Athabasca Valles - Knowledge

683:. Because the distribution of these landforms are coterminous with this floor unit, they are thought to be indicative of the surface processes that formed the valley system. At least two different sets of these cones exist in the Athabasca Valles, in which some have wakes and others do not. Some researchers have proposed that the cones with wakes formed chronologically earlier than those without wakes. There are various interpretations that have been offered in the literature as to the formation of these features. These cones occur with single vents ("single cones"), with smaller cones within their vents ("double cones", which have only been observed to occur within the Athabasca Valles very near to the Cerberus Fossae fissure), and with multiple cones within a larger cone's vent (called by some researchers as " 890:

plains. Using new MGS data, the authors affirmed the initial Viking-era hypotheses that both water and lava features shaping the Athabasca Valles may have erupted at different times from the Cerberus Fossae fissures, although diagnostic morphological signs had since been overprinted by later geological events in the fossae. The study also explored potential sources of the water thought to have formed the Athabasca Valles, reasoning that an extremely deep reservoir of water with some protective layer was necessary to concentrate efflux of fluid matter through the narrow Cerberus Fossae system and to delay the outflow of water to such a late part of the Amazonian. Aquifer recharge by precipitation, long-distance water transport in the

1088:. A volcanic interpretation does not permit this later resurfacing. Page criticized the researchers for cherry-picking observations to suit their hypothesis. The authors responded to Page's criticisms by pointing out that secondary impact craters are not always energetic enough to completely erase pre-existing landforms, and that his assertions about polygonal terrain are analogized from a region of Elysium Planitia that is very far and that is structurally distinct from the polygons observed within the Athabasca Valles. Jaeger and her co-workers also noted GRS, SHARAD and CRISM interpretations strongly suggesting that water ice has not been a major reshaping force in the geologic history of the Athabasca Valles. 980:(DLR) re-affirmed the earlier crater-age dates asserted in 2001 by Berman and Hartmann using MGS data (MOC and MOLA). The researchers asserted that the valley is older than previously believed, noting the presence of flood deposits past the Athabasca Valles' debouchment dating back to as early as 1.6 Ga. The authors interpreted the valley system as having experienced geologic activity for a very long period of time, with volcanic activity (most recently up to 3 Ma) dominant towards the most recent history of the valley system. The authors favored the choice of the Athabasca Valles as a chosen landing site for the 917:), also using recently published MGS data (MOC and MOLA). The authors critically compared the morphologies observed in the Athabasca Valles system to those of Washington state's Channeled Scablands and provided extensive descriptions of geomorphological features within the valley system. The authors favored a primarily hydrological explanation for the Athabasca Valles and the other regional outflow channels, contesting contemporary hypotheses relating to lava and glacier flow due to the distinctly Channeled Scabland-like morphologies witnessed across all valleys. 1059:– a large rayed crater in the neighborhood of the Athabasca Valles – and its associated secondary craters. The crater's rays were mapped using MOC and THEMIS data. The researchers noted that nearly 80% of the secondary craters mapped inside of the Athabasca Valles likely originated from Zunil. Having note that Zunil cross-cuts the extant floor of the Athabasca Valles, the authors placed the age of the system between 1.5 Ma and 200 Ma. This constraint was partially made based on the authors' assertion that Zunil is a strong candidate source for the 568:

the fissure vent; this morphology has been interpreted as a series of successive lava flows erupting from the fossae downstream before debouching into the Cerberus Palus basin. These putative flows have ridged and polygonal textures that are consistent with a lava-based provenance, respectively suggestive of situations where lava began to bunch up, and where a solidified surface of lava collapsed as underlying molten rock continued to flow. In this interpretation, the streamlined island-like forms are interpreted to show a

928:) reported on the presence of streamlined forms and longitudinal grooves downstream of Cerberus Fossae on the valley floor of the Athabasca Valles as morphologies justifying a megaflooding hypothesis for the valley's formation. The authors predicted that this floodwater likely infiltrated fresh lava flows downstream in Cerberus Palus, suggesting that extant ice deposits may remain buried there. The authors discussed these ice deposits as a means for NASA to possibly facilitate a future landed expedition on Mars. 388: 580: 657:, which are streamlined and teardrop-shaped in all three dimensions. In the Athabasca Valles, many relict features (including crater rims) still appear on the top of streamlined forms. Because Martian gravity is weaker, Martian glaciers would have to be much thicker than their terrestrial counterparts in order to overcome frictional basal forces and begin flowing (with estimated thicknesses up to 4–5 km); such theoretical glaciers would have covered such landforms. 1084:

lava erupting from Cerberus Fossae. They re-interpreted all putative glacial features observed both in the Athabasca Valles and downstream in Cerberus Palus as volcanic in nature, directly challenging the periglacial hypothesis claimed by David Page and co-workers. David Page directly disputed the authors' volcanic interpretations of the pitted mounds and polygonal terrains in a later publication, noting that these features occasionally are found to superpose

