi
3665:doi
3608:doi
3596:170
3563:PMC
3545:doi
3533:112
3500:doi
3453:doi
3397:doi
3393:188
3297:PMC
3287:doi
3246:PMC
3236:doi
3188:doi
3176:469
3142:PMC
3134:doi
3093:PMC
3083:doi
3031:PMC
3023:doi
3019:133
2972:doi
2926:PMC
2918:doi
2914:120
2863:doi
2851:134
2821:doi
2766:doi
2723:doi
2680:doi
2639:PMC
2623:doi
2577:PMC
2569:doi
2565:131
2522:doi
2479:doi
2417:doi
2405:435
2330:PMC
2320:doi
2248:PMC
2240:doi
2199:doi
2158:hdl
2150:doi
2146:186
2100:doi
2096:220
2064:PMC
2056:doi
2052:373
2026:doi
1966:PMC
1956:doi
1892:doi
1852:doi
1816:doi
1791:doi
1787:105
1748:doi
1736:363
1702:118
1665:doi
1661:154
1624:PMC
1608:doi
1604:108
1566:doi
1232:SIP
1169:ITS
652:DNA
464:frq
456:frq
452:frq
434:frq
89:An
6638::
6587:.
6577:.
6565:.
6561:.
6544:.
6532:85
6530:.
6526:.
6509:.
6497:.
6476:.
6468:.
6456:.
6435:.
6425:92
6423:.
6404:15
6402:.
6385:.
6375:12
6373:.
6356:.
6346:78
6344:.
6327:.
6317:.
6305:.
6301:.
6280:85
6278:.
6274:.
6253:.
6239:.
6235:.
6218:.
6208:67
6206:.
6202:.
6172:84
6170:.
6166:.
6152:^
6138:.
6126:.
6087:10
6085:.
6081:.
6058:.
6050:.
6042:.
6034:.
6022:.
6018:.
5995:.
5985:37
5983:.
5960:.
5952:.
5942:89
5940:.
5917:.
5909:.
5899:37
5897:.
5881:^
5858:.
5848:.
5840:.
5830:73
5828:.
5824:.
5812:^
5798:.
5790:.
5778:.
5755:.
5745:.
5737:.
5729:.
5719:10
5717:.
5713:.
5690:.
5680:17
5678:.
5653:.
5643:29
5641:.
5637:.
5623:^
5605:.
5581:.
5573:.
5565:.
5555:23
5553:.
5529:.
5521:.
5509:.
5505:.
5479:.
5469:.
5459:.
5449:58
5447:.
5443:.
5420:.
5406:.
5402:.
5379:.
5369:.
5359:.
5349:11
5347:.
5343:.
5316:.
5308:.
5300:.
5290:86
5288:.
5265:.
5257:.
5249:.
5239:23
5237:.
5214:.
5206:.
5198:.
5188:22
5186:.
5163:.
5155:.
5147:.
5137:14
5135:.
5097:.
5083:.
5079:.
5052:.
5040:.
5017:.
5009:.
5001:.
4991:65
4989:.
4966:.
4956:.
4946:43
4944:.
4921:.
4911:.
4899:12
4897:.
4893:.
4852:.
4840:.
4815:28
4813:.
4799:^
4785:.
4775:32
4773:.
4769:.
4743:.
4733:55
4731:.
4708:.
4698:.
4688:.
4676:.
4672:.
4647:84
4645:.
4622:.
4614:.
4604:11
4602:.
4577:79
4575:.
4552:.
4542:.
4532:.
4520:.
4516:.
4491:.
4483:.
4473:25
4471:.
4447:.
4437:.
4425:.
4402:.
4392:20
4390:.
4367:.
4355:.
4332:.
4322:.
4310:.
4287:.
4279:.
4269:51
4267:.
4242:40
4240:.
4215:.
4205:93
4203:.
4199:.
4173:.
4163:.
4155:.
4143:.
4139:.
4116:.
4102:.
4098:.
4075:.
4067:.
4055:.
4032:.
4024:.
4012:.
3989:.
3981:.
3971:91
3969:.
3946:.
3932:.
3928:.
3903:.
3893:26
3891:.
3887:.
3864:.
3854:.
3844:11
3842:.
3838:.
3813:79
3811:.
3788:.
3778:.
3768:.
3756:.
3752:.
3725:.
3717:.
3707:94
3705:.
3693:^
3679:.
3671:.
3661:11
3659:.
3655:.
3614:.
3606:.
3594:.
3571:.
3561:.
3553:.
3543:.
3531:.
3527:.
3498:.
3488:95
3486:.
3482:.
3459:.
3451:.
3441:43
3439:.
3435:.
3419:^
3405:.
3391:.
3387:.
3373:^
3361:}}
3357:{{
3341:^
3319:^
3305:.
3295:.
3283:29
3281:.
3277:.
3254:.
3244:.
3232:31
3230:.
3226:.
3202:.
3194:.
3186:.
3174:.
3150:.
3140:.
3128:.
3124:.
3101:.
3091:.
