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1917:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration lyndon B. JohMon Spece Cent. Houston, Texas 77058 AC713 483-5111 Charles Redmond RELEASE NO: 77-47. September 12, 1977. p 5. "...Even though the experiments will be terminated, the transmitters will continue to serve Earth as a reference point in astronomy. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory will continue to use the signals from the ALSEP transmitters to assist in the Lab's deep space work including geodetic and astrometric studies and spacecraft navigation. Also, the motion of the lunar orbit will be accurately monitored against a background of extra-galactic stars to test gravitational theories".
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222:'s Scientific Equipment (SEQ) Bay in two separate subpackages. The base of the first subpackage formed the Central Station while the base of the second subpackage was part of the RTG. A subpallet was also attached to the second subpackage which usually carried one or two of the experiments and the antenna gimbal assembly. On Apollo 12, 13, and 14, the second subpackage also stored the Lunar Hand Tool Carrier (HTC). The exact deployment of experiments differed by mission. The following pictures show a typical procedure from Apollo 12.
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mounted on top of the
Central Station and pointed towards Earth by the astronauts. Transmitters, receivers, data processors and multiplexers were housed within the Central Station. The Central Station was a 25 kg box with a stowed volume of 34,800 cubic cm. In addition, on Apollos 12 to 15, a Dust Detector was mounted on the Central Station which measured the accumulation of Lunar dust.
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210:(RTG) to run the instruments and communications so data collected by the experiments could be relayed to Earth. Thermal control was achieved by passive elements (insulation, reflectors, thermal coatings) as well as power dissipation resistors and heaters. Data collected from the instruments were converted into a telemetry format and transmitted to Earth.
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Thirteen of the twenty-two
Thumper charges were fired successfully. Because of concerns about the deployment of the mortar, none of the four explosives were fired. There was an attempt to fire them at the end of the ALSEP's operational lifetime, but the charges failed to work after being dormant for
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training for Apollo 13. He is currently deploying a mock-up of the
Central Station. The Station was spring-loaded. After releasing Boyd bolts, the top of the Station would spring up, deploying it. Note the various locations on top of it which held some of the experiments before deployment. They were
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Bean is attempting to remove the fuel element from the cask using the Fuel
Transfer Tool (FTT). Note one of the Universal Hand Tools (UHT) attached to the RTG subpackage. On Apollo 12, the fuel element stuck in the cask because of thermal expansion (Bean could feel the heat through his suit). Conrad
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Because of the risk of an early abort on the Moon, geologists persuaded NASA to permit only experiments that could be set up or completed in 10 minutes. As a result, Apollo 11 did not leave a full ALSEP package, but left a simpler version called the Early Apollo
Surface Experiments Package (EASEP).
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The LSPE was similar to the ASE except the expected depth was to be several kilometers. It consisted of three major components. A set of four geophones was laid out near the ALSEP by an astronaut. The LSPE antenna was used to send signals to the charges. There were eight charges, each consisting of
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was laid out in a line by an astronaut from the
Central Station to detect the explosions. A mortar package was designed to lob a set of four explosives from varying distances away from the ALSEP. Finally, an astronaut-activated Thumper was used to detonate one of 22 charges to create a small shock.
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The ALSEP system and instruments were controlled by commands from Earth. The stations ran from deployment until the support operations were terminated on 30 September 1977 due primarily to budgetary considerations. Additionally, by 1977 it was evaluated that the power packs of at least one station
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inadvertently caught his foot on the cable to the experiment from the
Central Station. The cable was pulled out of its connector on the Central Station. Although some technicians and astronauts on Earth believed that a repair was feasible, mission control ultimately decided that the time necessary
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The RTG cask stored the plutonium-238 fuel element. It was located to left of the SEQ bay. The cask was designed to withstand a launch vehicle explosion in the event of an abort or a re-entry into Earth's atmosphere (which is what occurred on Apollo 13). The picture shows Edgar
Mitchell practicing
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During the drilling operations for each of the holes, more resistance was encountered than expected. As a result, the probes could not be inserted to their planned depth. Accurate scientific data could not be obtained from the Apollo 15 experiment until the data could be compared to Apollo 17's.
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beam from Earth, the round-trip timing of the beam is an accurate gauge of the distance to the Moon. The information is used to study Lunar recession due to tidal dissipation and the irregular motion of the Earth. The LRRRs are the only experiments still in use today. The above diagram shows the
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The
Central Station was essentially the command center for the entire ALSEP station. It received commands from Earth, transmitted data, and distributed power to each experiment. Communications with Earth were achieved through a 58 cm long, 3.8 cm diameter modified axial-helical antenna
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Note the tilt of the SIDE. This was necessary because of the latitude of Apollo 15's landing site. Also note the boom connecting the SIDE and CCIG. This redesign was done because earlier crews complained about the difficulty to deploy the SIDE/CCIG when only wires connected the two experiments.
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removes the second subpackage from the SEQ bay. This was accomplished by using the boom which can be seen extended and a pulley system to set it on the ground. By Apollo 17, astronauts felt that the use of the boom and pulley system complicated the operation. And as such, the entire system was
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The HFE was designed to make thermal measurements of the Lunar subsurface in order to determine the rate at which heat flows out of the interior. The measurements could help determine the abundance of radioisotopes and help understand the thermal evolution of the Moon. The HFE consisted of an
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Bean is beginning to remove the dome from the RTG cask. He is using a specialized tool called the Dome
Removal Tool (DRT). Note how he has already prepared the RTG for fueling and has already deployed the HTC. Conrad has already removed the subpallet from the RTG subpackage.
