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has enabled us to acquire, and because of what He has made easy for us and for our state to achieve; He has made our name and the greatness of our power celebrated everywhere; and He has made the hopes of the worlds depend on us , and made their errings turn again to us and their rejoicing at good news be (rejoicing at good news) about our dynasty . And praise be to God, possessed of grace and kindness, for the grace which He has shown, most worthy of superiority for the superiority which He has granted us. We have decided that the
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882:) under Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hudayr, governor of Écija, to Seville, to obtain their submission. This attempt failed, but gained him the support of Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Hayyay, lord of Carmona, and a cousin of the Sevillan lord, Ahmad ibn Maslama. When the latter was surrounded by Umayyad troops, he sued for help to Ibn Hafsun, but the latter was defeated by the besiegers and returned to Bobastro. Abd al-Rahman next went after the forts in the provinces of Elvira,
2504:
703:
1008:, who captured the city in the summer of 913, taking back a sizable booty and 4,000 prisoners and massacring many Muslims. In most of the eastern and western provinces, Abd al-Rahman's authority was not recognized. The lord of Badajoz, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad, grandson of Abd al-Rahman ibn Marwan al-Yilliqi, not only fortified his city against a possible attack from Ordoño, but also acted in complete independence from Córdoba.
803:. The Muwallad rebels were the first problem he confronted. Those powerful families were supported by Iberians who were openly or secretly Christians and had acted with the rebels. These elements, which formed the bulk of the population, were not averse to supporting a strong ruler who would protect them against the Arab aristocracy. Abd al-Rahman moved to subdue them by means of a mercenary army that included Christians.
612:
as no surprise, since
Abdallah had already demonstrated his affection for his grandson in many ways, namely by allowing him to live in his own tower (something he did not allow for any of his sons), and allowing him to sit on the throne on some festive occasions. Most importantly, Abdallah gave Abd al-Rahman his ring, the symbol of power, when Abdallah fell ill prior to his death.
1112:, and his ancestors had until then been content with the title of emir. But the force of this tradition had weakened over time; and the title increased Abd al-Rahman's prestige with his subjects, both in Iberia and Africa. He based his claim to the caliphate on his Umayyad ancestors who had held undisputed control of the caliphate until they were overthrown by the Abbasids.
563:. He is described as having "white skin, blue eyes and attractive face; good looking, although somewhat sturdy and stout. His legs were short, to the point that the stirrups of his saddle were mounted just one palm under it. When mounted, he looked tall, but on his feet he was quite short. He dyed his beard black." His natural hair was described as being
1164:, in order to have a free hand against the Fatimids whose ships were harassing caliphal shipping in the Mediterranean and had even launched an assault against Almeria. Abd al-Rahman's force, led by prime minister Ahmad ibn Said, besieged the Fatimid port of Tunis, which bought its safety by paying a huge sum.
862:
could be mounted to greater effect, and cut the water supply. The
Muwallad defenders surrendered after a few days: their lives, apart from fifty-five die-hards who were beheaded, were spared in exchange for their allegiance to the emir. The campaign continued in a similar vein, lasting for a total of
611:
Emir
Abdallah died at the age of 72. Despite four of his sons (Aban, Abd al Rahman, Muhammad and Ahmad) being alive at the time of his death, all of them were passed over for succession. Abdallah instead chose as his successor his grandson, Abd al-Rahman III (the son of his first son). This came
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and that letters emanating from us or coming to us should be in the same manner. Everyone who calls himself by this name apart from ourselves is arrogating it to himself and trespassing upon it and is branded with something to which he has no right. We know that if we were to continue the neglect
1011:
To avoid the fall of Évora into the hands of the Berber groups of the region, the governor ordered the destruction of its defensive towers and lowered the walls, though a year later he decided to reconstruct it, giving its control to his ally Masud ibn Sa' dun al-Surunbaqi. The
Algarve was dominated
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We are the most worthy to fulfill our right, and the most entitled to complete our good fortune, and to put on the clothing granted by the nobility of God, because of the favour which He has shown us, and the renown which He has given us, and the power to which He has raised us, because of what He
687:
The revenue of the king amounts annually to 100,000 florins, this arising only from the income derived from the numerous merchants who come hither from various countries and isles. All their commerce and affairs must be subjected to my guidance, praised be the
Almighty, who bestows his mercy upon
959:
Abd al-Rahman launched three different campaigns against Ibn Hafsun (who died in 917) and his sons. One of Ibn Hafsun's sons, Jaʿfar ibn Hafsun, held the stronghold of Toledo. Abd al-Rahman ravaged the countryside around the city. Ja'far, after two years of siege, escaped from the city to ask for
990:
The last of the sons of Ibn Hafsun to fall was Hafs, who commanded his powerful fortress of Umar ibn Hafsun. Surrounded by troops commanded by Abd al-Rahman's vizier, Said ibn al-Mundhir, who had ordered the construction of bastions around the city, he resisted the siege for six months, until he
658:
From the very early stages of his reign, Abd al-Rahman showed a firm resolve to quash the rebels of al-Andalus, consolidate and centralise power, and re-establish internal order within the emirate. Within 10 days of taking the throne, he exhibited the head of a rebel leader in
Cordoba. From this
999:
The continued expeditions against the
Hafsunids did not distract Abd al-Rahman III from the situation in other regions in al-Andalus, which recognized him only nominally, if not being in open revolt. Most of the loyal governors of the cities were in a weak position, such as the governor of
1391:
He was very wary of losing control and kept tight reins on his family. In 949, he executed one of his sons for conspiring against him. He was tolerant of non-Muslims, and Jews and
Christians were treated fairly provided they were not one of his caliphate's slaves, sexual or otherwise. European
1334:) who refused the Caliph's advances. This story may have been a construct on top of an original tale, however, in which he ordered the boy-slave to convert to Islam. Either way, enraged, he had the boy tortured and dismembered, thus contributing to the Christian perception of Muslim brutality.
