40:
395:
4302:
539:
used ALT testing as part of the battery of tests to ensure the safety of its blood supply by deferring donors with elevated ALT levels. The intent was to identify donors potentially infected with hepatitis C because no specific test for that disease was available at the time. Prior to July 1992,
3699:
3694:
548:, the Red Cross changed the ALT policy. As of July 2003, donors previously disqualified for elevated ALT levels and no other reason may be reinstated as donors when they contact the donor-counseling department of their regional Red Cross organization.
516:. Also, myopathy-related elevations in ALT should be suspected when the aspartate transaminase (AST) is greater than ALT; the possibility of muscle disease causing elevations in liver tests can be further explored by measuring muscle enzymes, including
551:
In 2000, the
American Association for Clinical Chemistry determined that the appropriate terminology for AST and ALT are aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. The term transaminase is outdated and no longer used in liver disease.
504:
deficiency. However, elevated levels of ALT do not automatically mean that medical problems exist. Fluctuation of ALT levels is normal over the course of the day, and they can also increase in response to strenuous physical exercise.
3946:
3832:
3757:
1070:
Watkins PB, Kaplowitz N, Slattery JT, Colonese CR, Colucci SV, Stewart PW, Harris SC (July 2006). "Aminotransferase elevations in healthy adults receiving 4 grams of acetaminophen daily: a randomized controlled trial".
3729:
3951:
3837:
754:
Aminotransferase clearance is carried out within the liver by sinusoidal cells. The half-life in the circulation is about 47 hours for ALT, about 17 hours for total AST and, on average, 87 hours for mitochondrial
3676:
3926:
4048:
3745:
3617:
3772:
3892:
508:
When elevated ALT levels are found in the blood, the possible underlying causes can be further narrowed down by measuring other enzymes. For example, elevated ALT levels due to
3787:
4053:
3610:
2594:
4038:
3823:
215:
1685:
4085:
4165:
3603:
3872:
3737:
2287:
1178:
Vespasiani-Gentilucci, Umberto; De
Vincentis, Antonio; Ferrucci, Luigi; Bandinelli, Stefania; Incalzi, Raffaele Antonelli; Picardi, Antonio (17 June 2017).
4062:
2311:
2267:
1782:
663:
4276:
1031:"Effects of Prescription Omega-3-Acid Ethyl Esters on NonâHigh-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol When Coadministered With Escalating Doses of Atorvastatin"
4102:
3862:
3163:
887:"Liver enzymes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and incident cardiovascular disease: a narrative review and clinical perspective of prospective data"
3284:
4280:
4272:
3936:
769:"Alanine aminotransferase isoenzymes: molecular cloning and quantitative analysis of tissue expression in rats and serum elevation in liver toxicity"
3887:
2587:
1872:
540:
widespread blood donation testing in the US for hepatitis C was not carried out by major blood banks. With the introduction of second-generation
3847:
234:
4198:
3931:
3867:
1336:
431:. While sources vary on specific reference range values for patients, 0-40 IU/L is the standard reference range for experimental studies.
2316:
1678:
3795:
3777:
3243:
2580:
2306:
2262:
2112:
1777:
528:(Lovaza), anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, cholesterol medications, some antipsychotics such as risperidone, and anticonvulsants.
1234:
Shafrir, Asher; Katz, Lior H.; Shauly-Aharonov, Michal; Zinger, Adar; Safadi, Rifaat; Stokar, Joshua; Kalisky, Itay (24 March 2024).
4150:
4010:
3265:
3233:
2368:
1877:
1470:
17:
4005:
2108:
1300:
935:
227:
3992:
3156:
1671:
4349:
3189:
1829:
829:
405:, which is converted into pyridoxamine in the first phase of the reaction, when an amino acid is converted into a keto acid.
1107:
178:
1969:
1792:
2954:
1314:
3293:
3248:
2892:
2482:
2079:
1802:
3653:
2282:
1772:
1029:
Bays, Harold E.; McKenney, James; Maki, Kevin C.; Doyle, Ralph T.; Carter, Roderick N.; Stein, Evan (1 February 2010).
1180:"Low Alanine Aminotransferase Levels in the Elderly Population: Frailty, Disability, Sarcopenia, and Reduced Survival"
3326:
3149:
2277:
2194:
2103:
1535:
336:
3810:
3223:
1663:
1329:
1807:
1949:
767:
Yang RZ, Park S, Reagan WJ, Goldstein R, Zhong S, Lawton M, Rajamohan F, Qian K, Liu L, Gong DW (February 2009).
