946:
1939:
1771:
937:
The equation shows that, as the number of moles of gas increases, the volume of the gas also increases in proportion. Similarly, if the number of moles of gas is decreased, then the volume also decreases. Thus, the number of molecules or atoms in a specific volume of ideal gas is independent of their
1485:
demonstrated that
Avogadro's law explained why the same quantities of molecules in a gas have the same volume. Nevertheless, related experiments with some inorganic substances showed seeming exceptions to the law. This apparent contradiction was finally resolved by
1790:
1622:
2128:(1814). "Lettre de M. Ampère à M. le comte Berthollet sur la détermination des proportions dans lesquelles les corps se combinent d'après le nombre et la disposition respective des molécules dont les parties intégrantes sont composées".
1494:
in 1860, four years after
Avogadro's death. He explained that these exceptions were due to molecular dissociations at certain temperatures, and that Avogadro's law determined not only molecular masses, but atomic masses as well.
1384:
708:
who, in 1812, hypothesized that two given samples of an ideal gas, of the same volume and at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. As an example, equal volumes of gaseous
932:
2080:
Avogadro, Amedeo (July 1811). "Essai d'une maniere de determiner les masses relatives des molecules elementaires des corps, et les proportions selon lesquelles elles entrent dans ces combinaisons".
1934:{\displaystyle V_{\text{m}}={\frac {V}{n}}={\frac {RT}{P}}\approx {\frac {\mathrm {8.3145\ {\frac {J}{mol\cdot K}}\times 273.15\ K} }{\mathrm {101.325\ kPa} }}\approx \mathrm {22.414\ L/mol} }
1178:
1766:{\displaystyle V_{\text{m}}={\frac {V}{n}}={\frac {RT}{P}}\approx {\frac {\mathrm {8.3145\ {\frac {J}{mol\cdot K}}\times 273.15\ K} }{\mathrm {100\ kPa} }}\approx \mathrm {22.711\ L/mol} }
80:
1286:
1222:
799:
760:
2028:"Essai d'une manière de déterminer les masses relatives des molécules élémentaires des corps, et les proportions selon lesquelles elles entrent dans ces combinaisons"
1093:
1398:
2225:
1454:
that some gases were composite of different fundamental substances (molecules) in integer proportions. In 1814, independently from
Avogadro,
629:
1527:, a microscopic theory from which the ideal gas law can be derived as an statistical result from the movement of atoms/molecules in a gas.
725:
show small deviations from the ideal behavior and the law holds only approximately, but is still a useful approximation for scientists.
1458:
published the same law with similar conclusions. As Ampère was more well known in France, the hypothesis was usually referred there as
1323:
869:
2256:
1539:, in 1865, was able for the first time to estimate the size of a molecule. His calculation gave rise to the concept of the
2149:"L'hypothèse d'Avogadro (1811) et d'Ampère (1814): la distinction atome/molécule et la théorie de la combinaison chimique"
863:. For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be usefully expressed as follows:
1605:
1135:
622:
1507:
in 1834, giving rise to the ideal gas law. At the end of the 19th century, later developments from scientists like
1504:
36:
1582:. Perrin named the number to honor Avogadro for his discovery of the namesake law. Later standardization of the
2306:
1474:
595:
1583:
296:
133:
2448:
615:
336:
222:
1535:
Avogadro's law provides a way to calculate the quantity of gas in a receptacle. Thanks to this discovery,