923:
The
Umayyad army then moved to the citadel of ʿUmar ibn Hafsun, while the cavalry was sent to the castle of Sant Batir, which was abandoned by the defenders, allowing Abd al-Rahman's troops to secure a large booty. Then it was the turn of the castles of Olías and Reina. The latter fell after a
1916:
16 Oct., 912 after 26 years of writing an intro to the first caliph and leaving his fragmented and bankrupt kingdom to his grandson 'Abd al-Rahman. The following day, the new sultan received the oath of allegiance at a ceremony held in the "Perfect salon" (al-majils al-kamil) of the
960:
help in the northern
Christian kingdoms. In the meantime Abd al-Rahman obtained the surrender of the city from its population, after promising them immunity, although 4,000 rebels escaped in a night sally. The city surrendered on 2 August 932, after a siege of two years.
1183:, who had taken advantage of the previous troublesome situation to capture some boundary areas and menace the Umayyad territory. In 917 the then emir had sent a large army under his general Ahmad ibn Abi Abda against León, but this force was destroyed at the
890:, all of which were either directly or indirectly controlled by Hafsun. Seville finally capitulated on 20 December 913. Ibn al-Mundhir al-Qurays, a member of the royal family, was named governor of the city, while the Lord of Carmona obtained the title of
1267:, one of the Christian leaders at Simancas, who subsequently launched a sustained rebellion against Ramiro. The victory of Simancas enabled the Christian kingdom to maintain the military initiative in the peninsula until the defeat of Ramiro's successor,
1217:
In 924 Abd al-Rahman felt obliged to avenge the massacre of Viguera castle perpetrated by King Sancho Ordóñez of Navarre one year earlier. He launched a counter offensive against Sancho in which Abd al-Rahman devastated a large area of Basque territory.
1353:
and patron of arts, especially architecture. A third of his revenue sufficed for the ordinary expenses of government, a third was hoarded, and a third was spent on buildings. After declaring the caliphate, he had a massive palace complex, known as the
625:, state that his succession was "without incident". At the time, Abd al-Rahman was about 21 or 22 years old. He inherited an emirate on the verge of dissolution, his power extending not far beyond the vicinity of Córdoba. To the north, the Christian
688:
me! The kings of the world no sooner perceive of the greatness of my monarch, than they hasten to convey to him presents in abundance. It is myself who am appointed to receive such presents, and at the same time to return rewards awarded to them.
595:, and Muhammad had been imprisoned. According to some sources, the emir himself was behind Muhammad's fall, as well as Al-Mutarrif's death in 895. Abd al-Rahman spent his youth in his mother's harem. Al-Mutarrif's sister, known as
1115:
Abd al-Rahman's move made him both the political and the religious leader of all the Muslims in al-Andalus, as well as the protector of his Christian and Jewish subjects. The symbols of his new caliphal power were a sceptre
1383:
Due to his consolidation of power, Muslim Iberia became a power for a few centuries. It also brought prosperity, and with this he created mints where pure gold and silver coins were created. He renovated and added to the
1297:
Until 961, the caliphate played an active role in the dynastic strife characterising the Christian kingdoms during the period. Ordoño III's half-brother and successor, Sancho the Fat, had been deposed by his cousin
1131:
of Badajoz in 930 as well as the surrender of the Banu Dānis of Alcácer do Sal. On the southern front, to counter the increasing Fatimid power in North Africa, abd al-Rahmad ordered the construction of a fleet based in
590:
Muhammad was assassinated by his brother Al-Mutarrif, who had allegedly grown jealous of the favour Muhammad had gained in the eyes of their father Abdallah. Al-Mutarrif had accused Muhammad of plotting with the rebel
1263:, and almost kill Abd al-Rahman, due to treason by Arab elements in the caliph's army. After this defeat, Abd al-Rahman stopped taking personal command of his military campaigns. His cause was helped, however, by
821:, at some 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the capital. All the city's fortifications were destroyed, aside from the citadel, which was left as the residence of the governor and a garrison for the emirati troops.
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894:. Muhammad ibn Ibrahim enjoyed his office for only a single day, for Abd al-Rahman soon discovered his collusion with the rebel governor of Carmona. Muhammad was sent to prison, where he later met his death.
858:. After devastating the surrounding countryside to deprive the castle of any resources, he encircled it. Finding it difficult to bombard with catapults, he ordered the construction of a platform where his
1190:
Recognizing he had underestimated the power of Ordoño II, in 920 Abd al-Rahman mustered another powerful army to reclaim the territories lost after the previous campaign. He captured the forts of
647:
had created an independent caliphate that threatened to attract the allegiance of the Muslim population, who had suffered under the harsh rule of Abdullah. On the internal front the discontented
924:
violent fight, leaving the road open to the major city and provincial capital of Málaga, which he captured after one day. Abd al-Rahman then turned and followed the coast by Montemayor, near
578:. Due to the fact that each successive Caliph had children almost exclusively with European Christian slave girls, the "Arab" gene was reduced in half, so that the last Umayyad Caliph,
824:
In the following spring, after sixty-five days of meticulous preparations, Abd al-Rahman personally led an expedition to the south of his realm. His troops were able to recover the
651:
families (Muslims of Iberian origin) represented a constant danger for the Córdoban emir. The most powerful of the latter was Umar ibn Hafsun, who, from his impregnable fortress of
599:("the Lady"), was entrusted with his education. She made sure that Abd al-Rahman's education was conducted with some rigour. It was claimed that he had learned and known the local
1365:
Under his reign, Córdoba became the most important intellectual centre of Western Europe. He expanded the city's library, which would be further enriched by his successors.
