190:
142:(ETP; area under the thrombin generation curve). The result is expressed as a normalized APC sensitivity ratio (nAPCsr), which corresponds to the ratio of the ETP measured in the presence and absence of APC divided by the same ratio in reference plasma. nAPCsr values range from 0 to 10. Opposite to the case of the APCsr with the aPTT-based APC resistance test, higher nAPCsr values indicate greater APC resistance. This is the result of the fact that APC prolongs the aPTT but inhibits thrombin generation.
130:(APC). The ratio of these aPTT values is calculated and is called the APC sensitivity ratio (APCsr) or simply APC ratio (APCr). This ratio is inversely related to the degree of APC resistance. The ETP-based APC resistance test involves the addition of APC to a
227:
are well known to increase APC resistance, which has been described as acquired APC resistance. However, the aPTT-based APC resistance test is much less sensitive to the procoagulatory effects of estrogens than is the ETP-based test.
279:, which involves higher doses of estradiol than are used in other contexts. EE produces a much stronger increase in APC resistance than does estradiol. In relation to this, ethinylestradiol is associated with a higher risk of
989:
Curvers J, Thomassen MC, Nicolaes GA, Van Oerle R, Hamulyak K, Hemker HC, Tans G, Rosing J (April 1999). "Acquired APC resistance and oral contraceptives: differences between two functional tests".
1282:"Validation and standardization of the ETP-based activated protein C resistance test for the clinical investigation of steroid contraceptives in women: an unmet clinical and regulatory need"
321:
Amiral J, Vissac AM, Seghatchian J (December 2017). "Laboratory assessment of
Activated Protein C Resistance/Factor V-Leiden and performance characteristics of a new quantitative assay".
1185:
Kotamarti VS, Greige N, Heiman AJ, Patel A, Ricci JA (July 2021). "Risk for Venous
Thromboembolism in Transgender Patients Undergoing Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment: A Systematic Review".
240:
increase APC resistance as measured by either the aPTT- or ETP-based test. EE-containing birth control pills show different degrees of influence on the ETP-based test depending on the
291:
The aPTT-based APC resistance test was developed in 1993, while the ETP-based test was developed in 1997. For many years, the ETP-based APC resistance test suffered from a lack of
189:
476:
Douxfils J, Morimont L, Bouvy C (November 2020). "Oral
Contraceptives and Venous Thromboembolism: Focus on Testing that May Enable Prediction and Assessment of the Risk".
115:
248:
antagonism of ethinylestradiol-mediated procoagulation. In contrast to EE-containing birth control pills, studies have not found increased APC resistance with
1485:
260:
using the aPTT-based test, though increased APC resistance has been shown with the ETP-based test. The increase in APC resistance is much greater with
181:
has been introduced, and it has been said that this should allow for adoption of TGAs and ETP-based APC resistance tests in routine clinical settings.
1497:
1353:
1745:
177:(CAT) and has been limitedly available due to its technical difficulty. Recently however, a fully automated commercial test system called the
1750:
1697:
153:
and measures the initiation, propagation, and termination phases of coagulation. The initiation phase accounts for less than 5% of total
295:
which hampered study-to-study comparison. By 2020 however, a validated methodology was developed aiming to propose a standardized and
1406:
1128:
Asscheman H, T'Sjoen G, Lemaire A, Mas M, Meriggiola MC, Mueller A, Kuhn A, Dhejne C, Morel-Journel N, Gooren LJ (September 2014).
157:, making aPTT-based tests poorly indicative of hypercoagulability in general. The aPTT-based assay is more sensitive to levels of
1735:
257:
111:
1631:
1346:
1130:"Venous thrombo-embolism as a complication of cross-sex hormone treatment of male-to-female transsexual subjects: a review"
17:
1230:"Confirmation of the safety of combined oral contraceptives containing oestradiol on the risk of venous thromboembolism"
1682:
1416:
1719:
1643:
857:
Favaloro EJ, Lippi G (April 2019). "Recent
Advances in Mainstream Hemostasis Diagnostics and Coagulation Testing".
174:
1778:
1339:
209:
166:
1086:"Venous thrombosis and changes of hemostatic variables during cross-sex hormone treatment in transsexual people"
1545:
695:
Mueck AO (2010). "Exogenous hormones, the risk of venous thromboembolism, and activated protein C resistance".