2249:
291:
200:
83:
1246:
1777:
1189:
2001:
771:
2371:
2341:
1111:
717:
contain the same number of molecules when they are at the same temperature and pressure, and observe
207:
2100:
502:
497:
286:
279:
112:
1434:(as it was known originally) was formulated in the same spirit of earlier empirical gas laws like
2326:
2125:
1544:
1524:
1455:
1451:
565:
560:
229:
739:
2242:
2212:
2052:
1536:
836:
117:
2027:
1060:
697:
540:
158:
2190:
2148:
1970:
1571:
1487:
1447:
378:
195:
175:
163:
107:
1446:(1808). The hypothesis was first published by Amedeo Avogadro in 1811, and it reconciled
8:
2407:
2346:
2311:
1957:
1547:
1516:
1443:
958:
822:
666:
580:
428:
321:
27:
2285:
2168:
1540:
1491:
1420:
1231:
976:
600:
234:
190:
185:
2186:
2443:
2280:
1587:
1551:
1482:
1307:
1038:
217:
168:
16:
Relationship between volume and amount of a gas at constant temperature and pressure
2412:
2397:
2160:
1559:
1520:
1503:
Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussac laws, together with
Avogadro's law, were combined by
1439:
966:
954:
555:
530:
443:
418:
413:
368:
1996:
1508:
2381:
2361:
2057:
2023:
1563:
1512:
1478:
705:
545:
469:
433:
383:
314:
303:
248:
150:
2402:
2040:
1574:
led to the definition of the
Avogadro number as the number of molecules in one
1435:
950:
550:
408:
373:
274:
180:
945:
2437:
2422:
2336:
1575:
1119:
1051:
971:
670:
590:
423:
2376:
2290:
1599:
1103:
575:
570:
535:
267:
2164:
2356:
2265:
1567:
844:
826:
678:
585:
488:
2172:
2351:
1616:), we can use Avogadro's law to find the molar volume of an ideal gas:
939:
507:
403:
718:
693:
479:
474:
308:
1230:
An equivalent formulation of the ideal gas law can be written using
677:
Avogadro's law states that "equal volumes of all gases, at the same
2366:
2316:
1555:
860:
848:
722:
714:
710:
686:
682:
658:
458:
363:
343:
329:
2217:
Sitzungsberichte der
Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien
1227:
which is a constant for a fixed pressure and a fixed temperature.
1041:
circled are variable and properties not circled are held constant)
2331:
1781:
212:
2234:
1566:
in 1834), one is able to determine the number of particles in a
1613:
1579:
852:
812:
662:
353:
1543:, a ratio between macroscopic and atomic quantities. In 1910,
1379:{\displaystyle {\frac {V}{N}}=k'={\frac {k_{\text{B}}T}{P}}.}
927:{\displaystyle {\frac {V_{1}}{n_{1}}}={\frac {V_{2}}{n_{2}}}}
257:
2321:
1050:
The derivation of
Avogadro's law follows directly from the
1609:
1570:
of substance. At the same time, precision experiments by
856:
393:
1295:
is the number of particles in the gas, and the ratio of
2082:
Journal de
Physique, de Chimie, et d'Histoire Naturelle
2146:
1793:
1625:
1326:
1249:
1192:
1138:
1063:
872:
774:
742:
39:
1045:
843:
This law describes how, under the same condition of
1426:
1933:
1765:
1378:
1280:
1216:
1172:
1087:
926:
793:
754:
669:of gas present. The law is a specific case of the
74:
2435:
2191:"MĂ©moire sur la puissance motrice de la chaleur"
1399:standard conditions for temperature and pressure
1173:{\displaystyle {\frac {V}{n}}={\frac {RT}{P}}.}
696:, the volume and amount (moles) of the gas are
700:if the temperature and pressure are constant.
2250:
623:
2045:
1991:
1989:
75:{\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}}
2257:
2243:
728:
630:
616:
2211:
2185:
2092:
1986:
2079:
2022:
944:
2215:(1865). "Zur Grösse der Luftmoleküle".
2147:Scheidecker-Chevallier, Myriam (1997).
2436:
2124:
2238:
839:for a given temperature and pressure.