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The SIDE was designed to measure various properties of positive ions in the Lunar environment, provide data on the plasma interaction between solar wind and the Moon, and to determine the electrical potential of the Lunar surface.
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Engineers designed the EASEP to deploy with one squeeze handle, and the Laser Ranging Retro Reflector (LRRR) also deployed within ten minutes. Despite the simpler design, the seismometer was sensitive enough to detect
206:. The instruments were designed to run autonomously after the astronauts left and to make long-term studies of the lunar environment. They were arrayed around a Central Station which supplied power generated by a
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Since there was only one 2 hour 40 minute EVA planned, the crew would not have enough time to deploy a full ALSEP, which usually took one to two hours to deploy. Both packages were stored in the LM's SEQ bay.
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The antenna gimbal assembly was stored on the first subpackage. The stool for the PSE, the ALSEP tools, carrybar, and the Lunar drill was stored on the subpallet. The HTC was stored on the second subpackage.
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The instrumentation and experiments that would comprise ALSEP were decided in February 1966. Specifically, the experiments, institutions responsible, and principal investigators and coinvestigators were:
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After three of the explosives were fired successfully, the pitch sensor went off scale. It was then decided not to fire the fourth explosive. Nineteen of the Thumper charges were successfully fired.
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Bean attaches the RTG subpackage to the carrybar in preparation for the traverse to the ALSEP deployment site. The carrybar would later be used as the mast for the antenna on the Central Station.
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could not run both the transmitter and any other instrument. However, the transmitters were not switched off, and all 5 ALSEPs were observed by the Soviet radio telescope
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The LEAM was designed to detect secondary particles that had been ejected by meteorite impacts on the lunar surface and to detect primary micrometeorites themselves. See
589:. It was originally designed to be part of the SIDE, but its strong magnetic field would have caused interference. The CCIG is on the right of the SIDE in the diagram.
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The pictures show the mortar pack (top) and thumper (bottom). Note the new mortar base used to improve the experiment after problems were encountered with Apollo 14's.
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The LSG was designed to make very accurate measurements of lunar gravity and its change over time. It was hoped the data could be used to prove the existence of
758:. The data could be used to determine electrical properties of the subsurface. It was also used to study the interaction of solar plasma and the Lunar surface.
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During the traverse to the ALSEP deployment site, Conrad took this picture. His shadow indicates that he is carrying the subpallet with one of the two UHTs.
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The antenna gimbal assembly was stored on the subpallet. The stool for the PSE, the ALSEP tools, carrybar, and HTC was stored on the second subpackage.
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The antenna gimbal assembly was stored on the subpallet. The stool for the PSE, the ALSEP tools, carrybar, and HTC was stored on the second subpackage.
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the internal structure of the Moon could be determined to several hundred feet underground. The ASE consisted of three major components. A set of three
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The upper image shows the antenna for the LSPE in the foreground. The middle image shows one of the charges. The bottom image shows the geophones.
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The antenna gimbal assembly was stored on the subpallet. The ALSEP tools, carrybar, and stool for the PSE was stored on the second subpackage.
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pounded the side of the cask with a hammer while Bean successfully worked it loose. He then inserted it into the RTG and discarded the FTT.
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The mortar, geophones, and Thumper were stored on the first subpackage. The base of the mortar box was stored on the second subpackage.
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The LEAM is in the foreground. The scientific validity of this experiment has been called into question because of some odd data.
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The transparent dust cover has already been removed and is 3–4 m further to the right. The metal reflector mirrors the black sky.
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Pisma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal, vol. 4, Dec. 1978, p. 562-565. (Soviet Astronomy Letters, vol. 4, Nov.-Dec. 1978, p. 302-303).
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One of the probes can be seen in the foreground while the electronics box and the other probe can be seen in the background.
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simply carried the EASEP to the deployment site by using handles. This is different from the carrybar used on later missions.
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A recording of the Apollo 13 S-IVB's impact on the lunar surface as detected by the Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment.
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electronics box and two probes. Each probe was placed in a hole by an astronaut that was drilled to about 2.5 m deep.
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removed for Apollo 17. On Apollo 11, Buzz Aldrin chose not to use the system because of a lack of time.
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Conrad holds the carrybar in his left hand while he releases the antenna gimbal assembly with a UHT.
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The center of the picture shows the electronics box and the two wires going to each of the probes.
802:), electronics, and communications equipment. In addition, the PSEP also carried a Dust Detector.
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Similar to the PSE, except it was self-supporting. This meant it carried its own power source (
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The RTG was the power source for the ALSEP. It utilized the heat from the radioactive decay of
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Because of the aborted landing, none of the experiments were deployed. However, the Apollo 13
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The SWS was designed to study solar wind properties and its effects on the Lunar environment.
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for a repair could be put to better use on other work, and so the experiment was terminated.
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780:," either naturally or artificially created, to help study the structure of the subsurface.
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between 18 October and 28 November 1977, after the official termination of their mission.
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Because of a design error, the experiment could not accomplish what it was designed for.
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stage was deliberately crashed on the Moon to provide a signal for the Apollo 12 PSE.