87:
50:
1672:
1430:
217:
139:
1667:
947:"Effects of non-oral postmenopausal hormone therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review"
213:
126:
The aPTT-based APC resistance test involves a modified aPTT test performed in the presence and absence of
1816:
1589:
1555:
1401:
237:
201:
99:
1677:
1528:
272:
265:
249:
556:"Combined Oral Contraceptives and Venous Thromboembolism: Review and Perspective to Mitigate the Risk"
42:
APC resistance test; Activated protein C resistance assay; APC resistance assay; APCR test; APCR assay
1638:
1435:
369:"Can We Measure the Individual Prothrombotic or Prohemorrhagic Tendency by Global Coagulation Tests?"
296:
193:
131:
1280:
Douxfils J, Morimont L, Delvigne AS, Devel P, Masereel B, Haguet H, Bouvy C, Dogné JM (2020-01-28).
1515:
1084:
Toorians AW, Thomassen MC, Zweegman S, Magdeleyns EJ, Tans G, Gooren LJ, Rosing J (December 2003).
299:
scale for ETP-based APC resistance, the normalized activated protein C sensitivity ratio (nAPCsr).
765:
Lim HY, Leemaqz SY, Torkamani N, Grossmann M, Zajac JD, Nandurkar H, Ho P, Cheung AS (July 2020).
1599:
1411:
150:
1821:
1533:
1425:
1396:
903:
Tchaikovski SN, Rosing J (July 2010). "Mechanisms of estrogen-induced venous thromboembolism".
280:
271:. Increased APC resistance with both the aPTT-based and ETP-based tests has been observed with
268:
1730:
1709:
253:
224:
205:
107:
1811:
1660:
1626:
1447:
1373:
1034:"Effect of gender-affirming hormone use on coagulation profiles in transmen and transwomen"
1032:
Scheres LJ, Selier NL, Nota NM, van Diemen JJ, Cannegieter SC, den Heijer M (April 2021).
767:"Global Coagulation Assays in Transgender Women on Oral and Transdermal Estradiol Therapy"
8:
1655:
1510:
261:
197:
154:
135:
127:
1604:
1550:
1459:
1454:
1317:
1259:
1210:
1167:
1058:
1033:
1014:
882:
839:
796:
674:
582:
555:
501:
447:
398:
91:
58:
963:
946:
743:
623:
606:
1788:
1561:
1321:
1309:
1301:
1263:
1251:
1214:
1202:
1159:
1107:
1063:
1006:
1002:
968:
920:
874:
831:
827:
814:
Baglin T (September 2005). "The measurement and application of thrombin generation".
800:
788:
747:
712:
666:
628:
587:
505:
493:
451:
439:
402:
390:
338:
276:
1018:
886:
678:
1687:
1584:
1579:
1522:
1505:
1293:
1241:
1194:
1171:
1151:
1141:
1097:
1053:
1045:
998:
958:
916:
912:
866:
843:
823:
778:
739:
704:
658:
618:
577:
567:
485:
429:
380:
330:
233:
79:
1246:
1229:
334:
1472:
708:
434:
417:
292:
145:
Whereas the aPTT-based APC resistance test only measures the initiation phase of
95:
173:. The ETP-based test has traditionally been performed using methods such as the
1783:
1692:
1621:
1442:
1391:
1198:
572:
1805:
1611:
1594:
1538:
1491:
1305:
783:
766:
649:
Clark P (February 2003). "Changes of hemostasis variables during pregnancy".
1281:
945:
Hemelaar M, van der Mooren MJ, Rad M, Kluft C, Kenemans P (September 2008).
1773:
1704:
1480:
1313:
1297:
1255:
1206:
1163:
1111:
1102:
1085:
1067:
1010:
972:
924:
878:
870:
835:
792:
751:
716:
670:
632:
591:
497:
489:
443:
394:
342:
1571:
1331:
662:
162:
158:
146:
54:
1155:
385:
368:
1768:
1648:
1386:
1381:
1365:
1362:
245:
178:
1146:
1129:
1049:
241:
229:
170:
103:
83:
1083:
730:
Castoldi E, Rosing J (February 2011). "Thrombin generation tests".
1714:
988:
200:(APC) in healthy pooled plasma and in plasma of women on various
37:
1127:
944:
554:
Morimont L, Haguet H, Dogné JM, Gaspard U, Douxfils J (2021).
1279:
98:
mutation, whereas acquired APC resistance has been linked to
764:
165:, whereas the ETP-based test is more sensitive to levels of
1031:
1184:
553:
366:
110:
therapy. APC resistance can be measured using either an
1227:
320:
367:
Reda S, Morimont L, Douxfils J, RĂĽhl H (August 2020).