1586:led to the modern definition of the
1530:
1473:Experimental studies carried out by
2098:
13:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1913:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1745:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1281:{\displaystyle PV=Nk_{\text{B}}T,}
14:
2460:
2264:
1606:standard temperature and pressure
1217:{\displaystyle k={\frac {RT}{P}}}
1046:Derivation from the ideal gas law
2195:Journal de l'École Polytechnique
1498:
1450:with the "incompatible" idea of
1427:Historical account and influence
794:{\displaystyle {\frac {V}{n}}=k}
2205:
2179:
1593:
2140:
2118:
2073:
2016:
1963:
1950:
1780:(101.325 kPa) and 0
1:
2153:Revue d'Histoire des Sciences
1979:
1778:standard atmospheric pressure
1584:International System of Units
655:Avogadro-Ampère's hypothesis
7:
859:contain the same number of
733:The law can be written as:
10:
2465:
1597:
1468:Ampère–Avogadro hypothesis
1464:Avogadro–Ampère hypothesis
755:{\displaystyle V\propto n}
685:, have the same number of
645:(sometimes referred to as
2390:
2372:Thermodynamic temperature
2299:
2273:
1475:Charles Frédéric Gerhardt
673:. A modern statement is:
1944:
825:of the gas (measured in
134:Clausius–Duhem (entropy)
84:Fick's laws of diffusion
2101:"Avogadro's Hypothesis"
2002:Encyclopædia Britannica
1525:kinetic theory of gases
1452:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
1317:is a constant, we have
1088:{\displaystyle PV=nRT,}
729:Mathematical definition
721:behavior. In practice,
704:The law is named after
692:For a given mass of an
292:Navier–Stokes equations
230:Material failure theory
1935:
1767:
1537:Johann Josef Loschmidt
1380:
1282:
1218:
1174:
1089:
1042:
949:Relationships between
928:
795:
756:
702:
76:
2165:10.3406/rhs.1997.1277
2105:Science World Wolfram
1936:
1768:
1558:; using it with the
1432:Avogadro's hypothesis
1381:
1283:
1219:
1175:
1090:
948:
929:
796:
757:
698:directly proportional
675:
647:Avogadro's hypothesis
287:Bernoulli's principle
280:Archimedes' principle
77:
1971:Stanislao Cannizzaro
1791:
1623:
1572:Jean Baptiste Perrin
1488:Stanislao Cannizzaro
1462:, and later also as
1448:Dalton atomic theory
1324:
1247:
1190:
1136:
1118:is the pressure (in
1061:
870:
772:
740:
651:Avogadro's principle
379:Cohesion (chemistry)
201:Infinitesimal strain
37:
2449:Amount of substance
2347:Amount of substance
2312:Molar concentration
2300:Physical quantities
2226:English translation
2126:Ampère, André-Marie
2041:English translation
2032:Journal de Physique
1958:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
1548:oil drop experiment
1523:, gave rise to the
1517:James Clerk Maxwell
1460:Ampère's hypothesis
823:amount of substance
667:amount of substance
657:is an experimental
297:Poiseuille equation
28:Continuum mechanics
22:Part of a series on
2307:Mass concentration
2286:Boltzmann constant
2060:Medical Dictionary
1931:
1763:
1541:Loschmidt constant
1492:Karlsruhe Congress
1490:, as announced at
1456:André-Marie Ampère
1421:Loschmidt constant
1376:
1313:In this form, for
1278:
1232:Boltzmann constant
1214:
1170:
1112:Kelvin temperature
1085:
1043:
977:Boltzmann constant
924:
791:
752:
503:Magnetorheological
498:Electrorheological
235:Fracture mechanics
72:
2431:
2430:
2281:Avogadro constant
2130:Annales de Chimie
1912:
1901:
1890:
1879:
1869:
1846:
1833:
1815:
1801:
1744:
1733:
1722:
1711:
1701:
1678:
1665:
1647:
1633:
1588:Avogadro constant
1531:Avogadro constant
1483:organic chemistry
1371:
1361:
1335:
1308:Avogadro constant
1269:
1212:
1165:
1147:
1129:, we thus obtain
922:
895:
783:
640:
639:
515:
514:
449:
448:
218:Contact mechanics
141:
140:
70:
2456:
2413:Combined gas law
2408:Gay-Lussac's law
2259:
2252:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2187:Clapeyron, Émile
2183:
2177:
2176:
2159:(1/2): 159–194.