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region, with particular counts from the Athabasca Valles valley floor (comparing polygonized terrains to non-polygonized terrains) possibly misdated as nearly 40 times younger than they were initially estimated to be. The authors further argue that the progression of polygonal terrains to thermokarst terrains to pingo morphologies suggests (in analogy to terrestrial circumstances) an increasingly temperate climate into the late Amazonian.

752:. This causes the total collapse of the pingo and the formation of a depression (the third mentioned irregularly shaped flatter morphologies). Many of the mounds of the Athabasca Valles are surrounded by moats, which is a feature of pingoes observed at the Tuktoyaktuk analogue. The densely-packed distribution and irregular, intermelding shapes of the mounds in this area are also common characteristics observed in terrestrial pingo fields. 941:. Burr first noted that there were regions that were, according to her modeling, water might realistically pond around obstacles on the Athabasca Valles floor such as crater rims. She proposed that when later outbursts from Cerberus Fossae occurred, they would destroy these ponding deposits except in the eddy regions behind the obstacles. She proposed this as a new model by which streamlined forms likely formed in the valley system. 316:. Historically, some researchers have associated the outpouring of fluid from the Athabasca Valles with the downstream formations of Marte Vallis and the Grjotá Valles, but this perspective fell out of favor as higher-resolution MOC data became available, allowing updated crater counts (the age dates of each valley floor are asynchronous) and geomorphic interpretations (high-permeability fresh lava rock would have caused large-scale 671: 6140: 491:

up to ten distinct layers exposed by later catastrophic erosion, with each layer having a thickness of up to 10m. They are often paralleled by grooves that are up to 10m tall, fading out from the streamlined forms within a few hundreds of meters. These grooves are interpreted to be depositional, and are dimensionally consistent with similar features observed within the Channeled Scablands of Washington State.

452:. According to this interpretation, these streamlined landforms were created when passing floodwaters deposited sediment against protruding bedrock outcroppings, such as crater rims or bedrock mesas. (In the case of the Athabasca Valles, the vast majority of such streamlined forms arose around relict bedrock mesas.) The floodwater from the event that formed the Athabasca Valles is thought to have come from 29: 704:

phreatomagmatic effect, as they appear to have formed in depressions where water might have feasibly ponded. Because water ice was not stable in this region of Mars during the Amazonian, the lava flows that formed these rootless cones must have reached ponded areas very soon after the occurrence of a megaflood. Opponents of this hypothesis have noted that moat features surrounding many of the mounds are

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around these bedrock obstacles would have then been carved again in subsequent megaflooding events, with the only surviving sections of these sedimentary deposits sitting in the regions behind the bedrock obstacles. For some of the upstream streamlined forms of the Athabasca Valles, however, modern topography is not suggestive of a ponding event. Some researchers have proposed that they

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eruption over a span of weeks. This would be the first instance of a turbulently-deposited flood lava to have been documented anywhere in the Solar System. Four 1:500K geomorphic maps of the Athabasca Valles were to be produced using CTX and HiRISE data, but funding ran short and the insights from the mapping effort were incorporated into the 2010 Jaeger

1016:(Spirit and Opportunity). By using this method to characterize surface slopes, Beyer was able to ascertain how hazardous each given landing site was, providing information to those debating the viability of the sites at landing site workshops. The Athabasca Valles site was among those upon which Beyer applied his photoclinometry method. 788:

low-viscosity flood lavas. This hypothesis – among other volcanic-aeolian and sedimentary hypotheses – ultimately received widespread acceptance in the Martian planetary geology community. Plescia observed the outflow channels of Elysium Planitia, noting the presence of streamlined islands, but highlighted the absence of regional-scale