475:
196:
in the absence (HPP -APC) and presence (HPP +APC) of
94:. Hereditary APC resistance is usually caused by the
1228:Grandi G, Facchinetti F, Bitzer J (February 2022).
902:
1803:
1275:
1273:
1123:
1121:
1079:
1077:
984:
982:
940:
938:
936:
934:
898:
896:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
1746:aPTT-based activated protein C resistance test
729:
690:
688:
644:
642:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
316:
314:
312:
116:endogenous thrombin potential (ETP)-based test
1751:ETP-based activated protein C resistance test
1347:
856:
1270:
1221:
1178:
1118:
1074:
1025:
979:
931:
893:
850:
807:
758:
723:
685:
639:
598:
512:
458:
409:
349:
309:
1361:
1354:
1340:
1286:Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
1407:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
1245:
1145:
1101:
1057:
962:
782:
622:
581:
571:
433:
384:
244:, which may be due to varying degrees of
415:
258:estradiol-containing birth control pills
188:
134:(TGA). This results in an inhibition of
1736:Ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation
1698:Activated protein C–protein C inhibitor
14:
1804:
813:
604:
1335:
694:
648:
112:activated partial thromboplastin time
1779:Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride test
88:activated protein C (APC) resistance
1741:Activated protein C resistance test
1234:Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care
32:Activated protein C resistance test
24:
607:"Haemostatic changes in pregnancy"
25:
1833:
1632:Dilute Russell's viper venom time
1417:Red blood cell distribution width
964:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1298
1644:Calibrated automated thrombogram
1003:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1999.01302.x
828:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05612.x
175:calibrated automated thrombogram
138:as measured by reduction of the
418:"Factor V Leiden thrombophilia"
210:ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel
167:tissue factor pathway inhibitor
1673:Coagulation activation markers
1546:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
917:10.1016/j.thromres.2010.01.045
121:
68:activated protein C resistance
51:Activated protein C resistance
13:
1:
1683:Thrombin–antithrombin complex
1431:White blood cell differential
1247:10.1080/13625187.2022.2029397
744:10.1016/S0049-3848(11)70007-X
624:10.1016/s1521-6926(03)00021-5
335:10.1016/j.transci.2017.11.021
302:
218:ethinylestradiol/drospirenone
184:
140:endogenous thrombin potential
1668:Overall hemostatic potential
709:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181fa264c
611:Best Pract Res Clin Haematol
435:10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181faa0f2
416:Kujovich JL (January 2011).
238:combined birth control pills
214:ethinylestradiol/desogestrel
202:combined oral contraceptives
7:
1590:Partial thromboplastin time
1556:Monocyte distribution width
1402:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
560:Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)
100:antiphospholipid antibodies
82:used in the evaluation and
10:
1838:
1529:Hemoglobin electrophoresis
1199:10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.04.006
286:
273:feminizing hormone therapy
250:menopausal hormone therapy
194:Thrombin generation curves
149:, the ETP-based test is a
1761:
1678:Prothrombin fragments 1+2
1639:Thrombin generation assay
1570:
1470:
1436:Absolute neutrophil count
1372:
573:10.3389/fendo.2021.769187
283:(VTE) than is estradiol.
204:. The contraceptives are
132:thrombin generation assay
46:
36:
31:
114:(aPTT)-based test or an
1600:Activated clotting time
1412:Mean corpuscular volume
1090:J Clin Endocrinol Metab
771:J Clin Endocrinol Metab
605:Bremme KA (June 2003).
1534:Sickle solubility test
1426:White blood cell count
1397:Red blood cell indices
1298:10.1515/cclm-2019-0471
1103:10.1210/jc.2003-030520
871:10.1055/s-0038-1676579
784:10.1210/clinem/dgaa262
490:10.1055/s-0040-1714140
281:venous thromboembolism
221:
1731:Von Willebrand factor
1710:Euglobulin lysis time
1649:ST Genesia-based test
206:estetrol/drospirenone
192:
1724:-antiplasmin complex
1661:Thrombodynamics test
1627:Ecarin clotting time
1516:Kleihauer–Betke test
1448:Mean platelet volume
1392:Red blood cell count
1374:Complete blood count
663:10.1055/s-2003-38329
264:estrogens than with
1656:Thromboelastography
859:Semin Thromb Hemost
478:Semin Thromb Hemost
386:10.1055/a-1153-5824
198:activated protein C
155:thrombin generation
136:thrombin generation
128:activated protein C
18:APC resistance test
1817:Coagulation system
1486:Total blood volume
1460:Reticulocyte index
1455:Reticulocyte count
777:(7): e2369–e2377.