2144:
2138:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2099:Rovnyak, David.
2096:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2053:"Avogadro's law"
2049:
2043:
2039:
2024:Avogadro, Amedeo
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1997:"Avogadro's law"
1993:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1734:
1732:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1612:and 273.15
1560:Faraday constant
1521:Ludwig Boltzmann
1444:Gay-Lussac's law
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1336:
1328:
1306:is equal to the
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1183:Compare that to
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1011:
1009:
1008:
998:
995:
974:
933:
931:
930:
925:
923:
921:
920:
911:
910:
901:
896:
894:
893:
884:
883:
874:
800:
798:
797:
792:
784:
776:
761:
759:
758:
753:
665:of a gas to the
632:
625:
618:
464:
463:
429:Gay-Lussac's law
419:Combined gas law
369:Capillary action
254:
253:
97:
96:
81:
79:
78:
73:
71:
69:
61:
53:
19:
18:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2386:
2382:Specific volume
2362:Particle number
2295:
2269:
2263:
2233:
2232:
2210:
2206:
2184:
2180:
2145:
2141:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2097:
2093:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2058:Merriam-Webster
2051:
2050:
2046:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1916:
1906:
1884:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1822:
1820:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1748:
1738:
1716:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1654:
1652:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1602:
1596:
1564:Michael Faraday
1550:determined the
1533:
1513:Rudolf Clausius
1505:Émile Clapeyron
1501:
1479:Auguste Laurent
1429:
1418:
1411:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1340:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1305:
1266:
1262:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1154:
1152:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
986:
985:
982:
979:
970:
916:
912:
906:
902:
900:
889:
885:
879:
875:
873:
871:
868:
867:
775:
773:
770:
769:
741:
738:
737:
731:
706:Amedeo Avogadro
636:
607:
606:
605:
525:
517:
516:
470:Viscoelasticity
461:
451:
450:
438:
388:
384:Surface tension
348:
251:
249:Fluid mechanics
241:
240:
239:
153:
151:Solid mechanics
143:
142:
94:
86:
62:
54:
52:
38:
35:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2418:Avogadro's law
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2204:
2178:
2139:
2117:
2091:
2072:
2044:
2015:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1969:First used by
1962:
1956:First used by
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1797:
1776:Similarly, at
1774:
1773:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1629:
1598:Main article:
1595:
1592:
1532:
1529:
1500:
1497:
1428:
1425:
1416:
1409:
1387:
1386:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1303:
1289:
1288:
1277:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1237:
1225:
1224:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1096:
1095:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1047:
1044:
1037:(in each law,
1029:
1021:
1017:
1004:
1003:
1000:
992:
984:
983:
980:
972:ideal gas laws
935:
934:
919:
915:
909:
905:
899:
892:
888:
882:
878:
841:
840:
830:
816:
802:
801:
790:
787:
782:
779:
763:
762:
751:
748:
745:
730:
727:
643:Avogadro's law
638:
637:
635:
634:
627:
620:
612:
609:
608:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:
513:
512:
511:
510:
505:
500:
492:
491:
485:
484:
483:
482:
477:
472:
462:
457:
456:
453:
452:
447:
446:
440:
439:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
400:
397:
396:
390:
389:
387:
386:
381:
376:
374:Chromatography
371:
366:
360:
357:
356:
350:
349:
347:
346:
327:
326:
325:
306:
294:
289:
277:
264:
261:
260:
252:
247:
246:
243:
242:
238:
237:
232:
227:
226:
225:
215:
210:
205:
204:
203:
198:
188:
183:
178:
173:
172:
171:
161:
155:
154:
149:
148:
145:
144:
139:
138:
137:
136:
128:
127:
123:
122:
121:
120:
115:
110:
102:
101:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
82:
68:
65:
60:
57:
51:
48:
45:
42:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2461:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2424:
2423:Ideal gas law
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:Charles's law
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Mass fraction
2340:
2338:
2337:Mole fraction
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2227:
2223:(2): 395–413.