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The SIDE is in the upper-left corner while the CCIG is in the center of the picture.
640:'s was similar to Apollo 11's. The lower diagram shows the larger Apollo 15 version.
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The picture shows the RTG from Apollo 14 with the Central Station in the background.
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The CCIG can be seen to the left of the SIDE. The CCIG failed after only 14 hours.
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1794:"Sandia National Laboratories: May 23, 1969: Sandia Helps in Apollo Moon Program"
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Bean discards the dome with the DRT still attached. Neither had a use afterward.
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Stored in Quad III of the LM and brought to the ALSEP site via the Lunar rover.
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The above image shows the mortar device. The lower one shows Lunar Module Pilot
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1990:
Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package, Design Certification Review (1971)
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of power. The base of the RTG was the base of the second ALSEP subpackage.
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to 6 lb (0.06 to 2.72 kg). The charges were deployed during the
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The picture shows the one heat flow probe that was successfully deployed.
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The LACE was designed to detect the composition of the Lunar atmosphere.
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The first subpackage, which Conrad had removed from the SEQ bay earlier.
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1954:, The Leading Edge, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, April, 2009.
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The mortar, geophones, and Thumper was stored on the first subpackage.
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Naugolnaia, M. N.; Spangenberg, E. E.; Soboleva, N. S.; Fomin, V. A.
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Stored in Quad I of the LM and brought to the ALSEP site separately.
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Determination of selenographic coordinates of objects by RATAN-600.
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opens the SEQ bay doors through a system of lanyards and pulleys.
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Bean lowers the RTG cask into a position where he can access it.
1857:"The Case of the Missing Lunar Heat Flow Data Is Finally Solved"
1374:
The SIDE is on the left while the CCIG is attached on the right.
585:
The CCGE experiment was designed to measure the pressure of the
27:
Scientific instruments left by the Apollo astronauts on the Moon
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1905:, NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, 27 May 2005.
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also held down with Boyd bolts that were released with a UHT.
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The picture shows the Central Station from Apollo 16's ALSEP.
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in
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1746:
Encyclopedia Astronautica website, 14 February 1966 entry.
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After successfully deploying one of the probes, Commander
48:) comprised a set of scientific instruments placed by the
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ALSEP systems are visible in several images taken by the
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Stored on the second subpackage as part of the subpallet.
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2003:
1770:, Lunar and Planetary Institute (accessed 11 Dec 2015)
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152:, J. W. Freeman, Jr.; Marshall Space Flight Center,
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photo showing the Apollo 17 ALSEP (science package)
844:Each mission had a different array of experiments.
360:Bean carries the ALSEP out to the deployment site.
5535:
3465:Primary guidance, navigation, and control system
80:). Apollo 11 left a smaller package called the
1722:, a vacuum stable explosive used in the ALSEP.
5496:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
3772:
3583:Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment
3298:
2019:
1854:
1641:during its orbits over Apollo landing sites.
550:Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment
400:Each ALSEP station had some common elements.
171:Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment
5476:List of species that have landed on the Moon
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1975:Apollo Scientific Experiments Data Handbook
82:Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package
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2012:
1950:Brzostowski, M.A., and Brzostowski, A.C.,
1859:. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
3563:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
1952:Archiving the Apollo active seismic data
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1780:Experiment Operations During Apollo EVAs
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808:Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment (SWS)
52:at the landing site of each of the five
42:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
31:
1985:Catalog of Apollo Experiment Operations
1845:Brzostowski and Brzostowski, pp 414-416
646:Lunar Atmosphere Composition Experiment
14:
5536:
5471:List of artificial objects on the Moon
3588:Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment
1731:List of artificial objects on the Moon
659:Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment
557:The CPLEE was designed to measure the
544:The diagram shows the Thumper device.
503:
3760:
3286:
2007:
1920:
1893:
1757:
1668:LRO photo showing the Apollo 12 ALSEP
575:Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment (CCGE)
446:Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator
208:radioisotope thermoelectric generator
103:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
5172:International Lunar Research Station
3635:Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment
3578:Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment
3573:Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment
1791:
1768:Science Experiments - Active Seismic
1039:Planned layout for Apollo 13's ALSEP
847:
825:Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment
764:Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment
754:The LSM was designed to measure the
162:: Columbia University, M. Langseth;
142:, C. W. Snyder and M. M. Neugebauer.
1903:Don L. Lind oral history transcript
839:
609:Laser Ranging Retroreflector (LRRR)
36:ALSEP of the Apollo 16 mission
24:
3886:Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
3605:Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment
3593:Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment
1742:
786:Passive Seismic Experiment Package
681:Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment
395:
198:The ALSEP was built and tested by
101:Passive Lunar Seismic Experiment:
25:
5560:
3558:Solar Wind Composition Experiment
3244:Lilith (hypothetical second moon)
1958:
497:the removal of the fuel element.
173:: Rice University, B. J. O'Brien.
5491:Moon landing conspiracy theories
3748:Category:Apollo program hardware
3743:
3742:
3266:
3265:
3207:Moon landing conspiracy theories
2130:
1932:
1694:
1680:
1661:
1646:
1611:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1565:
1549:
1532:
1494:Stored on the first subpackage.
1487:
1479:Stored on the first subpackage.
1472:
1455:Stored on the second subpackage.
1446:
1425:
1420:
1367:
1353:Stored on the first subpackage.