738:(Suppl 3): S21–5.
323:Transfus Apher Sci
222:
92:hypercoagulability
59:hypercoagulability
1799:
1798:
1789:Immunophenotyping
1562:Osmotic fragility
1147:10.1111/and.12150
1050:10.1111/jth.15256
277:transgender women
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
1829:
1688:Fibrinopeptide A
1585:Prothrombin time
1580:Clotting factors
1523:Hemoglobinopathy
1506:Fetal hemoglobin
1356:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1249:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1193:(7): 1280–1291.
1182:
1176:
1175:
1149:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1105:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1044:(4): 1029–1037.
1038:J Thromb Haemost
1029:
1023:
1022:
986:
977:
976:
966:
942:
929:
928:
900:
891:
890:
854:
848:
847:
811:
805:
804:
786:
762:
756:
755:
727:
721:
720:
692:
683:
682:
646:
637:
636:
626:
602:
596:
595:
585:
575:
551:
510:
509:
473:
456:
455:
437:
413:
407:
406:
388:
364:
347:
346:
318:
236:(EE)-containing
234:ethinylestradiol
80:coagulation test
29:
28:
21:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1774:Blood viscosity
1757:
1723:
1693:Fibrin monomers
1566:
1511:Apt–Downey test
1498:Red cell volume
1473:red blood cells
1471:Other tests of
1466:
1368:
1360:
1330:
1329:
1278:
1271:
1226:
1222:
1183:
1179:
1126:
1119:
1082:
1075:
1030:
1026:
987:
980:
943:
932:
901:
894:
855:
851:
812:
808:
763:
759:
728:
724:
703:(6): 1099–103.
693:
686:
647:
640:
603:
599:
552:
513:
474:
459:
414:
410:
373:Hamostaseologie
365:
350:
319:
310:
305:
293:standardization
289:
187:
124:
96:factor V Leiden
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1835:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1784:Flow cytometry
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1622:Reptilase time
1614:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1477:
1475:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1443:Platelet count
1440:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1292:(2): 294–305.
1269:
1220:
1177:
1117:
1096:(12): 5723–9.
1073:
1024:
978:
930:
892:
865:(3): 228–246.
849:
806:
757:
722:
684:
651:Semin Vasc Med
638:
597:
511:
484:(8): 872–886.
457:
408:
379:(3): 364–378.
348:
329:(6): 906–913.
307:
306:
304:
301:
288:
285:
216:(EE/DSG), and
186:
183:
123:
120:
62:
61:
48:
44:
43:
40:
34:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1834:
1823:
1822:Medical signs
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:animal enzyme
1615:
1613:
1612:Bleeding time
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Thrombin time
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:Mentzer index
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:Plasma volume
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:Br J Haematol
985:
983:
974:
970:
965:
960:
957:(3): 642–72.
956:
952:
951:Fertil Steril
948:
941:
939:
937:
935:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
897:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:(5): 653–61.
821:
817:
816:Br J Haematol
810:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
689:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
643:
634:
630:
625:
620:
617:(2): 153–68.
616:
612:
608:
601:
593:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
412:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
382:
378:
374:
370:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
353:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
317:
315:
313:
308:
300:
298:
294:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
39:
35:
30:
27:
19:
1740:
1705:Fibrinolysis
1616:
1481:Blood volume
1289:
1285:
1240:(2): 83–84.
1237:
1233:
1223:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1156:11585/413984
1140:(7): 791–5.
1137:
1133:
1093:
1089:
1041:
1037:
1027:
997:(1): 88–94.
994:
990:
954:
950:
908:
904:
862:
858:
852:
819:
815:
809:
774:
770:
760:
735:
731:
725:
700:
696:
657:(1): 13–24.
654:
650:
614:
610:
600:
563:
559:
481:
477:
425:
421:
411:
376:
372:
326:
322:
290:
223:
151:global assay
144:
125:
90:, a form of
75:
71:
67:
65:
47:Test of
26:
1812:Blood tests
1572:Coagulation
1551:Haptoglobin
1366:blood tests
911:(1): 5–11.
428:(1): 1–16.