3081:.
3071:17
3069:.
3065:.
3053:^
3039:.
3029:.
3017:.
3013:.
2999:^
2968:84
2966:.
2962:.
2948:^
2934:.
2924:.
2912:.
2908:.
2892:^
2869:.
2861:.
2849:.
2835:^
2817:92
2815:.
2811:.
2788:.
2780:.
2772:.
2764:.
2754:15
2752:.
2729:.
2719:46
2717:.
2694:.
2686:.
2676:94
2674:.
2670:.
2647:.
2637:.
2629:.
2617:.
2613:.
2599:^
2585:.
2575:.
2563:.
2559:.
2536:.
2528:.
2520:.
2510:15
2508:.
2485:.
2477:.
2465:.
2461:.
2445:^
2431:.
2423:.
2415:.
2403:.
2374:^
2352:^
2338:.
2328:.
2318:.
2308:11
2306:.
2302:.
2278:^
2256:,
2246:,
2236:10
2234:,
2221:^
2207:.
2195:15
2193:.
2189:.
2166:.
2156:.
2144:.
2129:^
2116:,
2108:,
2094:,
2072:,
2062:,
2050:,
2037:^
2016:,
1999:89
1997:.
1974:.
1964:.
1954:.
1944:91
1942:.
1936:.
1918:^
1886:.
1882:.
1858:,
1846:,
1822:,
1814:,
1785:.
1781:.
1754:.
1746:.
1734:.
1720:^
1704:.
1673:.
1659:.
1655:.
1632:.
1622:.
1614:.
1602:.
1598:.
1572:.
1473:.
1116:.
1044:.
834:,
752:pH
690:.
318:.
225:.
217:,
174:,
170:,
95:AM
51:A
6595:.
6573::
6552:.
6538::
6517:.
6505::
6484:.
6472::
6464::
6443:.
6439::
6431::
6414:.
6410::
6393:.
6389::
6381::
6364:.
6360::
6352::
6335:.
6313::
6292:.
6286::
6261:.
6247::
6226:.
6222::
6214::
6184:.
6178::
6146:.
6134::
6099:.
6093::
6066:.
6038::
6030::
6003:.
5999::
5991::
5968:.
5948::
5925:.
5913::
5905::
5866:.
5844::
5836::
5806:.
5786::
5780:3
5763:.
5733::
5725::
5698:.
5694::
5686::
5663:.
5657::
5649::
5617:.
5613::
5607:5
5589:.
5569::
5561::
5537:.
5525::
5517::
5511:8
5487:.
5463::
5455::
5428:.
5414::
5387:.
5363::
5355::
5324:.
5304::
5296::
5273:.
5253::
5245::
5222:.
5202::
5194::
5171:.
5151::
5143::
5120:.
5105:.
5091::
5075:2
5060:.
5048::
5025:.
5005::
4997::
4974:.
4960::
4952::
4929:.
4905::
4860:.
4848::
4825:.
4821::
4793:.
4781::
4751:.
4747::
4739::
4716:.
4692::
4684::
4657:.
4653::
4630:.
4618::
4610::
4587:.
4583::
4560:.
4536::
4528::
4522:7
4501:.
4495::
4487::
4479::
4455:.
4451::
4433::
4410:.
4406::
4398::
4375:.
4371::
4363::
4340:.
4326::
4318::
4312:8
4295:.
4283::
4275::
4252:.
4248::
4225:.
4219::
4211::
4181:.
4159::
4151::
4145:7
4124:.
4110::
4083:.
4071::
4063::
4040:.
4028::
4020::
4014:8
3997:.
3985::
3977::
3954:.
3940::
3913:.
3907::
3899::
3872:.
3858::
3850::
3823:.
3819::
3796:.
3772::
3764::
3750:"
3748:2
3733:.
3721::
3713::
3687:.
3667::
3622:.
3610::
3602::
3579:.
3547::
3539::
3508:.
3502::
3494::
3467:.
3455::
3447::
3413:.
3399::
3367:)
3313:.
3289::
3262:.
3238::
3210:.
3190::
3182::
3158:.
3136::
3130:3
3109:.
3085::
3077::
3047:.
3025::
2980:.
2974::
2942:.
2920::
2877:.
2865::
2857::
2829:.
2823::
2796:.
2768::
2760::
2737:.
2725::
2702:.
2682::
2655:.
2625::
2619:8
2593:.
2571::
2544:.
2524::
2516::
2493:.
2481::
2473::
2467:6
2439:.
2419::
2411::
2346:.
2322::
2314::
2242::
2215:.
2201::
2174:.
2160::
2152::
2102::
2058::
2028::
2022:6
1982:.
1958::
1950::
1900:.
1894::
1888:7
1854::
1818::
1797:.
1793::
1762:.
1750::
1742::
1714:.
1681:.
1667::
1640:.
1610::
1582:.
1568::
1261:2
1253:2
1248:2
1206:/
1114:2
873:.
764:4
758:(
756:4
581:2
432:(
259:.
112:(
93:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.