1176:(of Arizona State University) observed the presence of lava coil-like structures on fractured plates immediately downstream of the Athabasca Valles. These features strongly resemble those of Hawaii's pahoehoe flows, leading credence to the low-viscosity lava hypothesis for the formation of the outflow channel. 572:(where the lava level reached a maximum height) prior to the drainage and pooling of molten material downstream into Cerberus Palus. Nearly the entire surface of the Athabasca Valles floor has been interpreted by some authors to morphologically parallel the Roza Member of the Wanapum Basalt, a unit within the 550:

associated with this tectonic activity would penetrate the overlying cryosphere (in a dry and cold Amazonian Mars); to compensate for its pressurization, reservoir fluids would be forced upwards through the fissure, forming the outflow channel morphologies observed on the surface. This interpretation

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regions where this ponding event was possible in the past, but later eruptions of lava from the fissure (by the same mechanisms as the floodwaters) may have shallowed out the topographic profile of the valley. As seen on Viking and MOC imagery, the streamlined forms of the Athabasca Valles often have

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spectral data that the Athabasca Valles floor is largely ultramafic and mafic in composition. This work refocused the initial 2007 finding by the researchers that a veneer of lava covered the entirety of the Athabasca Valley floor, proposing that this lava layer was deposited turbulently in a single

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echo signatures were found to coincide with terrains interpreted as volcanic in origin across the Martian surface. These signatures also spatially coincided very closely with the proposed volcanic flow unit reported by Jeffrey Plescia in 1990, including the floor of the Athabasca Valles, leading the

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camera. At the mesoscale, the floor of the valley remains relatively uneroded compared to other Martian outflow channels and those of the Channeled Scablands. The valley floor is characterized by overlapping fronts that become progressively younger towards Cerberus Fossae, concentrically surrounding

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However, the viability of this deep water-based model for the Athabasca Valles' formation has also been questioned from a hydrological modeling perspective, with various researchers noting that the region below Cerberus Fossae would require a fully saturated, exceedingly deep, and actively recharged

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mission that the flooding events thought to have formed the Athabasca Valles were interspersed with the formation of the plains units from lava in certain parts of the outflow channel, with some researchers believing that the floodwater could have been accommodated by significant permeability in the

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that have been found on Earth. The presence of these modern secondaries was initially thought to have skewed the very modern age dates based on crater counts on the Athabasca Valles floor. Zunil Crater is located due east of the Athabasca Valles network, extending along the southeastern trend beyond

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tool designed to correspond Martian mound-like structures to associated regional fracture zones in order to predict the extent of their source reservoirs. Among the features chosen for analysis, the researchers examined putative pingoes in the Athabasca Valles on HiRISE data, which were compared to

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attempted to reconcile the ongoing disagreements over the origin of the ring-mound landforms by evaluating the spatial distributions and unique morphologies of the different types of RMLs present in the valley. The researchers separated out the features based on number and arrangement of the cones'

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suggest that the outflow channel might have formed as recently as 20 Ma – the youngest-known of its kind on Mars – assuming the embaying lava units (upon which the crater dating was performed) were deposited contemporaneously with the outflow channel's formation. Explanations of its formation would

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and reassessed earlier interpretations of the Athabasca Valles system in light of the new available data. The researchers found that all the flood features in the Athabasca Valles are draped by lava flows, and concluded that the valley was most likely carved not by floodwaters but by low-viscosity

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In 2006, David P. Page and John B. Murray of the Open University contested the interpretation of pitted mounds in the distal region of the Athabasca Valles as rootless cones, offering an in-depth characterization of the pitted mound structures in the valley system when interpreted as pingoes. Page

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to hydrologically model outflow in the upstream reaches of the Athabasca Valles. Insights from her study manifested in three peer-reviewed publications, all of which addressed topics at least in part on the Athabasca Valles. In her research she clarified the chronological relationships between the

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to freezing conditions triggers the uplift as the water content of the saturated ground expands (leading to the formation of the observed circular mounds). As this uplift continues, tensional cracks form near the top of the mound, exposing the ice core of the mound, which loses mass due either to

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cones"). Occasionally, the RMLs are also encircled by radial trails of much smaller cone-like mounds. The "double" and "lotus fruit" RML morphologies are concentrated in flatter areas of the channel near Cerberus Fossae and are generally aligned parallel to the direction of the catastrophic flows