266:transdermal
208:(E4/DRSP),
169:(TFPI) and
163:factor VIII
159:prothrombin
147:coagulation
122:Methodology
55:coagulation
1806:Categories
1769:Blood film
1605:Fibrinogen
1387:Hematocrit
1382:Hemoglobin
1363:Hematology
1134:Andrologia
905:Thromb Res
732:Thromb Res
566:: 769187.
303:References
297:harmonized
246:androgenic
220:(EE/DRSP).
212:(EE/LNG),
185:Influences
179:ST Genesia
1720:Plasmin-α
1322:201644826
1306:1437-4331
1264:246651102
1215:235471411
1187:J Sex Med
801:218659931
697:Menopause
506:224821517
452:220861191
422:Genet Med
403:220878363
269:estradiol
242:progestin
230:Pregnancy
225:Estrogens
171:protein S
104:pregnancy
84:diagnosis
1525:testing
1314:31444961
1256:35133236
1207:34140253
1164:23944849
1112:14671159
1068:33527671
1019:19715963
1011:10233368
973:17923128
925:20163835
887:85517668
879:30912101
836:16115120
793:32413907
752:21262433
717:20975607
679:36952311
671:15199489
633:12763484
592:34956081
498:33080636
444:21116184
395:32726831
343:29162399
254:estetrol
252:or with
108:estrogen
38:Synonyms
1715:D-Dimer
1172:5363824
1059:8048491
844:9701861
583:8697849
287:History
1320:
1312:
1304:
1262:
1254:
1213:
1205:
1170:
1162:
1110:
1066:
1056:
1017:
1009:
971:
923:
885:
877:
842:
834:
799:
791:
750:
715:
677:
669:
631:
590:
580:
504:
496:
450:
442:
401:
393:
341:
106:, and
1762:Other
1558:(MDW)
1500:(RCV)
1488:(TBV)
1318:S2CID
1260:S2CID
1211:S2CID
1168:S2CID
1015:S2CID
883:S2CID
840:S2CID
797:S2CID
675:S2CID
502:S2CID
448:S2CID
399:S2CID
256:- or
78:is a
1494:(PV)
1310:PMID
1302:ISSN
1252:PMID
1203:PMID
1160:PMID
1108:PMID
1064:PMID
1007:PMID
969:PMID
921:PMID
875:PMID
832:PMID
789:PMID
748:PMID
713:PMID
667:PMID
629:PMID
588:PMID
494:PMID
440:PMID
391:PMID
339:PMID
262:oral
232:and
161:and
76:test
72:APCR
66:The
1294:doi
1242:doi
1195:doi
1152:hdl
1142:doi
1098:doi
1054:PMC
1046:doi
999:doi
995:105
959:doi
913:doi
909:126
867:doi
824:doi
820:130
779:doi
775:105
740:doi
736:127
705:doi
659:doi
619:doi
578:PMC
568:doi
486:doi
430:doi
381:doi
331:doi
275:in
86:of
1808::
1316:.
1308:.
1300:.
1290:58
1288:.
1284:.
1272:^
1258:.
1250:.
1238:27
1236:.
1232:.
1209:.
1201:.
1191:18
1189:.
1166:.
1158:.
1150:.
1138:46
1136:.
1132:.
1120:^
1106:.
1094:88
1092:.
1088:.
1076:^
1062:.
1052:.
1042:19
1040:.
1036:.
1013:.
1005:.
993:.
981:^
967:.
955:90
953:.
949:.
933:^
919:.
907:.
895:^
881:.
873:.
863:45
861:.
838:.
830:.
818:.
795:.
787:.
773:.
769:.
746:.
734:.
711:.
701:17
699:.
687:^
673:.
665:.
653:.
641:^
627:.
615:16
613:.
609:.
586:.
576:.
564:12
562:.
558:.
514:^
500:.
492:.
482:46
480:.
460:^
446:.
438:.
426:13
424:.
420:.
397:.
389:.
377:40
375:.
371:.
351:^
337:.
327:56
325:.
311:^
118:.
102:,
74:)
57:,
53:,
1722:2
1355:e
1348:t
1341:v
1324:.
1296::
1266:.
1244::
1217:.
1197::
1174:.
1154::
1144::
1114:.
1100::
1070:.
1048::
1021:.
1001::
975:.
961::
927:.
915::
889:.
869::
846:.
826::
803:.
781::
754:.
742::
719:.
707::
681:.
661::
655:3
635:.
621::
594:.
570::
508:.
488::
454:.
432::
405:.
383::
345:.
333::
70:(
20:)
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