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dynasty; the Caliphate's influence in the area disappeared after a Fatimid offensive in 958, after which abd al-Rahman kept only the strongholds of Ceuta and Tangiers.
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and served as a symbolic tie between the new caliph and his ancestors. It was said that Córdoba contained 3000 mosques and 100,000 shops and homes during his reign.
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point on he led annual expeditions against the northern and southern tribes to maintain control over them. To accomplish his aims he introduced into the court the
1302:. Together with his grandmother Toda of Pamplona, Sancho sought an alliance with Córdoba. In exchange for some castles, Abd al-Rahman helped them to take back
1124:). In the mint he had founded in November 928, Abd al-Rahman started to mint gold dinars and silver dirhams, replacing the "al-Andalus" title with his name.
916:). His cavalry ravaged the nearby woods and the countryside, while the rest of the troops moved to Turrus, a castle located in the present municipality of
956:. Many of them were captured and set afire in front of the emir. The rebellious castles near Algeciras surrendered as soon as the Cordoban army appeared.
1210:
on 26 July, he penetrated into Navarre, overcoming Aragon by the classic route of the invasions from the south. Abd al-Rahman reached the Basque city of
1330:). This likely influenced the polemical story of his sexual attraction for a 13-year-old boy (later enshrined as a Christian martyr and canonised as
2272:
548:. His parents were Abdullah's son Muhammad and Muzna (or Muzayna), a Christian concubine. His paternal grandmother was also a Christian, the royal
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ninety days. Abd al-Rahman forced the defeated Muwallad to send hostages and treasures to Córdoba, in order to secure their continued submission.
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of this duty which is owed to us in this matter then we should be forfeiting our right and neglecting our title, which is certain. So order the
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During the first 20 years of his rule, Abd al-Rahman avoided military action against the northern Christian kingdoms, Asturias and the
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Abd al-Rahman spent the rest of his years in his new palace outside Córdoba. He died on 15 October 961 and was succeeded by his son
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He first had to suppress the rebel Umar ibn Hafsun. On 1 January 913 an army, led by the eunuch Badr, conquered the fortress of
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Despite having defeated only some of the rebels, Abd al-Rahman III considered himself powerful enough to declare himself
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The absence of royal authority enabled Ordoño II to easily campaign in this area, his main objective being the city of
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on 1 June 914. He ordered a patrol of the coast to destroy the boats that supplied the citadel of Umar ibn Hafsun from the
1290:, the exiled king of León, King García Sánchez of Pamplona, and his mother Queen Toda all paid homage to Abd al-Rahman in
1252:. In 937 Abd al-Rahman conquered some thirty castles in León. Next he turned to Muhammad ibn Hashim al-Tugib, governor of
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in your place to pronounce using and address your communications to us accordingly, if God will. Written on Thursday, 2
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1970:. Greenwood guides to historic events of the medieval world. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
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The succession crisis which struck León after Ordoño II's death in the same year caused hostilities to cease until
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His troops left Córdoba on 7 May 914 and, after a few days, encamped before the walls of Balda (identified with today's
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1322:. Indeed, he is known to have openly kept a male as well as a female harem (common with a few previous rulers such as
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2787:] (in Spanish). Vol. 1. translated by Francisco Fernández y González. Granada: Francisco Ventura y Sabatel.
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Abd al-Rahman succeeded Abdallah the day after his death, 16 October 912. Historiographers of the time, such as
429:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Ḥakam al-Rabdī ibn Hishām ibn
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1358:, built some five kilometres north of Córdoba. The Medina Azahara was modelled after the old Umayyad palace in
1286:, by which the northern county recognized caliphal supremacy in exchange for peace and mutual support. In 958,
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683:, a Jewish courtier in the king's court who served as financier to the king, wrote of the king's revenues:
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1271:, in 956. However, they did not press this advantage as civil war broke out in the Christian territories.
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In the end he was able to create a protectorate covering the northern and central Maghreb, supporting the
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represented a third ethnic group that could neutralise the endless strife between his subjects of Muslim
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2116:]. Volume 20 of Clave historial (in Spanish). Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia. pp. 48–50.
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No gold Islamic coins had been found in Spain preceding Abd al-Rahman III's reign. See Schreiber,
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Abd al-Rahman was accused of retreating in his later years into the "self-indulgent" comforts of his
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caliphs. The caliphate was thought only to belong to the Emperor who ruled over the sacred cities of
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The Quest for the City : A.D. 740 to 1100 : Pursuing the Next World, They Founded this One
2171:"A glimpse of openness in medieval society: Al-Ḥakam II of Córdoba and his non-Muslim collaborators"
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The Caliph died on 15 October 961 and was buried with his predecessors in the Alcazar at Cordoba.
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During the first year of his reign, Abd al-Rahman took advantage of the rivalries between the
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The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions
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1225:
gained the throne in 932; a first attempt by him to assist the besieged rebels in Toledo was
1195:
536:, on 18 December 890. His year of birth is also given as 889 and 891. He was the grandson of
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1259:
Despite early defeats, Ramiro and García were able to crush the caliphal army in 939 at the
909:
Abd al-Rahman's next objective was to quash the long-standing rebellion of Umar ibn Hafsun.