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:Loschmidt, J.
2208:
2200:
2197:(in French).
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:(in French).
2154:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2132:(in French).
2131:
2127:
2121:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2084:(in French).
2083:
2076:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1917:
1907:
1903:
1885:
1874:
1871:
1862:
1841:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1749:
1739:
1735:
1717:
1706:
1703:
1694:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:gram-molecule
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:August Krönig
1506:
1499:Ideal gas law
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:Charles's law
1437:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:are taken at
1396:
1392:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1275:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:ideal gas law
1040:
978:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
943:
941:
917:
913:
907:
903:
897:
890:
886:
880:
876:
866:
865:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
838:
834:
831:
828:
824:
820:
817:
814:
810:
807:
806:
805:
788:
785:
780:
777:
768:
767:
766:
749:
746:
743:
736:
735:
734:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
701:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
674:
672:
671:ideal gas law
668:
664:
661:relating the
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
633:
628:
626:
621:
619:
614:
613:
611:
610:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
521:
520:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
493:
490:
487:
486:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
454:
445:
442:
441:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
414:Charles's law
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
399:
398:
395:
392:
391:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
359:
358:
355:
352:
351:
345:
342:
338:
335:
331:
328:
323:
322:non-Newtonian
320:
316:
312:
311:
310:
307:
305:
302:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
281:
278:
276:
273:
269:
266:
265:
263:
262:
259:
256:
255:
250:
245:
244:
236:
233:
231:
228:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
208:Compatibility
206:
202:
199:
197:
196:Finite strain
194:
193:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
170:
167:
166:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
152:
147:
146:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:
125:
124:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
104:
103:
100:Conservations
99:
98:
90:
89:
85:
66:
63:
58:
55:
49:
46:
43:
40:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
21:
20:
2417:
2377:Molar volume
2291:Gas constant
2220:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2181:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2104:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2056:
2047:
2035:
2031:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2000:
1965:
1952:
1784:(273.15 K):
1775:
1603:
1600:Molar volume
1594:Molar volume
1562:(derived by
1534:
1502:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1442:(1787) and
1431:
1430:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1401:(STP), then
1394:
1390:
1388:
1314:
1312:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1182:
1126:
1125:Solving for
1124:
1115:
1107:
1104:gas constant
1099:
1097:
1049:
962:
959:Gay-Lussac's
942:of the gas.
938:size or the
936:
842:
832:
818:
808:
803:
764:
732:
703:
691:
676:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:
489:Smart fluids
434:Graham's law
340:
333:
318:
304:Pascal's law
300:
283:
271:
126:Inequalities
2403:Boyle's law
2357:Atomic mass
2136:(1): 43–86.
1436:Boyle's law
975:, with the
845:temperature
815:of the gas;
679:temperature
508:Ferrofluids
409:Boyle's law
181:Hooke's law
159:Deformation
2438:Categories
2352:Molar mass
2201:: 153–190.
2110:3 February
2065:3 February
2008:3 February
1980:References
1608:(100
1545:Millikan's
1039:properties
963:Avogadro's
940:molar mass
723:real gases
561:Gay-Lussac
524:Scientists
424:Fick's law
404:Atmosphere
223:frictional
176:Plasticity
164:Elasticity
2274:Constants
1904:≈
1872:×
1863:⋅
1836:≈
1736:≈
1704:×
1695:⋅
1668:≈
955:Charles's
861:molecules
747:∝
719:ideal gas
694:ideal gas
687:molecules
601:Truesdell
531:Bernoulli
480:Rheometer
475:Rheometry
315:Newtonian
309:Viscosity
59:φ
47:−
2444:Gas laws
2367:Pressure
2317:Molality
2268:concepts
2189:(1834).
2173:23633274
2088:: 58–76.
2038:: 58–76.
2026:(1810).
1973:in 1858.
1960:in 1826.