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Although researchers generally agree that the valley was formed by the catastrophic outpouring from the southernmost Cerberus Fossae fissure, the scientific community has not reached a consensus on the precise formation mechanism behind the Athabasca Valles – both in the nature of the fluids that

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Some authors have noted a series of large, km-wide fractured plates that appear southwest of the debouchment of the Athabasca Valles into the Cerberus Palus plains region. Some authors have interpreted these features as analogous to lava rafts expelled downstream from the Athabasca Valles system

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virtually all impact craters in this region, and are believed (according to comparative crater counts) to have obliterated many pre-existing craters. If the plains of Elysium Planitia are being actively resurfaced, this casts earlier crater count-based age estimates into doubt across the entire

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could feasibly offset the implausibly high porosities necessary to explain the modeled floodwater volumes seen in both regions, and numerically modeled the stress fields and displacements at depth of each source fossae. Models were made in the case that diking was involved in the release of the

625:(MOLA)), and (along with all the channels of central Elysium Planitia) do not closely resemble any of the lava surfaces analogously located on Earth. In terrestrial settings, lava erosion is extremely rare and only occurs when it a hot lava is concentrated in a narrow area (such as an insulated 485:

Some researchers have proposed that the formation of the streamlined forms in the Athabasca Valles may have been a result of bedrock obstacles (such as crater rims) persisting in areas of low elevation, where hydrological modeling suggests floodwaters might have ponded. The resulting deposition

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and the Athabasca Valles. The age estimates established for the floor of the Athabasca Valles suggested an upper age limit of 20 Ma, and a product of repeated flooding at many different times. The age of the valley floor was proposed to be up to several tens of Mya younger than the surrounding

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in England reported on the presence of extensional faulting off southern Cerberus Fossae, cross-cutting morphologies attributed to both the outflow channel and to subsequent lava cover. The authors noted that these faults are likely the most recent geologic feature in the Cerberus Fossae and

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was among the first to examine the origin of central Elysium Planitia in detail; at the time of his publication, he referred to this region informally as the "Cerberus Plains", and was the first to critically examine the hypothesis that this region was largely formed through the eruption of

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Some authors have proposed that a combination of mechanisms can satisfactorily explain the origin of the Athabasca Valles system – namely, the large-scale emplacement of low-viscosity lava flows on top of pre-existing glaciers. Apart from ice interactions, this large-scale low-viscosity

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in dimension and shape, and notably lack clear evidence of extrusive materials around the cones. Some proponents of the flood-formation hypothesis for the Athabasca Valles suggest that megaflood waters could have saturated the ground upon which lava could have later flowed, causing the

165:. Polygonal terrains of varying scales observed in the Athabasca Valles and downstream in Cerberus Palus have been proposed to have both and/or either volcanic and periglacial features. Interpretations on these terrains differ strongly even with respect to in what order these features 1207:) proposed that large regional-scale interactions between glaciers in central Elysium Planitia and the active formation of the lava flows constituting the plains were responsible for the geomorphologies observed in the Athabasca Valles and the other central Elysian outflow channels. 961:

formations of the Athabasca Valles, the Grjotá Valles, and Marte Vallis. She was not able to identify the precise mechanism by which floodwaters might catastrophically emerge from Cerberus Fossae but strongly favored floodwaters as the mechanism by which all three channels formed.

715:, this strongly suggests that some combination of sediment and ice comprises the valley floor. The conical landforms observed within the valley system take three distinctive forms—circular mounds, mounds with large central peaks, and irregularly-shaped flat depressions. As seen on 240:. The volcanic unit proposed to compose the floor of the Athabasca Valles (among other terrains) is hypothesized by some researchers to be the youngest and largest flood-emplaced lava unit on Mars, and the only instance of a flood lava unit that displays morphological evidence of 156:

flows of Hawaiʻi), a glacial origin, or some combination of the aforementioned mechanisms. The presence of pitted mounds on the valley floor has also been subject to debate and underpins the different hypotheses that have been proposed, and have variably been suggested to be

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region. He speculated that the streamlined islands were indicative of a relict bedrock floor that preceded the formation of the volcanic "Cerberus Plains", and that the characteristic anastomosing channels of the Chryse channels had been buried under flood lava flows.