476:
Significantly elevated levels of ALT (SGPT) often suggest the existence of other medical problems such as viral
2341:
1822:
1817:
1439:
500:, so ALT is commonly used as a way of screening for liver problems. Elevated ALT may also be caused by dietary
172:
154:
4329:
3482:
3093:
2849:
2492:
2487:
2204:
1867:
1404:
159:
4268:
4145:
3644:
2785:
2747:
2430:
2381:
1848:
1425:
1322:
239:
4292:
4140:
4025:
4015:
3238:
3126:
2136:
1852:
1753:
1748:
1652:
577:
147:
1179:
816:
Vroon, David H.; Israili, Zafar (1990), Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst, J. Willis (eds.),
3583:
3570:
3557:
3544:
3531:
3518:
3505:
3467:
3228:
2677:
2477:
2472:
2425:
2386:
2031:
1457:
525:
82:
4231:
4072:
3477:
3431:
3374:
3180:
2827:
2435:
2012:
1291:
493:
485:
294:
65:
2354:
2336:
300:) that was first characterized in the mid-1950s by Arthur Karmen and colleagues. ALT is found in
175:
4218:
4112:
3379:
2822:
2690:
2655:
2166:
2141:
2069:
2051:
1832:â this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3-aminomutase)
1812:
1480:
1475:
1349:
1030:
1002:
Dubbeldam JL, de Jongh HJ, Osse JW (2008). "Pieter
Dullemeijer, professor of animal morphology".
427:. When used in diagnostics, it is almost always measured in international units/liter (IU/L) or
360:
99:
3595:
1309:
1287:
1139:"Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury. I. Performance characteristics of laboratory tests"
4203:
3842:
3709:
3201:
3088:
2942:
2837:
2780:
2742:
2553:
2346:
2199:
1608:
589:
443:
from the laboratory that produced the result. However typical reference intervals for ALT are:
313:
2376:
3636:
3633:
3400:
3319:
2882:
2859:
2844:
2775:
2548:
1912:
1628:
1559:
1409:
1398:
4180:
3472:
3141:
3080:
2925:
2902:
2832:
2757:
2625:
2219:
1726:
1716:
1702:
1530:
1344:
594:
513:
420:
328:
135:
8:
4344:
4324:
4236:
4170:
4125:
4043:
3436:
2918:
2913:
2810:
2650:
2363:
2359:
2272:
2157:
1787:
1298:
ALT: analyte monograph; The
Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
402:
77:
3721:
1270:
1235:
111:
39:
4193:
3684:
3369:
3274:
2714:
2635:
2405:
1954:
1698:
1204:
1055:
916:
793:
768:
696:
536:
70:
1297:
1236:"Low ALT Is Associated with IBD and Disease Activity: Results from a Nationwide Study"
946:
740:
715:
639:
614:
190:
4339:
3020:
2999:
2667:
2662:
1797:
1257:
1209:
1160:
1088:
1011:
984:
908:
867:
835:
825:
798:
745:
683:
644:
166:
46:
2572:
1693:
4334:
4208:
3969:
3901:
3415:
3410:
3384:
3312:
3110:
2767:
2522:
1521:
1265:
1247:
1199:
1191:
1177:
1150:
1080:
1050:
1042:
920:
898:
788:
780:
735:
727:
691:
675:
634:
626:
565:
332:
2964:
1155:
1138:
4155:
3852:
3462:
3446:
3359:
3103:
3098:
2098:
1974:
1857:
1603:
1490:
1357:
1304:
1115:
664:"The significance of transaminase ratio (AST/ALT) in acute myocardial infarction"
561:
517:
440:
2969:
194:
4306:
4241:
3916:
3857:
3500:
3441:
3011:
2867:
2640:
2630:
409:
364:
210:
679:
4318:
4249:
4160:
4094:
3911:
3877:
3762:
3689:
3671:
3405:
3364:
3054:
3033:
2947:
2872:
2805:
2459:
2239:
1887:
1574:
1261:
972:
687:
576:, as well as increased mortality in the elderly population. In patients with
424:
317:
309:
185:
1195:
1137:
Dufour DR, Lott JA, Nolte FS, Gretch DR, Koff RS, Seeff LB (December 2000).
817:
3354:
3193:
3059:
3028:
2931:
2620:
2544:
2416:
2244:
1862:
1213:
1164:
1092:
988:
912:
871:
839:
802:
749:
648:
301:
287:
1084:
1046:
1015:
662:
Djakpo, Dodji Kossi; Wang, Zhi Quan; Shrestha, Merina (26 December 2020).
4135:
3964:
3959:
3941:
3800:
3704:
3666:
3578:
3513:
3349:
3172:
2877:
2817:
2752:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2612:
2224:
2190:
1546:
1394:
862:
Lala V, Goyal A, Bansal P, Minter D (July 2020). "Liver
Function Tests".