1346:
1336:Stored on the first subpackage.
1329:
1321:Stored on the first subpackage.
1314:
1297:
1284:Stored on the second subpackage.
1275:
1225:
1211:Stored on the first subpackage.
1204:
1187:
1177:Stored on the first subpackage.
1170:
1144:
1138:
1096:Stored on the first subpackage.
1088:Stored on the first subpackage.
1080:Stored on the first subpackage.
1072:Stored on the first subpackage.
1012:
998:Stored on the first subpackage.
991:
981:Stored on the first subpackage.
974:
964:Stored on the first subpackage.
957:
912:
895:
812:
791:
776:The PSE was designed to detect "
769:
747:
725:
692:
686:
664:
619:
613:
528:
489:
458:
451:
430:
423:
377:
365:
353:
341:
329:
316:
304:
291:
279:
267:
251:
236:
5208:Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
3376:Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
2629:Selenographic coordinate system
1944:
1855:Sarah Stanley (June 25, 2018).
1624:
190:SNAP-27 isotopic power system:
185:United States Geological Survey
3666:Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
3546:Lunar Laser Ranging experiment
3516:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment
3156:Artificial objects on the Moon
1908:
1875:
1848:
1827:(Apollo Lunar Surface Journal)
1811:
1792:Labs, Sandia (July 15, 2019).
1785:
1715:Lunar laser ranging experiment
56:to land on the Moon following
13:
1:
3625:Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment
3600:Modular Equipment Transporter
2247:Total penumbral lunar eclipse
1999:Lunar and Planetary Institute
1750:
675:for some experiment results.
627:An LRRR is used to reflect a
579:Cold Cathode Ion Gauge (CCIG)
561:of charged particles such as
475:to generate approximately 70
213:
91:
5506:List of crewed lunar landers
5466:List of missions to the Moon
5289:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
5248:Lunar Crater Radio Telescope
5020:Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost
4335:SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)
3991:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
3725:Rendezvous Docking Simulator
3536:Portable Life Support System
3445:Apollo Abort Guidance System
3222:Moon is made of green cheese
2516:Permanently shadowed craters
1639:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
1500:
1397:Layout for Apollo 16's ALSEP
1388:
1243:
1115:Layout for Apollo 14's ALSEP
1106:
1030:
934:Layout for Apollo 12's ALSEP
925:
218:The ALSEP was stored in the
192:Sandia National Laboratories
129:Marshall Space Flight Center
7:
5348:International Lunar Network
3704:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
1882:Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites
1673:
1509:Layout of Apollo 17's ALSEP
1252:Layout of Apollo 15's ALSEP
873:'s movements during sleep.
700:various sizes ranging from
10:
5565:
3671:Mobile quarantine facility
3615:Lunar Surface Magnetometer
3149:Craters named after people
2622:Transient lunar phenomenon
2270:Solar eclipses on the Moon
1995:Archive of ALSEP documents
742:Lunar Surface Magnetometer
146:Suprathermal Ion Detection
121:Lunar Surface Magnetometer
5514:
5443:
5309:
5266:
5200:
5191:
5116:
5091:
5042:
5010:
4934:
4925:
4756:
4674:
4594:
4508:
4396:
4343:
4163:
4154:List of Apollo astronauts
4103:
4094:
4074:
4058:
4032:
3956:
3947:
3798:
3740:
3712:
3679:
3643:
3620:Lunar Traverse Gravimeter
3568:Active Seismic Experiment
3526:
3498:
3480:Descent propulsion system
3435:
3384:
3351:
3320:
3260:
3089:
3057:
2962:
2879:
2799:
2638:
2341:
2139:
2128:
2050:
2041:
523:Active Seismic Experiment
177:Active Seismic Experiment
140:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
5451:Colonization of the Moon
3610:Lunar Surface Gravimeter
3485:Ascent propulsion system
3460:Lunar Sounder Experiment
3455:Apollo Guidance Computer
3450:Apollo Docking Mechanism
2033:
1980:ALSEP Termination Report
1736:
1376:Stored on the subpallet.
1232:Stored on the subpallet.
720:Lunar Surface Gravimeter
5544:Apollo program hardware
5501:Apollo 11 anniversaries
5338:European Lunar Explorer
4561:Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)
3551:list of retroreflectors
3314:Apollo program hardware
3170:Moon in science fiction
2675:Giant-impact hypothesis
2523:South Pole–Aitken basin
4687:Emirates Lunar Mission
3656:Launch Umbilical Tower
3470:Apollo Telescope Mount
3191:futuristic exploration
2714:Late Heavy Bombardment
1782:(accessed 11 Dec 2015)
1510:
1398:
1253:
1155:operating the Thumper.
1116:
1048:
1040:
935:
919:Failed after 21 days.