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In 2003, Devon M. Burr of the University of Arizona published another report summing the results of a hydrological model of the Athabasca Valles intended to refresh older models of the outflow channel with new, higher-resolution MOLA topography data, and using a

646:(LIPs). Individual periods of volcanic activity constituting the modern Elysium Planitia region are thought to have lasted up to 1 Myr, with the rock in the vicinity of the Athabasca Valles being potentially deposited on a timescale of weeks or months. Given the 804:

published an examination of Elysium Planitia in 1991, including an updated geologic map of the region, proposing that Elysium Planitia was a basin that held a paleolake, interpreting the features in what they dubbed the "Elysium Basin" as sedimentary in origin.

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associated with compressive stresses emanating from the Elysium volcanic province. It emanates from its source at Cerberus Fossae in two channels that converge approximately 25 km southwest of the fissure; after a further 80 km, the valley becomes

356:, another very young large rayed crater in Zunil's neighborhood, are also suspected to superpose the Athabasca Valles valley floor, but the morphologies of these secondaries are uncertain and their alignment with the rays of Corinto might be coincidental. 207:, with some of its offshoots breaching the south-bounding wrinkle ridge. Geomorphic evidence of valley-affiliated deposits disappears at its southwestern end under recent lava flows. The materials forming the valley floor of the system are thought to be 600:

which have stagnated, forming a surface that hardens and then cracks. Gas escapes from lava around the peripheries of the resulting polygons, collapsing their edges and causing the centers of the polygons to bulge. Characteristic of such features are

244:. In total, the areal extent of the debouched lava flows that formed the Athabasca Valles system have been mapped as covering a region reaching completely across Elysium Planitia to the south, indistinctly disappearing into the northern margin of 272:

in age. Modern extensional near-source faulting associated with southern Cerberus Fossae has been found to postdate the formation of all features in the valley, and are likely the most geologically recent features of the Athabasca Valles system.

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is observed to have resurfaced the floor. Furthermore, large-scale extension and compression are evident in the Athabasca Valles floor unit, which may have been associated with earlier regional tectonic events or the emptying of an underlying

304:. The Athabasca Valles are the westernmost of the outflow channels in Elysium Planitia and the only one of the channel systems in this region that flows westwards. The other major outflow channels in this region are (from west to east) the 674:

Cones in the Athabasca Valles as seen by HiRISE. Larger cones in upper image were produced when water/steam forced its way through thicker layer of lava. Difference between highest elevation (red) to lowest (dark blue) is 170 m (558

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Researchers who favor a megaflooding hypothesis generally favor one sourced from a deep-seated subsurface reservoir. Based on hydrological modeling, some authors have noted that there are no other water-based mechanisms, including

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freshly-formed lava rock of Cerberus Palus. The interplay of fresh lavas and floodwaters could be responsible for rootless cones observed near the proposed sink region of the Athabasca Valles within the Cerberus Palus region.

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Opponents of the lava flow hypothesis historically noted that the valley floor of the Athabasca Valles did not appear to morphologically resemble an uneroded lava surface (as seen on the medium-resolution camera

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were created. Because evidence of fluvial erosion is present on both sides of the fissure, some authors have proposed that the outflow of floodwater from Cerberus Fossae was violent, forming a fountain akin to

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exists uphill to the northeast of the easternmost part of the valley and score the terrain in a perpendicular direction to the Athabasca Valles' trend. Downstream to the southwest of the valley system lies the

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violently degassed from the sediment flows upon which they were entrained, forming what are termed in the literature as "cryophreatic cones". The RMLs have been proposed by other authors to represent

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The Athabasca Valles, showing the flow direction of what are interpreted by some researchers to be floodwater-related morphologies. Note streamlined islands which show direction of flow to southwest.

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of Mars during this part of the Amazonian, it has been hypothesized that glaciers were likely actively accumulating in this region of Elysium Planitia at the same time as this period of volcanism.

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in the American Northwest; those researchers propose that the entire floor unit was deposited in a single eruptive event, with lavas in the area depositing turbulently as part of a flooding event.

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breach the entirety the thick protective cryosphere in order to allow groundwater to escape in sufficient quantities to hydrodynamically satisfy the Athabasca Valles' megaflood formation scenario.