731:
545:
529:
1252:
3906:
3629:
2797:
2737:
2724:
2645:
2604:
2531:
2507:
2326:
2297:
2146:
1839:
1730:
1694:
1550:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1378:
1353:
1345:
973:"Mildly elevated liver transaminase levels in the asymptomatic patient"
573:
569:
509:
394:
297:
123:
903:
886:
784:
630:
50:
4130:
3921:
3626:
3552:
3526:
2959:
2887:
2685:
2535:
2396:
2215:
2211:
2186:
2074:
2060:
2046:
2022:
489:
477:
376:
321:
822:
Clinical
Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations
4301:
3782:
3767:
3176:
3049:
2981:
2732:
2499:
2463:
2450:
2182:
2127:
2003:
1965:
1922:
1891:
1594:
521:
497:
481:
368:
3625:
2989:
2503:
2089:
1984:
1961:
1936:
1927:
1763:
1570:
1485:
512:
damage can be distinguished from bile duct problems by measuring
501:
356:
142:
1233:
1069:
3983:
3565:
3335:
2994:
2253:
1940:
1739:
1706:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1360:
290:
222:
118:
106:
94:
3993:
3539:
2117:
943:
Association for
Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
541:
428:
348:
305:
3171:
3882:
3253:
3211:
3206:
1498:
1494:
1421:
1417:
1413:
130:
3654:
3304:
1390:
1386:
1382:
3811:
766:
709:
707:
668:
Archives of
Medical Science â Atherosclerotic Diseases
304:
and in various body tissues but is most common in the
4290:
2602:
1136:
1028:
1001:
861:
713:
612:
401:
ALT (and all aminotransferases) require the coenzyme
44:
Human alanine transaminase 2 homodimer bound to PLP.
2312:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
2268:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
1783:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
580:, low ALT is associated with a more active disease.
439:
Test results should always be interpreted using the
704:
4026:
1310:Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at Lab Tests Online
884:
714:Giannini EG, Testa R, Savarino V (February 2005).
661:
1920:
1629:Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
716:"Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians"
613:Karmen A, Wroblewski F, Ladue JS (January 1955).
331:of ALT in the circulation approximates 47 hours.
4316:
4073:
4219:
4113:
1873:Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase
885:Ghouri N, Preiss D, Sattar N (September 2010).
866:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
520:. Many drugs may elevate ALT levels, including
419:ALT is commonly measured clinically as part of
3998:Tooltip Glutamine aminohydrolase (glutaminase)
3611:
3320:
3157:
2588:
1679:
1330:
936:"Alanine aminotransferase: analyte monograph"
532:(acetaminophen) may also elevate ALT levels.
4181:
1063:
815:
2317:3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
964:
857:
855:
760:
4277:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
3659:Tooltip Excitatory amino acid transporters
3618:
3604:
3327:
3313:
3244:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
3164:
3150:
2595:
2581:
2307:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
2263:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
1778:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
1686:
1672:
1337:
1323:
38:
2288:Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
1290:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1269:
1251:
1203:
1154:
1054:
902:
878:
792:
739:
695:
638:
4281:GABA metabolism and transport modulators
4273:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
3816:Tooltip Vesicular glutamate transporters
1878:Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
1471:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
1004:Acta Morphologica Neerlando-Scandinavica
933:
852:
414:
393:
386:-alanine + Îą-ketoglutarate â pyruvate +
2109:1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase
1105:
970:
320:) are routinely measured clinically as
14:
4317:
2369:Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
824:(3rd ed.), Boston: Butterworths,
615:"Transaminase activity in human blood"
560:Low plasma ALT can be a marker of low
3853:Amido black 10B (naphthol blue black)
3599:
3308:
3145:
2576:
1830:Template:Leucine metabolism in humans
1667:
1318:
1112:American Red Cross of Tompkins County
619:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
272:serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase
3234:Kynurenineâoxoglutarate transaminase
1970:Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
720:Canadian Medical Association Journal
308:. It catalyzes the two parts of the
2893:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
2483:4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
2080:Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase
1803:Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase
280:serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase
24:
4031:Tooltip Aspartate aminotransferase
2283:3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase
1773:3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
434:
363:, the products of this reversible
25:
4361:
2278:3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase
2195:Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
2104:Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
1536:Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
1281:
347:ALT catalyzes the transfer of an
4300:
4078:Tooltip Alanine aminotransferase
3294:Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase
4224:Tooltip Glutamate decarboxylase
4118:Tooltip Glutamate dehydrogenase
3249:Alanineâglyoxylate transaminase