1556:electron
1466:or even
1438:(1662),
1412:, where
1345:′
967:combined
851:, equal
849:pressure
837:constant
715:nitrogen
711:hydrogen
683:pressure
459:Rheology
364:Adhesion
344:Pressure
330:Buoyancy
275:Dynamics
113:Momentum
2332:Density
1886:101.325
1554:of the
1419:is the
1120:pascals
1110:is the
1102:is the
1054:, i.e.
1034:
1020:
1014:
1010:
989:
951:Boyle's
855:of all
853:volumes
821:is the
811:is the
659:gas law
546:Charles
354:Liquids
268:Statics
213:Bending
2327:Volume
2171:
1911:
1908:22.414
1889:
1878:
1875:273.15
1845:
1842:8.3145
1743:
1740:22.711
1721:
1710:
1707:273.15
1677:
1674:8.3145
1580:oxygen
1552:charge
1405:′ = 1/
1291:where
1114:, and
1098:where
813:volume
804:where
663:volume
596:Stokes
591:Pascal
581:Navier
576:Newton
566:Graham
541:Cauchy
444:Plasma
339:
337:Mixing
332:
317:
299:
282:
270:
258:Fluids
191:Strain
186:Stress
169:linear
118:Energy
2169:JSTOR
1945:Notes
1299:over
1240:, as
857:gases
835:is a
827:moles
653:) or
571:Hooke
551:Euler
536:Boyle
394:Gases
2391:Laws
2322:Mass
2266:Mole
2112:2016
2067:2016
2010:2016
1568:mole
1519:and
1477:and
1393:and
969:and
847:and
713:and
681:and
586:Noll
556:Fick
108:Mass
93:Laws
2199:XIV
2161:doi
1718:100
1610:kPa
1604:At
1578:of
1481:on
1389:If
1315:V/N
1127:V/n
1122:).
765:or
689:."
649:or
2440::
2221:52
2219:.
2193:.
2167:.
2157:50
2151:.
2134:90
2103:.
2086:73
2055:.
2036:73
2034:.
2030:.
1999:.
1988:^
1782:°C
1590:.
1515:,
1511:,
1470:.
1423:.
1310:.
1106:,
1012:=
987:=
965:,
961:,
957:,
953:,
829:);
2258:e
2251:t
2244:v
2228:.
2175:.
2163::
2114:.
2069:.
2012:.
1928:l
1925:o
1922:m
1918:/
1914:L
1898:a
1895:P
1892:k
1881:K
1866:K
1860:l
1857:o
1854:m
1850:J
1831:P
1827:T
1824:R
1818:=
1813:n
1810:V
1805:=
1800:m
1796:V
1760:l
1757:o
1754:m
1750:/
1746:L
1730:a
1727:P
1724:k
1713:K
1698:K
1692:l
1689:o
1686:m
1682:J
1663:P
1659:T
1656:R
1650:=
1645:n
1642:V
1637:=
1632:m
1628:V
1614:K
1417:0
1414:n
1410:0
1407:n
1403:k
1395:P
1391:T
1374:.
1369:P
1365:T
1360:B
1356:k
1349:=
1342:k
1338:=
1333:N
1330:V
1304:B
1301:k
1297:R
1293:N
1276:,
1273:T
1268:B
1264:k
1260:N
1257:=
1254:V
1251:P
1238:B
1235:k
1210:P
1206:T
1203:R
1197:=
1194:k
1168:.
1163:P
1159:T
1156:R
1150:=
1145:n
1142:V
1116:P
1108:T
1100:R
1083:,
1080:T
1077:R
1074:n
1071:=
1068:V
1065:P
1030:N
1026:/
1022:R
1018:n
1005:A
1001:N
997:/
993:R
981:k
918:2
914:n
908:2
904:V
898:=
891:1
887:n
881:1
877:V
833:k
819:n
809:V
789:k
786:=
781:n
778:V
750:n
744:V
631:e
624:t
617:v
341:·
334:·
324:)
319:·
313:(
301:·
284:·
272:·
67:x
64:d
56:d
50:D
44:=
41:J
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