861:
169:Low-Energy Solar Wind
37:
5296:Lunar Orbital Station
4748:Peregrine Mission One
3411:Apollo service module
3397:Apollo command module
3251:Splitting of the Moon
3163:Memorials on the Moon
2767:Lunar sample displays
2449:Peak of eternal light
1887:May 17, 2008, at the
1508:
1396:
1251:
1114:
1046:
1038:
933:
855:
35:
5461:List of lunar probes
5456:Google Lunar X Prize
5405:Project Harvest Moon
4518:Lunar Roving Vehicle
3998:(relay satellite at
3720:Lunar escape systems
3630:Heat Flow Experiment
3541:Lunar Roving Vehicle
1726:Lunar Roving Vehicle
756:Lunar magnetic field
595:Heat Flow Experiment
160:Heat Flow Experiment
125:Ames Research Center
5486:Apollo 17 Moon mice
5415:Resource Prospector
5343:First Lunar Outpost
5326:Baden-Württemberg 1
5282:Boeing Lunar Lander
4407:Apollo Lunar Module
4221:(propulsion module)
4186:Apollo Lunar Module
3788:Spacecraft missions
3692:Lunar Flag Assembly
3661:Crawler-transporter
3416:Apollo Lunar Module
2751:Lunar laser ranging
1688:Solar System portal
734:gravitational waves
535:Through the use of
504:List of experiments
204:Ann Arbor, Michigan
181:Stanford University
111:Columbia University
5549:Bendix Corporation
5154:Cislunar Explorers
2900:Lunisolar calendar
2569:Lunar basalt 70017
2316:Tidal acceleration
2171:Perigee and apogee
2061:Internal structure
1823:2011-10-17 at the
1766:Apollo 16 Mission
1702:Spaceflight portal
1511:
1399:
1254:
1117:
1049:
1041:
936:
862:
131:, Jerry Modisette.
117:, Robert Hostetler
38:
5529:
5528:
5375:Lunar Mission One
5332:#dearMoon project
5305:
5304:
5187:
5186:
5032:Lunar Trailblazer
4921:
4920:
4363:Moon Impact Probe
4090:
4089:
3754:
3753:
3506:Apollo/Skylab A7L
3280:
3279:
3230:Natural satellite
2689:Lunar magma ocean
2465:Volcanic features
1970:NSSDC Apollo Page
1747:
1720:Hexanitrostilbene
1622:
1621:
1498:
1497:
1383:
1382:
1238:
1237:
1100:
1099:
1025:
1024:
923:
922:
848:Apollo 11 (EASEP)
837:
836:
501:
500:
393:
392:
384:This photo shows
113:, George Sutton;
16:(Redirected from
5556:
5198:
5197:
5148:Lunar Pathfinder
4932:
4931:
4828:Lunar Flashlight
4315:Lunar Prospector
4101:
4100:
3982:(service module)
3954:
3953:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3746:
3745:
3698:Fallen Astronaut
3490:Scimitar antenna
3475:Apollo TV camera
3307:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3216:
3209:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3082:
3075:
3073:Meridian passage
3068:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2872:
2865:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2792:
2790:Lunar seismology
2783:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2723:Lunar meteorites
2716:
2709:
2702:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2592:Space weathering
2587:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2541:
2534:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2428:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2334:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2157:Orbital elements
2152:
2134:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1965:Astronautix Site
1938:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1891:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1828:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1745:
1741:
1704:
1699:
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1697:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1665:
1650:
1615:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1569:
1553:
1536:
1513:
1512:
1491:
1476:
1450:
1429:
1424:
1401:
1400:
1371:
1350:
1333:
1318:
1301:
1279:
1256:
1255:
1229:
1208:
1191:
1174:
1148:
1142:
1119:
1118:
1058:
1057:
1016:
995:
978:
961:
938:
937:
916:
899:
876:
875:
840:List of missions
816:
795:
773:
751:
729:
709:
708:
704:
696:
690:
668:
623:
617:
587:Lunar atmosphere
532:
508:
507:
493:
462:
455:
434:
427:
420:Central Station
403:
402:
381:
369:
357:
345:
333:
320:
308:
295:
283:
271:
255:
240:
225:
224:
200:Bendix Aerospace
187:, J. S. Watkins.
183:, R. L. Kovach;
127:, C. P. Sonett;
21:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5525:
5510:
5481:Lunar resources
5439:
5311:
5301:
5262:
5193:
5183:
5112:
5087:
5038:
5006:
4927:
4917:
4752:
4744:(Chandrayaan-2)
4675:Failed landings
4670:
4590:
4566:(Chandrayaan-3)
4504:
4491:(Chandrayaan-3)
4392:
4339:
4290:Lunar Orbiter 1
4159:
4104:Crewed landings
4096:
4086:
4070:
4054:
4028:
4003:
3949:
3943:
3835:Lunar Precursor
3802:
3794:
3785:
3755:
3750:
3736:
3708:
3675:
3651:Mobile Launcher
3639:
3528:
3522:
3494:
3437:
3431:
3380:
3371:Instrument unit
3353:
3347:
3321:Launch vehicles
3316:
3311:
3281:
3276:
3264:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3138:
3133:Man in the Moon
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3058:Daily phenomena
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3006:Super and micro
3004:
2997:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2881:
2875:
2870:Lunar resources
2868:
2861:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2795:
2788:
2779:
2772:
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2687:
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2500:
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2406:
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2300:
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2231:
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2210:
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2192:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2037:
2032:
1961:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1915:Charles Redmond
1913:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1889:Wayback Machine
1880:
1876:
1862:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1831:
1825:Wayback Machine
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1758:
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1739:
1700:
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1503:
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1391:
1377:
1375:
1285:
1283:
1246:
1233:
1158:
1156:
1143:
1109:
1033:
1020:
928:
850:
842:
706:
702:
701:
691:
506:
466:
438:
398:
396:Common elements
216:
164:Yale University
150:Rice University
94:
54:Apollo missions
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5562:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
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5447:
5445:
5441:
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5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5380:Lunar Observer
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5315:
5313:
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4227:
4222:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4175:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4105:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3806:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3644:Ground support
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3352:Launch vehicle
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2979:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2953:Lunar distance