1950:Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
1227:
1171:
1130:
1099:
1022:
995:
4209:Phosphinothricin (glufosinate)
2364:Homocysteine methyltransferase
2342:Methionine adenosyltransferase
1823:Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
1818:Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
1440:Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
1108:"Red Cross Donor Requirements"
945:. pp. 3â7. Archived from
927:
809:
655:
606:
312:. Serum ALT level, serum AST (
13:
1:
4269:Receptor/signaling modulators
2850:Comprehensive metabolic panel
2493:Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
2488:Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
2205:Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
1868:3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase
1808:Îą-Ketoisocaproate dioxygenase
600:
4350:Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
4186:Tooltip Glutamine synthetase
1240:Journal of Clinical Medicine
7:
3334:
2786:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
2748:Total iron-binding capacity
2431:Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase
2382:Cystathionine beta synthase
1849:Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
1426:Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
1184:The Journals of Gerontology
1156:10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2027
583:
342:
10:
4366:
3239:Ornithine aminotransferase
3127:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
2355:regeneration of methionine
2337:generation of homocysteine
2137:Ornithine aminotransferase
1853:Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
1754:Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
1749:Saccharopine dehydrogenase
1653:Bisphosphoglycerate mutase
578:inflammatory bowel disease
555:
423:and is a component of the
407:
316:) level, and their ratio (
4262:
4217:
4179:
4111:
4071:
4024:
3991:
3982:
3912:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
3878:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
3809:
3733:-CCG-III ((2S,3S,4R)-CCG)
3690:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
3672:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
3652:
3643:
3491:
3483:MichaelisâMenten kinetics
3455:
3424:
3393:
3342:
3283:
3264:
3229:Tyrosine aminotransferase
3188:
3119:
3079:
3072:
3042:
3019:
3010:
2980:
2901:
2858:
2796:
2766:
2723:
2676:
2611:
2530:
2520:
2478:Tyrosine aminotransferase
2473:Phenylalanine hydroxylase
2458:
2448:
2426:Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
2414:
2395:
2387:Cystathionine gamma-lyase
2325:
2296:
2252:
2237:
2175:
2155:
2126:
2088:
2059:
2044:
2032:L-threonine dehydrogenase
2021:
2002:
1983:
1935:
1911:
1886:
1838:
1762:
1738:
1725:
1713:
1621:
1592:
1568:
1544:
1519:
1512:
1466:
1458:Triosephosphate isomerase
1435:
1374:
1367:
977:American Family Physician
971:Giboney PT (March 2005).
680:10.5114/amsad.2020.103028
526:omegaâ3-acid ethyl esters
233:
221:
209:
204:
200:
184:
165:
153:
141:
129:
117:
105:
93:
88:
76:
64:
59:
37:
32:
4232:3-Mercaptopropionic acid
3741:-Serine-O-sulphate (SOS)
3375:Diffusion-limited enzyme
2436:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
2013:D-cysteine desulfhydrase
1292:Medical Subject Headings
494:infectious mononucleosis
486:congestive heart failure
260:alanine aminotransferase
18:Alanine aminotransferase
4039:2-Amino-3-butenoic acid
3833:6-(4'-Phenylstyryl)-QDC
3717:-3-Hydroxyaspartic acid
2656:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
2167:Glutamate dehydrogenase
2142:Ornithine decarboxylase
2070:Histidine ammonia-lyase
1813:Leucine 2,3-aminomutase
1481:Phosphoglycerate mutase
1476:Phosphoglycerate kinase
1350:carbohydrate metabolism
1035:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
564:and is associated with
4204:Methionine sulfoximine
3791:-3-Methylglutamic acid
3202:Aspartate transaminase
3089:Elevated transaminases
2781:Thyroid function tests
2743:Transferrin saturation
2603:Clinical biochemistry
2554:Aspartate transaminase
2377:conversion to cysteine
2347:Adenosylhomocysteinase
2200:Glutathione synthetase
1609:Glycerol dehydrogenase
590:Aspartate transaminase
398:
314:aspartate transaminase
3468:EadieâHofstee diagram
3401:Allosteric regulation
3268:: Oximinotransferases
2883:Lactate dehydrogenase
2845:Basic metabolic panel
2776:ACTH stimulation test
2549:Asparagine synthetase
1717:Essential amino acids
1560:Lactate dehydrogenase
1410:Phosphofructokinase 1
1399:Glucose 6-phosphatase
1303:8 August 2014 at the
1196:10.1093/gerona/glx126
1085:10.1001/jama.296.1.87
1047:10.4065/mcp.2009.0397
415:Clinical significance
408:Further information:
397:
4330:Liver function tests
4058:-Methylene-aspartate
3478:LineweaverâBurk plot
3219:Alanine transaminase
2903:Liver function tests
2758:Transferrin receptor
2220:Glutamine synthetase
1994:Alanine transaminase
1584:Alanine transaminase
1531:Pyruvate carboxylase
1513:Gluconeogenesis only
1288:Alanine+transaminase
732:10.1503/cmaj.1040752
595:Liver function tests
514:alkaline phosphatase
421:liver function tests
252:Alanine transaminase
33:Alanine transaminase
4171:Pyridoxal phosphate
3873:Chicago sky blue 6B
3838:6-Biphenyl-4-yl-QDC
2919:Serum total protein
2914:Human serum albumin
2360:Methionine synthase
2273:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
2158:alpha-ketoglutarate
2075:Urocanate hydratase
1788:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
1253:10.3390/jcm13071869
934:Marshall W (2012).