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Even before al-Andalus was firmly under his rule, he had restarted the war against King
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completely by a muladí coalition led by Saʿid ibn Mal, who had expelled the Arabs from
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440:عبدالرحمن بن محمد بن عبداللہ بن محمد بن عبدالرحمن بن الحكم بن هشام بن عبد الرحمن الداخل
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2696:] (in Spanish) (4th ed.). Madrid: Editorial Visión Libros. pp. 216–217.
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850:), after setting fire to its suburbs. Subsequently, he moved against the castle of
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920:, which was surrounded within five days, while its environs were also devastated.
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Final Emir of Córdoba (r. 912–929); founder and 1st Caliph of Córdoba (r. 929–961)
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1152:(951), who, in return, accepted his suzerainty. However, he was unable to defeat
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a year later. In 927, Abd al-Rahman also launched a campaign against the rebel
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571:(from many European concubines in his ancestry), desiring to look more like an
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Martyrs of Córdoba: Community and Family Conflict in an Age of Mass Conversion
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on 16 January 929, effectively breaking his allegiance to, and ties with, the
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Dirham of Abd al-Rahman III, minted in Medina Azahara in 959/960 AD
1256:, who had allied with Ramiro but was pardoned after the capture of his city.
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195:
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Abd al-Rahman III's mother Muzna was a Christian captive, possibly from the
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859:
499:
2528:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–32.
1846:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 53–54.
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Gordon, Matthew (2005). "Document 15: Abd al-Rahman III of al-Andalus".
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He also reinforced the Iberian fleet, which became the most powerful in
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Letter proclaiming Abd al-Rahman III's assumption of the caliphal title
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855:
727: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2145:. Volume 26 of Hispanic issues. New York: Routledge. p. 14.
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Biography of the Author (the Celebrated Rabbi Menahem ben Saruk)
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Byfield, Ted; Project, Christian History; Stanway, Paul (2004).
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In 950 Abd al-Rahman received in Córdoba an embassy from count
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from ibn Hafsun's siege. He also obtained the capitulation of
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2184:. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 162.
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Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
2035:. Vol. I: A–Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). 2010. pp.
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to force them to submit. He initially sent a special corps (
2260:... the Umayyad ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III, who was a Mālikī Sunnī.
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575:
559:. Abd al-Rahman was thus nephew in the half-blood of queen
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Marriage and Sexuality in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia
2628:, ed. Michael Gerli (New York: Routledge, 2003), 398–399.
1214:, which was sacked and its cathedral church demolished.
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In his new role as caliph, he achieved the surrender of
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In 934, after reasserting supremacy over Pamplona and
1160:. In 951 he signed a peace with the new king of León,
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for himself. His half-century reign was known for its
2443:
2833:(in Spanish). Madrid-Granada: Instituto Miguel Asin.
2182:
The Man of Many Devices, Who Wandered Full Many Ways
469:
3341:
1420:. In his immediate ancestry, Abd al-Rahman III was
567:, and he apparently wished to avoid looking like a
2831:Una crónica anónima de 'Abd al-Rahman III al-Nasir
2540:
1963:
2664:Mendes, Ana Cristina; Baptista, Cristina (2014).
1872:Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain
994:
37:(عبد الرحمن الناصر لدين الله)
3673:
2809:. Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company.
2352:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
1376:, Asturias, and North Africa. The colonisers of
100:
2679:
2677:
2675:
1047:offered some resistance which was ineffective.
453:from 912 to 929, at which point he founded the
2663:
2383:Rulers and Realms in Medieval Iberia, 711–1492
2105:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1874:. New York: Hachette Book Group. p. 129.
1050:
904:
838:, while a cavalry detachment was sent to free
128:16 October 912 – 17 January 929
95:17 January 929 – 15 October 961
3327:
2999:
2652:The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2213:
1894:
1865:
1863:
1229:in 932, despite the Christian king capturing
2683:
2672:
2668:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 24.
1240:, Abd al-Rahman forced Ramiro to retreat to
1175:War with the Christian kingdoms of the north
991:surrendered in 928 and had his life spared.
286:
273:
2598:
2248:. Cambridge University Press. p. 173.
1922:
476:
3334:
3320:
3006:
2992:
2488:
2245:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines
2180:. In Nagy, Balázs; Sebők, Marcell (eds.).
1904:. New Delhi: Goodword Books. p. 129.
1860:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
2740:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
2538:
2297:His year of birth is given as 891 in the
2164:
2162:
1392:kingdoms sent emissaries, including from
787:Learn how and when to remove this message
655:, controlled much of eastern Al-Andalus.
623:Crónica anónima de Abd al-Rahman III
527:
506:expansion and later claimed the title of
491:) in his early 20s when he supported the
2599:Hareir, Idris El; Mbaye, Ravane (2011).
2514:
2101:
2099:
1957:
1955:
1834:
1273:
805:
461:until his death. Abd al-Rahman won the
2241:
2059:
1819:
1812:
1310:(960) and to overthrow Ordoño IV.
14:
3674:
2837:
2754:
2333:
2331:
2168:
2159:
2139:"Marriage and Sexuality in Al-Andalus"
1961:
1869:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1553:
1449:
1445:
665:, slaves of East European origin. The
606:
74:of Abd al-Rahman III, minted in 335 AH
3315:
2987:
2735:
2485:, Routledge: London 1931, pp. 22–36 .