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2903:
2896:
2893:Lunar calendar
2888:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2817:Apollo program
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2599:Micrometeorite
2588:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:Changesite-(Y)
2572:
2558:
2555:Wrinkle ridges
2551:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2461:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2229:
2222:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2153:
2150:Lunar distance
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2108:
2101:
2098:Magnetic field
2094:
2093:
2092:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1959:External links
1957:
1956:
1955:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1919:
1907:
1892:
1874:
1869:Eos (magazine)
1847:
1829:
1810:
1784:
1772:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1712:
1710:Apollo program
1706:
1705:
1691:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1153:Edgar Mitchell
1149:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1108:
1105:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1000:
999:
996:
989:
983:
982:
979:
972:
966:
965:
962:
955:
949:
948:
945:
942:
927:
924:
921:
920:
917:
910:
904:
903:
900:
893:
887:
886:
883:
880:
871:Neil Armstrong
856:On Apollo 11,
849:
846:
841:
838:
835:
834:
830:
828:
821:
820:
817:
810:
804:
803:
796:
789:
782:
781:
774:
767:
760:
759:
752:
745:
738:
737:
730:
723:
716:
715:
697:
684:
677:
676:
669:
662:
655:
654:
651:
649:
642:
641:
625:
611:
605:
604:
600:
598:
591:
590:
583:
581:
571:
570:
555:
553:
546:
545:
533:
526:
519:
518:
515:
512:
505:
502:
499:
498:
494:
487:
485:
481:
480:
463:
456:
449:
442:
441:
435:
428:
421:
417:
416:
413:
410:
407:
397:
394:
391:
390:
382:
374:
373:
370:
362:
361:
358:
350:
349:
346:
338:
337:
334:
326:
325:
321:
313:
312:
309:
301:
300:
296:
288:
287:
284:
276:
275:
272:
264:
263:
256:
248:
247:
241:
233:
232:
229:
215:
212:
196:
195:
188:
174:
167:
157:
143:
134:Medium-Energy
132:
118:
93:
90:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5561:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5532:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5308:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5190:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4953:Lunar Gateway
4950:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4924:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4833:Lunar IceCube
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4596:Sample return
4593:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4219:Chandrayaan-3
4217:
4215:
4214:Chandrayaan-1
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4093:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3974:Chandrayaan-2
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3946:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Lunar Orbiter
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3749:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:Lunar surface
3525:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Little Joe II
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:Double planet
3234:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:Moon illusion
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:Lunar deities
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:Lunar station
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2880:Time-telling
2878:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2332:Lunar station
2329:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:Tidal locking
2306:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2277:Eclipse cycle
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:Solar eclipse
2260:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:Lunar eclipse
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:Gravity field
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1692:
1689:
1678:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1037:
1028:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
988:
985:
984:
980:
977:
973:
971:
968:
967:
963:
960:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
940:
939:
932:
918:
915:
911:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
894:
892:
889:
888:
884:
881:
878:
877:
874:
872:
866:
859:
854:
845:
831:
829:
826:
823:
822:
818:
815:
811:
809:
806:
805:
801:
797:
794:
790:
787:
784:
783:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765:
762:
761:
757:
753:
750:
746:
743:
740:
739:
735:
731:
728:
724:
721:
718:
717:
713:
698:
695:
689:
685:
682:
679:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
660:
657:
656:
652:
650:
647:
644:
643:
639:
635:
630:
626:
624:
622:
616:
612:
610:
607:
606:
601:
599:
596:
593:
592:
588:
584:
582:
580:
578:
573:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
554:
551:
548:
547:
542:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:
521:
520:
516:
513:
510:
509:
495:
492:
488:
486:
483:
482:
478:
474:
473:thermocouples
470:
469:plutonium-238
464:
461:
457:
454:
450:
447:
444:
443:
436:
433:
429:
426:
422:
419:
418:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:
401:
387:
383:
380:
376:
375:
371:
368:
364:
363:
359:
356:
352:
351:
347:
344:
340:
339:
335:
332:
328:
327:
322:
319:
315:
314:
310:
307:
303:
302:
297:
294:
290:
289:
285:
282:
278:
277:
273:
270:
266:
265:
260:
257:
254:
250:
249:
245:
242:
239:
235:
234:
230:
227:
226:
223:
221:
211:
209:
205:
201:
194:, Jim Leonard
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:
98:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
5531:
5519:
5370:Lunar Lander
5357:
5330:
5318:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5174:(late 2020s)
5000:Artemis VIII
4998:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4966:
4958:
4951:
4943:
4778:Chang'e 5-T1
4770:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4405:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
3980:Chang'e 5-T1
3893:South Korean
3729:
3696:
3687:Lunar plaque
3562:
3420:
3401:
3105:Lunar effect
2921:Nodal period
2847:Colonization
2757:
2661:Lunar theory
2354:Selenography
2194:Nodal period
1951:
1945:Bibliography
1922:
1910:
1877:
1867:– via
1861:. Retrieved
1850:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1797:
1787:
1775:
1743:
1740:
1636:
1628:
1625:After Apollo
1384:
1239:
1101:
1050:
1026:
867:
863:
843:
800:solar arrays
618:
576:
517:Description
415:Description
399:
231:Description
220:Lunar Module
217:
197:
115:Georgia Tech
95:
85:
81:
45:
41:
39:
29:
5400:OrbitBeyond
5310:Cancelled /
5178:Argonaut M1
5136:Beresheet 2
5124:Hakuto-R M2
4992:Artemis VII
4960:Artemis III
4798:Longjiang-1
4692:Hakuto-R M1
4255:Longjiang-2
4230:Explorer 35
3874:Chandrayaan
3800:Exploration
3731:Moon Museum
3499:Space suits
3214:Moon Treaty
3198:Hollow Moon
3140:Moon rabbit
3112:Earth phase
2914:Lunar month
2801:Exploration
2745:Experiments
2647:Observation
2509:Ray systems
2374:Hemispheres
2342:Surface and
2323:Tidal range
2302:Tidal force
2105:Sodium tail
2089:Hill sphere
1997:, from the
1798:Sandia Labs
858:Buzz Aldrin
714:traverses.