818:"Aminotransferases"
544:antibody tests for
403:pyridoxal phosphate
4194:2-Aminoadipic acid
4063:Hydrazinosuccinate
3437:Enzyme superfamily
3370:Enzyme promiscuity
3275:Oximinotransferase
2691:Arterial blood gas
2406:Threonine aldolase
1955:Serine dehydratase
1699:Protein metabolism
1143:Clinical Chemistry
1118:on 3 November 2005
537:American Red Cross
399:
324:for liver health.
4288:
4287:
4258:
4257:
4244:
3978:
3977:
3896:
3893:Erythro-4-methyl-
3827:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3712:
3593:
3592:
3302:
3301:
3224:GABA transaminase
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3068:
3067:
3021:Blood sugar level
3000:Pancreatic lipase
2838:Total cholesterol
2668:Serum osmolal gap
2663:Plasma osmolality
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2516:
2515:
2444:
2443:
2233:
2232:
2040:
2039:
1907:
1906:
1798:HMG-CoA reductase
1661:
1660:
1617:
1616:
1508:
1507:
1405:Glucose isomerase
904:10.1002/hep.23789
831:978-0-409-90077-4
785:10.1002/hep.22657
631:10.1172/JCI103055
474:
473:
454:Reference ranges
389:
385:
374:
354:
258:), also known as
249:
248:
245:
244:
148:metabolic pathway
27:Mammalian protein
16:(Redirected from
4357:
4305:
4304:
4296:
4242:
4225:
4221:
4187:
4183:
4119:
4115:
4103:Propargylglycine
4097:
4089:
4079:
4075:
4057:
4032:
4028:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3970:Xanthurenic acid
3894:
3863:Benzopurpurin 4B
3825:
3817:
3813:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3710:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3473:HanesâWoolf plot
3416:Enzyme activator
3411:Enzyme inhibitor
3385:Enzyme catalysis
3329:
3322:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3111:Hyperproteinemia
3077:
3076:
3017:
3016:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2528:
2527:
2456:
2455:
2250:
2249:
2057:
2056:
1933:
1932:
1918:
1917:
1736:
1735:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1517:
1516:
1372:
1371:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1255:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1207:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1114:. Archived from
1103:
1097:
1096:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1026:
1020:
1019:
999:
993:
992:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
952:on 8 August 2014
951:
940:
931:
925:
924:
906:
882:
876:
875:
859:
850:
849:
848:
846:
813:
807:
806:
796:
764:
758:
757:
743:
711:
702:
701:
699:
659:
653:
652:
642:
610:
488:, liver damage,
446:
445:
387:
383:
372:
352:
337:sinusoidal cells
333:Aminotransferase
202:
201:
53:
42:
30:
29:
21:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4299:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4254:
4223:
4213:
4185:
4175:
4156:Hexachlorophene
4117:
4107:
4095:
4087:
4077:
4067:
4055:
4030:
4020:
3997:
3974:
3937:Reactive blue 2
3815:
3805:
3658:
3639:
3624:
3594:
3589:
3501:Oxidoreductases
3487:
3463:Enzyme kinetics
3451:
3447:List of enzymes
3420:
3389:
3360:Catalytic triad
3338:
3333:
3303:
3298:
3279:
3260:
3184:
3170:
3140:
3131:
3115:
3104:Hypoalbuminemia
3099:Hypoproteinemia
3064:
3038:
3012:Small molecules
3006:
2976:
2897:
2854:
2792:
2762:
2719:
2709:
2672:
2607:
2601:
2571:
2558:
2512:
2440:
2410:
2391:
2321:
2292:
2243:
2229:
2171:
2151:
2122:
2099:Proline oxidase
2084:
2052:Îą-ketoglutarate
2050:
2036:
2017:
1998:
1979:
1975:Creatine kinase
1925:
1903:
1882:
1858:Arylformamidase
1834:
1758:
1721:
1719:are in Capitals
1709:
1705:and catabolism
1692:
1662:
1657:
1613:
1604:Glycerol kinase
1588:
1564:
1540:
1504:
1491:Pyruvate kinase
1462:
1431:
1363:
1358:gluconeogenesis
1343:
1305:Wayback Machine
1284:
1279:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1176:
1172:
1149:(12): 2027â49.
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1106:Van Ostrand D.