2379:
2136:
2096:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1952:
1840:"Chapter 4: The Caliphate of Córdoba"
1765:
1762:
1752:
1740:
1730:
1726:
1714:
1712:
1702:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1652:
1642:
1629:
1619:
1615:
1603:
1597:
1587:
1571:
1561:
1557:
1541:
1538:
1528:
1515:
1505:
1501:
1489:
1483:
1473:
1457:
1453:
975:, as well as the trading republic of
368:Umayyad; Marwanid (Andalusian) Branch
2856:
2690:La Genealogía de Los Reyes de España
2637:Walter Andrews and Mehmet Kalpaklı,
2114:Al-Andalus: Society and Institutions
2109:Al-Andalus: sociedad e instituciones
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1655:Abd al-Rahman III, Caliph of Córdoba
725:adding citations to reliable sources
696:
224:Sons in order of birth according to
3013:
2694:The Genealogy of the Kings of Spain
2641:, Duke University Press, 2005; p. 2
2520:Abd-al-Rahman s.v Abd-al-Rahman III
2409:The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise
2356:The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise
2328:
439:
287:
274:
24:
2785:History of Al-Andalus from Spanish
1416:was a Christian princess from the
25:
3748:
2880:
2859:Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain
2759:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
2141:. In Lacarra Lanz, Eukene (ed.).
1988:
1412:region. His paternal grandmother
1244:, and forced the Navarrese queen
3732:Spanish people of Basque descent
3124:
2840:Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba
2502:
2481:, p. 7; cf. Elkan Nathan Adler,
2353:Fernández-Morera, Darío (2016).
2299:Chambers Biographical Dictionary
2106:Vallvé Bermejo, Joaquín (1999).
967:submitted, followed by those of
701:
64:
3692:10th-century caliphs of Córdoba
2729:
2710:
2657:
2644:
2631:
2626:Encyclopedia of Medieval Iberia
2619:
2592:
2579:
2566:
2555:
2532:
2464:
2437:
2426:
2400:
2373:
2346:
2312:
2291:
2265:
2235:
2198:
2072:. London: Longman. p. 99.
1574:Fortún Garcés, King of Pamplona
1185:Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz
1087:Translated by David Wasserstein
712:needs additional citations for
555:, daughter of the captive king
2684:Salas Merino, Vicente (2008).
2130:
2053:
1888:
1435:Ancestors of Abd al-Rahman III
1380:came from al-Andalus as well.
1372:. Iberian raiders moved up to
1313:
1032:were under the control of the
995:The Levente and Algarve rebels
673:heritage, and those of Muslim
629:was continuing its program of
585:
538:Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi
522:
13:
1:
3267:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud
3253:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud
2686:"La Dinastía Íñiga (820–905)"
2450:. Christian History Project.
901:submitted peacefully in 915.
692:
2757:Abd-al-Rahman III of Córdoba
2666:Reviewing Imperial Conflicts
2321:Abd al-Rahman, III Biography
1895:Azizur Rahman, Syed (2001).
1763:3. Muzna (originally Maria?)
963:In 921 the Banu Muhallab of
932:) and another castle called
7:
2539:Schreiber, Hermann (1984).
1460:Muhammad I, Emir of Córdoba
1403:
1386:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
1187:in September of that year.
1051:Assumption of the Caliphate
905:Ibn Hafsun and other rebels
812:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
582:was around only .09% Arab.
486:the Defender of God's Faith
470:
212:Marjan or Murjan (favorite)
10:
3753:
3722:Umayyad caliphs of Córdoba
3717:People from Córdoba, Spain
2894:Collier's New Encyclopedia
2863:Cambridge University Press
2799:
2654:, Chicago, 1997; pp. 10–28
2602:Al Maqqari, Nafh at-Tih, I
2380:Flood, Timothy M. (2018).
2226:
2204:
1939:World History Encyclopedia
1898:The Story of Islamic Spain
1670:
1547:
1447:
1349:Abd al-Rahman was a great
1265:Fernán González of Castile
1200:Sancho Garcés I of Navarre
532:Abd al-Rahman was born in
3639:
3605:
3549:
3486:
3479:
3376:al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman
3353:
3298:
3188:
3133:
3122:
3039:
3021:
2972:
2963:
2950:
2934:
2926:
2904:
2412:. Open Road Media. 2016.
2178:in Honor of János M. Bak)
1746:
1728:
1720:
1696:
1678:
1674:
1636:
1617:
1609:
1581:
1559:
1555:
1522:
1503:
1495:
1486:Abdullah, Emir of Córdoba
1467:
1451:
1344:
1332:Saint Pelagius of Córdoba
1069:Commander of the Faithful
1020:, Yahya ibn Bakr, and of
985:Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona
948:). He finally arrived at
557:Fortún Garcés of Pamplona
407:
396:
385:
373:
361:
285:: Al-Nasir li-Din Allah (
266:
261:
257:
218:
194:
182:
168:
156:
152:
142:
132:
124:
119:
109:
99:
91:
79:
63:
41:
34:
3697:10th-century Arab people
3471:Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman
3284:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali
3260:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali
2823:Lévi-Provençal, Évariste
2773:
2755:Fierro, Maribel (2005).
2716:
2242:Daftary, Farhad (1992).
1136:. The caliph helped the
639:valley. To the south in
431:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil
138:17 October 912 (aged 22)
105:17 January 929 (aged 39)
3246:Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir
2736:Coope, Jessica (1995).