244:Pete Conrad
166:, S. Clark.
154:Curt Michel
107:Frank Press
5538:Categories
5410:Prospector
5385:Lunokhod 3
5258:Moon Diver
5253:McCandless
5166:MoonRanger
4984:Artemis VI
4968:Artemis IV
4945:Artemis II
4843:Mariner 10
4732:Surveyor 2
4727:OMOTENASHI
4546:Lunokhod 1
4464:Surveyor 1
4225:Clementine
3680:Ceremonial
3511:Beta cloth
3438:components
3436:Spacecraft
3385:Spacecraft
3366:J-2 engine
3361:F-1 engine
3354:components
3184:Apollo era
3126:Pareidolia
2884:navigation
2606:Sputtering
2486:Lava tubes
2408:South pole
2401:North pole
2361:Terminator
2203:Precession
2119:Earthshine
2075:Atmosphere
2068:Topography
2053:properties
1818:Boyd Bolts
1751:References
1459:John Young
778:moonquakes
673:Lunar soil
537:seismology
386:Jim Lovell
214:Deployment
136:Solar Wind
92:Background
50:astronauts
5425:Ukrselena
5275:DSE-Alpha
5233:Garatéa-L
5223:Blue Moon
5218:Artemis-7
5142:ispace M3
5107:Chang'e 8
5101:Chang'e 7
5044:Luna-Glob
4976:Artemis V
4858:Pioneer 4
4848:NEA Scout
4823:LunaH-Map
4772:Apollo 13
4682:Beresheet
4661:Chang'e 5
4605:Apollo 11
4524:Apollo 15
4414:Chang'e 5
4345:Impactors
4199:Chang'e 1
4194:Artemis I
4112:Apollo 11
4040:Chang'e 3
3996:Queqiao 1
3910:Luna-Glob
3529:equipment
3338:Saturn IB
2932:Fortnight
2824:Explorers
2781:Apollo 17
2774:Apollo 11
2737:Volcanism
2707:Timescale
2654:Libration
2442:Mountains
2380:Near side
2286:Supermoon
2226:Full moon
2180:Libration
2112:Moonlight
1632:RATAN-600
1501:Apollo 17
1389:Apollo 16
1244:Apollo 15
1160:so long.
1107:Apollo 14
1031:Apollo 13
926:Apollo 12
638:Apollo 14
636:version.
634:Apollo 11
563:electrons
541:geophones
484:RTG Cask
259:Alan Bean
60:(Apollos
58:Apollo 11
5420:SELENE-2
5395:MoonRise
5390:MoonLITE
5312:concepts
5238:ISOCHRON
5194:missions
5192:Proposed
4928:missions
4863:Ranger 5
4495:EagleCam
4368:Ranger 4
4172:Apollo 8
4164:Orbiters
4097:missions
4082:ArgoMoon
4014:Tiandu-1
3969:CAPSTONE
3957:Orbiters
3950:missions
3932:Lunokhod
3881:Japanese
3850:Surveyor
3810:American
3803:programs
3403:Columbia
3343:Saturn V
3333:Saturn I
3271:Category
3066:Moonrise
2999:Crescent
2939:Sennight
2854:Moonbase
2810:Missions
2479:Calderas
2387:Far side
2345:features
2233:Eclipses
2219:New moon
2164:Distance
2051:Physical
1885:Archived
1821:Archived
1803:July 18,
1674:See also
1519:Picture
1407:Picture
1262:Picture
1125:Picture
944:Picture
882:Picture
552:(CPLEE)
514:Diagram
412:Picture
409:Diagram
228:Picture
5520:italics
5444:Related
5365:Lunar-A
5243:LunaNet
5201:Robotic
5168:(2020s)
5162:(2020s)
5156:(2020s)
5130:DESTINY
5084:(2030s)
5082:Luna 31
5078:(2030s)
5076:Luna 30
5072:(2030s)
5070:Luna 29
5064:Luna 28
5058:Luna 27
5052:Luna 26
5028:(2025)
4936:Artemis
4926:Planned
4788:Galileo
4783:Geotail
4646:Luna 16
4586:Jinchan
4398:Landers
4330:SMART-1
4260:Luna 10
4033:Landers
4024:ICUBE-Q
3976:Orbiter
3964:ARTEMIS
3905:Russian
3862:Chang'e
3857:Chinese
3840:Pioneer
3820:Artemis
3790:to the
3713:Related
3392:Apollo
3090:Related
3080:Moonset
2863:Tourism
2840:Landing
2700:Geology