1104:
1100:
1068:
1064:
1027:
1023:
1000:
996:
969:
965:
955:
953:
949:
938:
932:
928:
883:
879:
860:
853:
844:
842:
832:
814:
810:
765:
761:
712:
705:
660:
656:
611:
607:
603:
586:
558:
535:For years, the
518:creatine kinase
441:reference range
437:
435:Elevated levels
417:
412:
367:reaction being
361:Îą-ketoglutarate
345:
55:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4363:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4310:
4309:
4286:
4285:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3917:Kynurenic acid
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3897:-glutamic acid
3890:
3888:Direct blue 71
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3858:Bafilomycin A1
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3574:
3561:
3548:
3535:
3522:
3509:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3425:Classification
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3309:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3198:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Cardiac marker
2864:
2862:
2860:Cardiovascular
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2811:Hemoglobin A1c
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2641:Renal function
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2332:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2054:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1407:
1402:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1282:External links
1280:
1278:
1277:
1226:
1190:(7): 925â930.
1170:
1129:
1098:
1062:
1041:(2): 122â128.
1021:
994:
983:(6): 1105â10.
963:
926:
897:(3): 1156â61.
877:
851:
830:
808:
779:(2): 598â607.
759:
703:
674:(1): 279â283.
654:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
592:
585:
582:
557:
554:
472:
471:
468:
464:
463:
460:
456:
455:
452:
436:
433:
416:
413:
410:Prati criteria
392:
391:
365:transamination
344:
341:
339:in the liver.
335:is cleared by
247:
246:
243:
242:
237:
231:
230:
225:
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
198:
197:
188:
182:
181:
170:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4362:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4261:
4251:
4250:Semicarbazide
4248:
4246:
4245:-Allylglycine
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:Palmitoyl-CoA
4164:
4162:
4161:Hydroxylamine
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Maslinic acid
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Enzyme family
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Cooperativity
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:Oxyanion hole
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3194:Transaminases
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:Hyperuricemia
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3034:Hyperglycemia
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2948:AST/ALT ratio
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:transaminases
2929:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Troponin test
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Triglycerides
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:Blood glucose
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2460:PHENYLALANINE
2457:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2240:propionyl-CoA
2236:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1888:PHENYLALANINE
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:HMG-CoA lyase
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:Alanine cycle
1572:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1010:(1â2): 9â16.
1009:
1005:
998:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
948:
944:
937:
930:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
873:
869:
865:
858:
856:
841:
837:
833:
827:
823:
819:
812:
804:
800:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
763:
756:
751:
747:
742:
737:
733:
729:
726:(3): 367â79.
725:
721:
717:
710:
708:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:
650:
646:
641:
636:
632:
628:
625:(1): 126â31.
624:
620:
616:
609:
605:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
553:
549:
547:
543:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
469:
466:
465:
461:
458:
457:
453:
451:
448:
447:
444:
442:
432:
430:
426:
425:AST/ALT ratio
422:
411:
406:
404:
396:
382:
381:
380:
378:
370:
366:
362:
358:
350:
340:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
318:AST/ALT ratio
315:
311:
310:alanine cycle
307:
303:
299:
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
241:
238:
236:
232:
229:
226:
224:
220:
217:
214:
212:
208:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
187:
186:Gene Ontology
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
164:
161:
158:
156:
152:
149:
146:
144:
140:
137:
134:
132:
128:
125:
124:NiceZyme view
122:
120:
116:
113:
110:
108:
104:
101:
98:
96:
92:
87:
84:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
58:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4312:
4265:
4264:
4098:-Cycloserine
3952:
3848:Acid red 114
3824:4-Methylene-
3788:
3750:
3714:
3677:
3579:Translocases
3576:
3563:
3550:
3537:
3524:
3514:Transferases
3511:
3498:
3355:Binding site
3218:
3094:Elevated ALP
3060:Hypouricemia
3029:Hypoglycemia
2965:Unconjugated
2937:
2930:
2613:Electrolytes
2545:Asparaginase
2523:oxaloacetate
2417:succinyl-CoA
2375:
2353:
2335:
2245:succinyl-CoA
1993:
1863:Kynureninase
1827:
1715:
1583:
1522:oxaloacetate
1243:
1239:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1187:
1183:
1173:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1111:
1101:
1079:(1): 87â93.
1076:
1072:
1065:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1007:
1003:
997:
980:
976:
966:
954:. Retrieved
947:the original
942:
929:
894:
890:
880:
863:
843:, retrieved
821:
811:
776:
772:
762:
753:
723:
719:
671:
667:
657:
622:
618:
608:
559:
550:
534:
507:
475:
450:Patient type
449:
438:
418:
400:
346:
326:
288:transaminase
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:), formerly
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
112:BRENDA entry
4136:Chloroquine
3965:Valinomycin
3960:Trypan blue
3942:Rose bengal
3927:NPPB (N144)
3801:WAY-213,613
3705:Kainic acid
3667:Amphetamine
3645:Transporter
3350:Active site
3177:nitrogenous
3173:Transferase
3043:Nitrogenous
2878:CPK-MB test
2818:Lipid panel
2753:Transferrin
2701:Bicarbonate
2696:Base excess
2605:blood tests
2225:Glutaminase
2191:glutathione
1900:(see below)
1395:Glucokinase
1246:(7): 1869.