2605:. UNESCO. p. 363.
2525:Encyclopædia Britannica
2137:Marín, Manuela (2002).
2033:Encyclopædia Britannica
1284:Borrell II of Barcelona
1198:. After defeating King
942:Évariste Lévi-Provençal
517:
457:, serving as its first
3456:Abu'l-Khattar al-Husam
3421:Muhammad ibn Abd Allah
2857:Wolf, Kenneth (1988).
2842:. New York: EJ Brill.
2838:Scales, Peter (1994).
2562:Abd-al-Rahman III
2273:"The Golden Caliphate"
2169:Kassis, Hanna (1999).
1870:Catlos, Brian (2018).
1600:Onneca Fortúnez (Durr)
1279:
1181:Ordoño II of León
1084:
814:
690:
540:, seventh independent
528:Lineage and appearance
442:; 890–961), or simply
3536:Abdallah ibn Muhammad
3406:Hudhaifa ibn al-Ahwas
2930:Abdallah ibn Muhammad
1277:
1196:San Esteban de Gormaz
1058:
809:
685:
471:al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh
54:Al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh
3416:al-Haytham ibn Ubayd
3411:Uthman ibn Abi Nis'a
3235:Abd Allah al-Mu'ayti
2957:Caliphate of Córdoba
2916:Cadet branch of the
2827:García Gómez, Emilio
2547:. Garzanti. p.
2475:Herschell Filipowski
2029:"'Abd al-Rahman III"
1813:Notes and references
1370:Mediterranean Europe
969:Jerez de la Frontera
914:Cuevas de San Marcos
721:improve this article
455:Caliphate of Córdoba
3712:Patrons of the arts
3631:Al-Qasim ibn Hammud
3621:Al-Qasim ibn Hammud
3396:Udhra ibn Abd Allah
3041:Caliphs of Damascus
2801:Lane-Poole, Stanley
2780:Al-Bayan al-Mughrib
2639:The Age of Beloveds
2587:Gli Arabi in Spagna
2574:Gli Arabi in Spagna
2543:Gli Arabi in Spagna
2359:. Open Road Media.
2279:on 16 November 2013
1935:"Abd al-Rahman III"
1418:Kingdom of Pamplona
1396:of Germany and the
1067:should be to us as
1016:, and the lords of
848:province of Almería
736:"Abd al-Rahman III"
627:Kingdom of Asturias
618:Al-Bayan al-Mughrib
607:Accession to throne
512:religious tolerance
403:(originally Maria?)
272:: Abu al-Mutarrif (
120:8th Emir of Córdoba
3682:9th-century births
3499:Al-Ala ibn Mughith
3451:Thalaba ibn Salama
3436:Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj
3190:Caliphs of Córdoba
2906:Abd al-Rahman III
1280:
1269:Ordoño III of León
1261:Battle of Simancas
1120:) and the throne (
815:
801:Kingdom of Navarre
681:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
601:Mozarabic language
444:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III
188:Alcázar of Córdoba
3727:Spanish humanists
3707:Pardon recipients
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3557:Abd al-Rahman III
3541:Abd al-Rahman III
3461:Tuwaba ibn Salama
3391:Anbasa ibn Suhaym
3381:al-Samh ibn Malik
3343:Umayyad governors
3309:
3308:
3200:Abd al-Rahman III
3180:Abd al-Rahman III
2982:
2981:
2973:Succeeded by
2966:Caliph of Córdoba
2889:Abd-er-Rahman III
2703:978-84-9821-767-4
2483:Jewish Travellers
2457:978-0-9689873-6-0
2393:978-1-4766-3372-5
2366:978-1-5040-3469-2
2255:978-0-521-42974-0
2191:978-963-9116-67-2
2152:978-0-415-93634-7
2123:978-84-89512-16-0
2079:978-0-582-49515-9
2046:978-1-59339-837-8
1981:978-0-313-32522-9
1966:The Rise of Islam
1911:978-81-87570-57-8
1853:978-0-520-24840-3
1836:Fletcher, Richard
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1154:Jawhar al-Siqilli
1094:Caliph of Córdoba
830:s (provinces) of
797:
796:
789:
771:
426:
425:
357:
356:
35:Abd al-Rahman III
18:Abd ar-Rahman III
16:(Redirected from
3744:
3702:Emirs of Córdoba
3597:Abd al-Rahman IV
3521:Abd ar-Rahman II
3484:
3483:
3401:Yahya ibn Salama
3336:
3329:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3240:Abd al-Rahman IV
3160:Abd ar-Rahman II
3135:Emirs of Córdoba
3128:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2927:Preceded by
2902:
2901:
2898:
2876:
2853:
2834:
2818:
2796:
2770:
2751:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2681:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2650:Mark D. Jordan,
2648:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2596:
2590:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2486:
2471:Mahberet Menahem
2468:
2462:
2461:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2350:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2316:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2275:. Archived from
2269:
2263:
2262:
2239:
2233:
2224:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2179:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2071:
2061:Kennedy, Hugh N.