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as not of a volcanic origin coincident with the plains' formation, but as a progressive resurfacing associated with glacial processes analogized to features witnessed across Earth dating to the

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In 2004, Ross A. Beyer published his dissertation under the supervision of advisor Alfred McEwen at the University of Arizona. In his dissertation, among other topics, he invented a novel point

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The floor of the Athabasca Valles is peppered with thousands of small cones and rings which exist only on the geomorphic unit on the floor of the valley. They are referred to by some authors as

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In support of the megaflooding hypothesis, some authors have interpreted the platy and ridged terrains (described by others as characteristic lava textures) as relict sections of the underlying

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Other authors have noted certain morphological features in the Athabasca Valles as inconsistent with the megaflooding hypothesis, based on very high resolution visual data collected using the

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built up gradually in the vicinity of Cerberus Fossae, any tectonic activity would relieve this extensional stress, causing a relative compression that would pressurize the reservoir. Nearby

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can manifest as plates of a similar size, shape, and distribution, there are no known glacial mechanisms that can create the coiled morphologies observed downstream of the Athabasca Valles.

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groundwater flow or the magmatic melting of ground ice, which could explain the volume of water required to carve the Athabasca Valles. Because there is no evidence of near-surface

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There are competing interpretations regarding the formation of the Athabasca Valles system. The different hypotheses and supporting and competing evidences are described below.

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systems on Mars, and has historically been understood to have formed as the result of megaflooding. Distinctive streamlined teardrop-shaped landforms, branching channels, and

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than those typically observed in terrestrial settings. However, some authors have argued that the implausibly high porosity requirement could be overlooked if extremely high

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Jaeger, W.L.; Keszthelyi, L.P.; Skinner, J.A.; Milazzo, M.P.; McEwen, A.S.; Titus, T.N.; Rosiek, M.R.; Galuszka, D.M.; Howington-Kraus, E.; Kirk, R.L.; HiRISE Team (2010).

629:) and is running down a steep slope. These conditions are inconsistent with the observed conditions in the Athabasca Valles and the other outflow channels in this region. 144:

tracked through the valley, and in terms of later geologic events that have since resurfaced the region. Researchers concurrently propose a floodwater origin (akin to the

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mission. Elysium Planitia was one of the chosen sites, with the Athabasca Valles' putative hydrothermal origin a major motivation for proposing the Elysium landing site.

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formed from deposited ice blocks. This interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis that the Athabasca Valles were formed by the erosive action of a mobile glacier.

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and stretching across a wide swath of Cerberus Palus in the east-west sense, canvassing a region nearly as wide as the Elysium Rise. This flood lava unit is as large as

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Supporters of the megaflood hypothesis note that the streamlined forms seen in the Athabasca Valles are inconsistent with a glacial hypothesis. They are unlikely to be

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In 2007, Windy L. Jaeger, Lazlo P. Keszthelyi, Alfred McEwen, Patrick S. Russell and Colin S. Dundas (University of Arizona) examined very high resolution images from

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spectral data was used to confirm the composition of the geomorphic units mapped in the course of this effort, and reaffirmed earlier large-scale assertions using

1503:"Large-scale lava-ice interactions on Mars: Investigating its role during Late Amazonian Central Elysium Planitia volcanism and the formation of Athabasca Valles" 776:

Modern Elysium Planitia (including the Athabasca Valles) and the Elysium Rise were first extensively mapped in the 1970s and 1980s using orbital imagery from the

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cones" which have more than two cones within the moat). The double cones and lotus fruit cones described by the authors were analogized to the rootless cones of

1124:; the authors noted, then, that the topography of the Cerberus Fossae alone cannot be used to infer the volume of the fluid that carved the Athabasca Valles. 852:, James W. Rice and David H. Scott (of Ames and of the US Geological Survey, respectively) narrowed down 11 candidate landing sites for the now-canceled NASA 1040: 1145: 1140:

data to map flood lavas in the Athabasca Valles region. The extent of this flood lava unit was found to be approximately the size of the American state of

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data, these morphologies are consistent in size and shape with different stages of the pingo lifecycle observed on Earth in the Russian federal subject of

120:. They are part of a network of outflow channels in this region that are understood to emanate from large fissures in the Martian surface rather than the 2334:

Harmon, J.K.; Sulzer, M.P.; Perillat, P.J.; Chandler, J.F. (1992). "Mars Radar Mapping: Strong Backscatter from the Elysium Basin and Outflow Channel".