864:Stat Pearls
562:muscle mass
546:hepatitis C
530:Paracetamol
351:group from
100:IntEnz view
60:Identifiers
4345:Hepatology
4325:Biomarkers
4319:Categories
4199:JFD01307SC
3932:Ponceau SS
3907:Furosemide
3902:Evans blue
3868:Bumetamide
3828:-glutamate
3637:modulators
3630:metabolism
3553:Isomerases
3527:Hydrolases
3394:Regulation
2970:Conjugated
2798:Metabolism
2738:Serum iron
2725:Iron tests
2646:Creatinine
2532:asparagine
2508:Tyrosinase
2327:METHIONINE
2298:ISOLEUCINE
2147:Agmatinase
1840:TRYPTOPHAN
1731:acetyl-CoA
1695:Metabolism
1622:Regulatory
1551:Cori cycle
1442:(Aldolase
1379:Hexokinase
1368:Glycolysis
1354:glycolysis
1346:Metabolism
891:Hepatology
773:Hepatology
601:References
574:disability
570:sarcopenia
510:hepatocyte
492:problems,
470:⤠34 IU/L
462:⤠45 IU/L
390:-glutamate
322:biomarkers
169:structures
136:KEGG entry
83:9000-86-6
4266:See also:
4131:Bithionol
4086:β-Chloro-
3922:Nigericin
3634:transport
3627:Glutamate
3432:EC number
2960:Bilirubin
2910:Proteins
2888:Myoglobin
2686:Anion gap
2678:Acid-base
2626:Potassium
2536:aspartate
2397:THREONINE
2216:glutamine
2212:glutamate
2187:glutamate
2061:HISTIDINE
2047:glutamate
2023:threonine
1703:synthesis
1262:2077-0383
956:7 October
688:2451-0629
490:bile duct
478:hepatitis
377:glutamate
329:half-life
89:Databases
4340:EC 2.6.1
4090:-alanine
3796:UCPH-101
3783:Theanine
3778:TFB-TBOA
3768:SYM-2081
3753:-2,4-PDC
3456:Kinetics
3380:Cofactor
3343:Activity
3179:groups (
3073:Proteins
3050:Azotemia
2982:Pancreas
2768:Hormones
2733:Ferritin
2631:Chloride
2500:tyrosine
2464:tyrosine
2451:fumarate
2183:cysteine
2128:arginine
2004:cysteine
1966:creatine
1923:pyruvate
1892:tyrosine
1595:glycerol
1422:Platelet
1301:Archived
1271:11012492
1219:24 March
1214:28633440
1165:11106349
1122:1 August
1093:16820551
989:15791889
913:20658466
872:29494096
840:21250265
803:19085960
750:15684121
649:13221663
584:See also
522:zileuton
498:myopathy
482:diabetes
369:pyruvate
343:Function
286:), is a
240:proteins
228:articles
216:articles
173:RCSB PDB
4335:Enzymes
4307:Biology
3566:Ligases
3336:Enzymes
3287:: Other
2990:Amylase
2715:Lactate
2710:content
2636:Calcium
2504:melanin
2113:ALDH4A1
2090:proline
1985:alanine
1962:glycine
1937:glycine
1928:citrate
1764:LEUCINE
1707:enzymes
1571:alanine
1547:lactate
1486:Enolase
1361:enzymes
1205:6001897
1056:2813819
1016:2683599
921:5141849
845:29 July
794:2917112
697:7885810
566:frailty
556:Low ALT
502:choline
357:alanine
298:2.6.1.2
195:QuickGO
160:profile
143:MetaCyc
78:CAS no.
71:2.6.1.2
54:
4293:Portal
4151:GW5074
4011:CB-839
3984:Enzyme
3812:vGluTs
3540:Lyases
3285:2.6.99
2995:Lipase
2621:Sodium
2254:VALINE
1941:serine
1740:LYSINE
1646:PFKFB4
1642:PFKFB3
1638:PFKFB2
1634:PFKFB1
1418:Muscle
1294:(MeSH)
1268:
1260:
1212:
1202:
1163:
1091:
1053:
1014:
987:
919:
911:
870:
838:
828:
801:
791:
748:
741:545762
738:
694:
686:
647:
640:438594
637:
467:Female
302:plasma
291:enzyme
223:PubMed
205:Search
191:AmiGO
179:PDBsum
119:ExPASy
107:BRENDA
95:IntEnz
66:EC no.