2057:
2051:
2050:
2025:
1986:
1985:
1969:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1931:
1920:
1919:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1832:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1339:al-Hakam II
1250:García Sánchez I
1202:and the king of
1140:Berbers conquer
1088:
792:
785:
781:
778:
772:
770:
729:
705:
697:
561:Toda of Pamplona
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
473:
441:
298:: Abd al-Rahman
290:
289:
288:الناصر لدين الله
277:
276:
259:
258:
175:
68:
50:Amir al-Mu'minīn
32:
31:
21:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3661:
3647:Abd al-Rahman V
3640:Umayyad caliphs
3635:
3601:
3550:Umayyad caliphs
3545:
3494:Abd al-Rahman I
3475:
3371:Ayyub ibn Habib
3361:Musa ibn Nusayr
3349:
3340:
3310:
3305:
3294:
3273:Abd al-Rahman V
3192:
3184:
3145:Abd al-Rahman I
3137:
3129:
3120:
3043:
3035:
3017:
3015:Umayyad dynasty
3012:
2978:
2969:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2940:
2937:Emir of Córdoba
2932:
2922:
2914:
2907:
2886:
2883:
2873:
2850:
2829:, eds. (1950).
2767:
2748:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2682:
2673:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2537:
2533:
2518:, ed. (1911). "
2503:
2501:
2500:
2489:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2351:
2347:
2336:
2329:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2240:
2236:
2227:Lane-Poole 1894
2225:
2214:
2205:Lane-Poole 1894
2203:
2199:
2192:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2104:
2097:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2069:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2027:
2026:
1989:
1982:
1960:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1912:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1833:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1414:Onneca Fortúnez
1406:
1347:
1316:
1177:
1090:
1086:
1057:
1053:
997:
940:(identified by
907:
846:(in the modern
793:
782:
776:
773:
730:
728:
718:
706:
695:
609:
593:Umar ibn Hafsun
588:
553:Onneca Fortúnez
530:
525:
520:
488:
485:
482:
479:
451:Emir of Córdoba
414:
292:
279:
252:
250:
248:
246:
244:
242:
240:
238:
236:
234:
233:(son of Murjan)
229:
209:
190:
177:
173:
161:
160:18 December 890
75:
57:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3750:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3616:Ali ibn Hammud
3612:
3610:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3490:
3488:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3446:Balj ibn Bishr
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2947:
2945:Became caliph
2942:
2933:
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738: –
737:
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732:Find sources:
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710:This section
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389:Muhammad ibn
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19:
3652:Muhammad III
3556:
3540:
3441:Abd al-Malik
3431:Abd al-Malik
3282:
3278:Muhammad III
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3199:
3179:
3071:Abd al-Malik
2964:
2951:
2944:
2935:
2919:Banu Quraish
2917:
2911:Banu Umayyah
2909:
2892:
2858:
2839:
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2805:
2784:
2778:
2756:
2737:
2730:Bibliography
2712:
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2428:
2408:
2402:
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2375:
2355:
2348:
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2320:
2314:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:the original
2267:
2259:
2244:
2237:
2200:
2181:
2142:
2132:
2113:
2108:
2090:
2083:. Retrieved
2065:
2055:
2032:
1965:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1915:
1897:
1890:
1871:
1843:
1654:
1424:and Hispano–
1407:
1390:
1382:
1367:
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1080:Dhū al-Ḥijja
1073:
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823:
816:
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783:
777:January 2019
774:
764:
757:
750:
743:
731:
719:Please help
714:verification
711:
686:
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666:
660:
657:
630:
622:
616:
614:
610:
596:
589:
549:
531:
500:North Africa
468:
467:(sobriquet)
462:
443:
428:
427:
336:Abd al-Malik
293:
280:
267:
243:Abd al-Malik
101:Proclamation
58:
45:
42:
29:
3587:Sulayman II
3577:Sulayman II
3572:Muhammad II
3562:Al-Hakam II
3480:Independent
3366:Abd al-Aziz
3215:Muhammad II
3205:Al-Hakam II
3101:Al-Walid II
3061:Mu'awiya II
3026:Family tree
2976:Al-Hakam II
2585:Schreiber,
2176:Festschrift
2085:6 September
1539:2. Muhammad
1328:Al-Mu'tamid
1314:Later years
868:Banu Hajjaj
632:Reconquista
586:Harem youth
523:Early years
412:Sunni Islam
239:Ubayd Allah
235:Abd al-Aziz
231:Al-Hakam II
174:(961-10-15)
143:Predecessor
114:Al-Hakam II
3687:961 deaths
3676:Categories
3657:Hisham III
3592:al-Mu'ayti
3531:al-Mundhir
3526:Muhammad I
3516:al-Hakam I
3347:al-Andalus
3300:indicates
3290:Hisham III
3193:(929–1031)
3170:al-Mundhir
3165:Muhammad I
3155:Al-Hakam I
3076:Al-Walid I
3051:Mu'awiya I
2775:Ibn Idhari
2717:Ibn Idhari
2338:Ibn Idhari
1944:2 February
1378:Fraxinetum
1306:(959) and
1162:Ordoño III
1148:(931) and
1129:Ibn Marwan
1034:Banu Dānis
930:Fuengirola
928:, Suhayl (
918:Algarinejo
856:Alpujarras
747:newspapers
693:Early rule
677:heritage.
597:al-Sayyida
546:al-Andalus
446:, was the
348:Abi al-'As
275:أبو المطرف
251:Al-Mundhir
207:Al-Mundhir
3582:Hisham II
3567:Hisham II
3354:Dependent
3225:Hisham II
3210:Hisham II
3138:(756–929)
3116:Marwan II
3106:Yazid III
3044:(661–750)
2952:New title
2793:557028856
2777:(1860) .
2576:, p. 143.
2283:5 January
1838:(2006) .
1400:emperor.