2639:Science
2495:Craters
2458:Valleys
2044:Outline
1863:July 9,
827:(SIDE)
788:(PSEP)
705:⁄
683:(LSPE)
661:(LEAM)
648:(LACE)
5320:Altair
5267:Crewed
5180:(2031)
5150:(2026)
5144:(2026)
5138:(2025)
5132:(2025)
5126:(2024)
5117:Others
5109:(2028)
5103:(2026)
5066:(2030)
5060:(2028)
5054:(2027)
5022:(2024)
5003:(2033)
4995:(2032)
4987:(2031)
4979:(2030)
4971:(2028)
4963:(2026)
4948:(2025)
4913:PAS-22
4888:Zond 3
4868:STEREO
4853:Nozomi
4803:Luna 1
4758:Flybys
4742:Vikram
4697:Luna 5
4580:Sora-Q
4510:Rovers
4489:Vikram
4424:Luna 9
4358:Luna 2
4353:LCROSS
4075:Flybys
4066:Yutu-2
4059:Rovers
3986:Danuri
3948:Active
3922:Crewed
3917:Soviet
3898:Danuri
3869:Indian
3845:Ranger
3815:Apollo
3048:Tetrad
2964:Phases
2833:Probes
2668:Origin
2615:Quakes
2548:Rilles
2539:swirls
2254:Tetrad
2212:Syzygy
1522:Notes
1410:Notes
1265:Notes
1128:Notes
1069:CPLEE
1064:Notes
947:Notes
885:Notes
766:(PSE)
744:(LSM)
722:(LSG)
597:(HFE)
559:fluxes
525:(ASE)
448:(RTG)
76:, and
5435:VIPER
5228:BOLAS
5213:ALINA
4838:LunIR
4576:LEV-2
4571:LEV-1
4325:PFS-2
4320:PFS-1
4250:LADEE
4245:Hiten
4240:GRAIL
3422:Eagle
3027:Black
3013:Blood
2990:Names
2968:names
2907:Month
2758:ALSEP
2730:KREEP
2682:Theia
2585:Water
2562:Rocks
2472:Domes
2426:Maria
2395:Poles
2187:Nodes
2141:Orbit
1737:Notes
1516:Name
1404:Name
1259:Name
1166:CPLEE
1122:Name
1077:CCGE
1061:Name
1053:S-IVB
941:Name
879:Name
712:rover
629:laser
511:Name
477:watts
406:Name
86:EASEP
84:, or
46:ALSEP
18:ALSEP
5430:XL-1
5160:CU-E
5093:CLEP
5026:IM-2
5012:CLPS
4883:Wind
4878:WMAP
4873:TESS
4556:Yutu
4500:IM-1
4095:Past
4050:SLIM
3937:Zond
3927:Luna
3825:CLPS
3792:Moon
3177:list
3034:Dark
3020:Blue
2983:Full
2882:and
2532:Soil
2502:List
2433:List
2415:Face
2368:Limb
2295:Tide
2035:Moon
1865:2018
1805:2019
1578:LSPE
1561:LEAM
1545:LACE
1484:PSE
1363:CCGE
1359:SIDE
1326:PSE
1293:LRRR
1221:CCGE
1217:SIDE
1183:LRRR
1093:PSE
1085:HFE
1008:CCGE
1004:SIDE
908:PSEP
891:LRRR
567:ions
565:and
471:and
40:The
5353:LEO
4793:ICE
3041:Wet
2976:New
2966:and
1654:LRO
1607:LSG
1528:HFE
1468:LSM
1442:HFE
1416:ASE
1342:SWS
1310:LSM
1271:HFE
1200:PSE
1134:ASE
987:SWS
970:PSE
953:LSM
202:in
5540::
5359:LK
4766:4M
4722:25
4717:18
4712:15
4656:24
4651:20
4640:17
4633:16
4626:15
4619:14
4612:12
4538:17
4531:16
4459:24
4454:23
4449:21
4444:20
4439:17
4434:16
4429:13
4410:×6
4285:22
4280:19
4275:14
4270:12
4265:11
4235:49
4179:10
4147:17
4140:16
4133:15
4126:14
4119:12
1895:^
1832:^
1796:.
1759:^
736:.
577:or
569:.
179::
148::
138::
123::
109:;
105:,
88:.
78:17
74:16
72:,
70:15
68:,
66:14
64:,
62:12
5522:.
4908:8
4903:7
4898:6
4893:5
4818:6
4813:4
4808:3
4737:4
4707:8
4702:7
4666:6
4582:)
4578:(
4551:2
4484:7
4479:6
4474:5
4469:3
4419:6
4388:9
4383:8
4378:7
4373:6
4310:5
4305:4
4300:3
4295:2
4209:5
4204:2
4156:)
4152:(
4045:4
4019:2
4009:2
4005:)
4002:2
4000:L
3780:e
3773:t
3766:v
3306:e
3299:t
3292:v
3224:"
3220:"
2027:e
2020:t
2013:v
1871:.
1807:.
1361:/
1219:/
1006:/
707:8
703:1
156:.
44:(
20:)
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