4006:BPTES
3955:-ACDP
3953:trans
3843:7-CKA
3789:threo
3751:trans
3715:threo
3713:-(-)-
3700:HIP-B
3695:HIP-A
3680:-ACBD
3655:EAATs
3492:Types
3266:2.6.3
3190:2.6.1
3120:Other
2176:Other
2118:PYCR1
1828:(See
1593:from
1569:from
1545:from
1414:Liver
950:(PDF)
939:(PDF)
917:S2CID
542:ELISA
496:, or
349:amino
306:liver
278:) or
155:PRIAM
4237:AAOA
4141:EGCG
4126:AAOA
4044:AAOA
3947:SITS
3883:DIDS
3773:TBOA
3758:MPDC
3725:-ÎąAA
3685:DHKA
3632:and
3584:list
3577:EC7
3571:list
3564:EC6
3558:list
3551:EC5
3545:list
3538:EC4
3532:list
3525:EC3
3519:list
3512:EC2
3506:list
3499:EC1
3254:AGXT
3212:GOT2
3207:GOT1
3183:2.6)
2651:Urea
2419:âTCA
2160:âTCA
1499:PKM2
1495:PKLR
1258:ISSN
1221:2024
1210:PMID
1161:PMID
1124:2005
1089:PMID
1073:JAMA
1012:PMID
985:PMID
958:2013
909:PMID
868:PMID
847:2024
836:PMID
826:ISBN
799:PMID
755:AST.
746:PMID
684:ISSN
645:PMID
459:Male
429:Îźkat
371:and
327:The
284:SGPT
268:ALAT
235:NCBI
176:PDBe
131:KEGG
51:3IHJ
4220:GAD
4146:GTP
4114:GDH
4074:ALT
4049:AMB
4027:AST
4016:DON
3994:GAH
3678:cis
3081:LFT
2955:GGT
2943:AST
2938:ALT
2926:ALP
2828:HDL
2823:LDL
1520:to
1424:)â/
1397:)â/
1391:HK3
1387:HK2
1383:HK1
1266:PMC
1248:doi
1200:PMC
1192:doi
1151:doi
1081:doi
1077:296
1051:PMC
1043:doi
899:doi
789:PMC
781:doi
736:PMC
728:doi
724:172
692:PMC
676:doi
635:PMC
627:doi
359:to
276:GPT
266:or
264:ALT
256:ALT
211:PMC
167:PDB
47:PDB
4321::
4279:â˘
4275:â˘
4271:â˘
4182:GS
4056:DL
4054:β-
3192::
3181:EC
3175::
2706:CO
2521:Gâ
2506::
2449:Gâ
2238:Gâ
2218::
2193::
2045:Gâ
1968::
1921:Gâ
1701:,
1697::
1644:,
1640:,
1636:,
1577:):
1553:):
1497:,
1450:,
1446:,
1420:,
1416:,
1393:,
1389:,
1385:,
1352::
1348::
1264:.
1256:.
1244:13
1242:.
1238:.
1208:.
1198:.
1188:73
1186:.
1182:.
1159:.
1147:46
1145:.
1141:.
1110:.
1087:.
1075:.
1049:.
1039:85
1037:.
1033:.
1008:27
1006:.
981:71
979:.
975:.
941:.
915:.
907:.
895:52
893:.
889:.
854:^
834:,
820:,
797:.
787:.
777:49
775:.
771:.
752:.
744:.
734:.
722:.
718:.
706:^
690:.
682:.
670:.
666:.
643:.
633:.
623:34
621:.
617:.
572:,
568:,
524:,
484:,
480:,
379:.
295:EC
193:/
49::
4295::
4243:L
4096:L
4088:L
3895:L
3826:L
3749:-
3747:L
3739:L
3731:L
3723:L
3711:L
3619:e
3612:t
3605:v
3586:)
3582:(
3573:)
3569:(
3560:)
3556:(
3547:)
3543:(
3534:)
3530:(
3521:)
3517:(
3508:)
3504:(
3328:e
3321:t
3314:v
3165:e
3158:t
3151:v
2708:2
2596:e
2589:t
2582:v
2547:/
2538:â
2534:â
2502:â
2466:â
2462:â
2415:â
2399:â
2379::
2362:/
2357::
2339::
2329:â
2300:â
2256:â
2242:â
2214:â
2189:â
2185:+
2156:â
2130:â
2111:/
2092:â
2063:â
2049:â
2025:â
2006:â
1987:â
1964:â
1943:â
1939:â
1926:â
1913:G
1894:â
1890:â
1851:/
1842:â
1766:â
1742:â
1729:â
1727:K
1687:e
1680:t
1673:v
1597::
1573:(
1549:(
1524::
1501:)
1493:(
1454:)
1452:C
1448:B
1444:A
1428:â
1412:(
1401:â
1381:(
1356:/
1338:e
1331:t
1324:v
1274:.
1250::
1223:.
1194::
1167:.
1153::
1126:.
1095:.
1083::
1059:.
1045::
1018:.
991:.
960:.
923:.
901::
874:.
805:.
783::
730::
700:.
678::
672:5
651:.
629::
388:L
384:L
375:-
373:L
355:-
353:L
293:(
282:(
274:(
262:(
254:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