1398:Byzantine
1324:Hisham II
1006:Ordoño II
981:Banu Qasi
950:Algeciras
926:Benahavís
870:lords of
667:saqalibah
662:saqalibah
580:Hisham II
253:Al-Mugira
237:Al-Asbagh
110:Successor
3607:Hammudid
3511:Hisham I
3304:usurpers
3302:Hammudid
3230:Sulayman
3220:Sulayman
3175:Abdullah
3150:Hisham I
3091:Yazid II
3081:Sulayman
3066:Marwan I
2970:929–961
2941:912–929
2803:(1894).
2589:, p. 154
2433:Ibn Hazm
2063:(1996).
1917:Alcazar.
1630:11. Oria
1516:9. Baher
1410:Pyrenean
1404:Ancestry
1360:Damascus
1351:humanist
1254:Zaragoza
1227:repelled
1212:Pamplona
1158:Fatimids
1150:Tangiers
1138:Maghrawa
1118:jayzuran
1018:Ocsónoba
899:Valencia
653:Bobastro
649:Muwallad
645:Fatimids
641:Ifriqiya
621:and the
569:Visigoth
544:emir of
502:against
493:Maghrawa
408:Religion
391:Abdullah
344:al-Hakam
328:Mu'awiya
316:al-Hakam
308:Muhammad
304:Abdallah
247:Abdullah
245:Sulayman
226:Ibn Hazm
147:Abdullah
3609:caliphs
3111:Ibrahim
3056:Yazid I
2960:created
2897:. 1921.
2815:1199708
2513::
1374:Galicia
1292:Córdoba
1169:Idrisid
1156:of the
1144:(927),
1142:Melilla
1134:Almeria
1102:Abbasid
1098:Fatimid
977:Pechina
954:Maghreb
884:Granada
876:Carmona
872:Seville
854:in the
852:Juviles
836:Granada
761:scholar
635:in the
573:Umayyad
550:infanta
542:Umayyad
534:Córdoba
504:Fatimid
496:Berbers
480:
448:Umayyad
380:Umayyad
375:Dynasty
202:Fatima
196:Consort
178:Córdoba
163:Córdoba
86:Córdoba
70:Silver
3096:Hisham
2869:
2846:
2813:
2791:
2763:
2744:
2721:p. 233
2700:
2609:
2507:
2454:
2416:
2390:
2363:
2309:, p. 2
2305:
2252:
2188:
2149:
2120:
2076:
2043:
1978:
1908:
1878:
1850:
1426:Basque
1394:Otto I
1345:Legacy
1308:Oviedo
1304:Zamora
1288:Sancho
1242:Burgos
1231:Madrid
1110:Medina
1082:316 .
1075:khaṭīb
1041:Mérida
1030:Lisbon
1022:Niebla
965:Guadix
934:Turrus
892:vizier
886:, and
844:Fiñana
840:Málaga
763:
756:
749:
742:
734:
675:Berber
643:, the
508:Caliph
459:caliph
436:Arabic
420:school
417:Maliki
397:Mother
386:Father
352:Umayya
340:Marwan
332:Hisham
320:Hisham
249:Marwan
183:Burial
134:Bay'ah
82:Caliph
72:dirham
3031:Media
2783:[
2692:[
2473:(ed.
2231:p. 22
2209:p. 11
2112:[
2037:17–18
1320:harem
1238:Álava
1146:Ceuta
1122:sarir
1106:Mecca
1064:da‘wa
1045:jefes
1002:Évora
973:Cádiz
880:hasam
819:Écija
768:JSTOR
754:books
637:Douro
464:laqab
401:Muzna
363:House
295:Nasab
282:Laqab
269:Kunya
262:Names
220:Issue
125:Reign
92:Reign
3086:Umar
2867:ISBN
2844:ISBN
2811:OCLC
2789:OCLC
2761:ISBN
2742:ISBN
2698:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2285:2008
2250:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2147:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2087:2010
2074:ISBN
2041:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1946:2022
1906:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1572:10.
1422:Arab
1326:and
1246:Toda
1204:León
1194:and
1192:Osma
1108:and
1100:and
1028:and
1014:Beja
971:and
946:Ojén
888:Jaén
874:and
834:and
832:Jaén
827:Kūra
810:The
740:news
671:Arab
576:Arab
518:Life
477:lit.
350:ibn
346:ibn
342:ibn
338:ibn
334:ibn
330:ibn
326:ibn
322:ibn
318:ibn
314:ibn
310:ibn
306:ibn
204:bint
169:Died
157:Born
80:1st
3345:of
2891:".
2549:142
2522:".
1972:151
1653:1.
1598:5.
1484:4.
1458:8.
1206:at
944:as
936:or
723:by
498:in
300:ibn
84:of
3678::
2865:.
2825:;
2719:,
2688:.
2674:^
2490:^
2340:,
2330:^
2301:,
2258:.
2229:,
2215:^
2207:,
2161:^
2098:^
2089:.
2039:.
2031:.
1990:^
1974:.
1954:^
1937:.
1924:^
1914:.
1862:^
1842:.
1821:^
1428:.
1388:.
1341:.
1294:.
1233:.
1036:.
987:.
603:.
514:.
438::
3335:e
3328:t
3321:v
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2875:.
2852:.
2817:.
2795:.
2769:.
2750:.
2706:.
2615:.
2551:.
2460:.
2422:.
2396:.
2369:.
2324:.
2287:.
2194:.
2174:(
2155:.
2126:.
2049:.
1984:.
1948:.
1884:.
1856:.
1116:(
790:)
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779:)
775:(
765:·
758:·
751:·
744:·
717:.
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483:'
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422:)
415:(
291:)
278:)
228::
20:)
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