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plain. The outflow channel's route during its formation likely followed a pre-existing southwest-trending pathway, as it is bounded to the south by a

1028: 945: 185:, the second most significant volcanic province on the planet Mars. It lies within the southern Martian highlands in a diffuse part of the planet's 2309: 264:. A knobby terrain lies to the northwest of the debouchment of the Athabasca Valles and has been dated by crater counting to be the oldest extant 546:, however, would add large amounts of material into the vicinity of the reservoir, compressing it and rapidly pressurizing it. Any rupturing and 956:, including the Athabasca Valles. This included assessment of terrains in central Elysium Planitia using MOC and MOLA data, and the design of a 2175:

Ryan, A.J.; Christensen, P.R. (2012). "Coils and Polygonal Crust in the Athabasca Valles Region, Mars, as Evidence for a Volcanic History".

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Vetterlein, J.; Roberts, G.P. (2009). "Postdating of flow in Athabasca Valles by faulting of the Cerberus Fossae, Elysium Planitia, Mars".

1120:, with HiRISE and THEMIS used to provide context. This subsidence was decisively attributed to faulting and not to a local collapse in the 1809: 2587: 817: 699:

as steam is expelled through the solidifying lava flow. The RMLs strongly resemble rootless cones that have been analogously observed in

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study instead. A single 1:1M resolution map was later funded to bring this quadrangle to completion, with an abstract published for the

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Of the outflow channels on Mars, the Athabasca Valles have been of particular interest to the Martian planetary geological community as

3129: 1149: 420:(interpreted to have formed under water) are all found within the valley system, and are morphologically similar to those found in the 228: 748:"). If the pingo formed over a stable lens of groundwater, this collapse may cause that overpressured water source to erupt as a 2971: 1210:

Also in 2018, a collaboration of Italian, German and French researchers including Barbara de Toffoli developed and validated a

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has been disputed, with counterclaims that the diking or extensional fracturing that formed Cerberus Fossae would have had to

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and Murray argued against the hypothesis that volcanism could have explained the formation of the Athabasca Valles system.

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De Toffoli, B.; Pozzobon, R.; Mazzarini, F.; Orgel, C.; Massironi, M.; Giacomini, L.; Mangold, N.; Cremonese, G. (2018).

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Page, D.P.; Murray, J.B. (2006). "Stratigraphical and morphological evidence of pingo genesis in the Cerberus plains".

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Berman, D.C.; Hartmann, W.K. (2002). "Recent Fluvial, Volcanic, and Tectonic Activity on the Cerberus Plains of Mars".

1020: 828:) reported the creation of large-scale radar reflectivity maps made of the Martian surface when Mars and Earth were in 1137: 3189: 140:

volcanic plain. The Athabasca Valles are widely understood to be the youngest outflow channel system on the planet.

6044: 4894: 2026: 376: 2520: 744:. Eventually, the core becomes unstable and collapses (forming the pitted mounds, referred to by some authors as " 4899: 2921: 2580: 1345:"Repeated Aqueous Flooding from the Cerberus Fossae: Evidence for Very Recently Extant, Deep Groundwater on Mars" 1048: 1039:

Also in 2005, Alfred McEwen and co-workers at the University of Arizona (in collaboration with others, including

801: 780:. Initial geophysical and tectonic interpretations of this region were proposed in the 1980s by various authors. 716: 642:

efflux is thought to have formed up to a third of the modern Martian surface and has been analogized to Earth's

4348: 4335: 2596: 741: 5502: 5807: 2841: 1393: 1027:

valles might have formed, given their apparent origination from fissures (respectively, Cerberus Fossae and

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allow researchers to better constrain the hydrological conditions in this region of Mars well into the late

5982: 5867: 3299: 622: 606: 3432: 3393: 691:

The hypothesis that the Athabasca Valles were formed by a lava flow suggests that these RMLs are actually

456:

at 10°N and 157°E, where groundwater may have been trapped under an ice layer that was fractured when the

6165: 5912: 5847: 5802: 5782: 5742: 5687: 5622: 5477: 5427: 5352: 5177: 4971: 4799: 3553: 3174: 2733: 2688: 921: 885:, updating and challenging previous interpretations accordingly. They notably found crater age dates for 874: 573: 281: 182: 117: 2370: 6130: 5957: 5677: 5647: 5572: 5397: 5162: 5147: 4946: 4914: 4819: 4689: 4669: 4619: 4599: 4416: 3854: 3677: 3437: 3146: 2866: 2573: 2058: 1185: 1136:) and Alfred McEwen (University of Arizona) published a study in 2010 using high-resolution HiRISE and 920:

Also in 2002, Devon M. Burr, Alfred S. McEwen (University of Arizona) and Susan E. H. Sakimoto (NASA's

755:

Alternatively, some researchers also hypothesized that the RMLs of the Athabasca Valles were formed as

684: 5547: 5422: 3329: 1196:, noting that they lacked the slopes and tensile summit cracks characteristic of terrestrial pingoes. 6074: 5972: 5827: 5717: 5652: 5642: 5467: 5337: 5322: 5172: 4961: 4879: 4834: 4789: 4739: 4719: 3472: 3383: 2836: 2821: 2811: 2089:

Carr, M.H. (1979). "Formation of Martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers".

1857: 1044: 973: 853: 784: 466: 1623:"Young (late Amazonian), near-surface, ground ice features near the equator, Athabasca Valles, Mars" 1117: 1060: 348: 6059: 6054: 5987: 5852: 5812: 5777: 5747: 5682: 5657: 5612: 5472: 5447: 5382: 5342: 5327: 5307: 5237: 5197: 5142: 5122: 5031: 4986: 4966: 4951: 4864: 4749: 4659: 4411: 3398: 3039: 2871: 2826: 2018: 914: 495: 317: 3427: 3417: 3354: 1622: 1132:

Researchers from the United States Geologic Survey (including Windy Jaeger, Lazlo Keszthelyi, and

189:. It is a valley that trends northeast-southwest at the southernmost end of the Elysium province. 6094: 5997: 5937: 5887: 5882: 5817: 5667: 5637: 5562: 5552: 5492: 5407: 5332: 5317: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5242: 5212: 5207: 5182: 5132: 4859: 4844: 4639: 4551: 2876: 977: 756: 643: 1095:) reinterpreted a widespread polygonal plains texturation spanning much of Elysium Planitia and 534:

were supplied by tectonic activity associated with the concurrent formations of the Elysium and

252:

and is of a greater areal extent than the largest of the large igneous provinces on Earth – the

6039: 5892: 5877: 5862: 5857: 5457: 5412: 5392: 5267: 5247: 5192: 5167: 5066: 5056: 5051: 5016: 4981: 4854: 4829: 4784: 4744: 4574: 3984: 3779: 3704: 3373: 3183: 3059: 2981: 2956: 2861: 2831: 2816: 2233:

Noguchi, R.; Kurita, K. (2015). "Unique characteristics of cones in Central Elysium Planitia".

1756:

Jaeger, W.L.; Keszthelyi, L.P.; McEwen, A.S.; Titus, T.N.; Dundas, C.M.; Russell, P.S. (2008).

1104: 1013: 981: 583:

Lava flows downstream of the Athabasca Valles in Cerberus Palus in this HiRISE image. Putative

2310:"Mars Elysium Basin: Geologic/volumetric analyses of a young lake and exobiology implications" 894:

from the highlands, local burial of glacial ice under volcanics, and atmospheric recharge via

6002: 5762: 5752: 5592: 5437: 5417: 5127: 5093: 5036: 4889: 4774: 4674: 4614: 4584: 4159: 3368: 3239: 3219: 3201: 3119: 3099: 3049: 3044: 2941: 2856: 1032: 949: 910: 728: 449: 2539: 1979:"Tectonic pressurization of aquifers in the formation of Mangala and Athabasca Valles, Mars" 1521: 1116:

Athabasca Valles region. MOLA altimetric data was used to establish fault offset and graben

1036:

pressurized reservoir floodwaters, or in the case of gradual extensional tectonic activity.

605:, in which two fluids of differing velocity and/or density flow past each other and cause a 6024: 5932: 5797: 5757: 5110: 4976: 4699: 4531: 3074: 3028: 2886: 2535: 2467: 2343: 2282: 2184: 2142: 2098: 1990: 1942: 1902: 1824: 1769: 1717: 1637: 1586: 1517: 1458: 1410: 1359: 1344: 1266: 1112: 1100: 957: 938: 882: 845: 841: 829: 478: 364: 232: 166: 1257:

Jaeger, W.L.; et al. (2007). "Athabasca Valles, Mars: A lava-draped channel system".

288:. The outflow channels of central Elysium Planitia are distinguished from those of circum- 8: 6144: 6089: 6019: 5537: 5532: 4904: 4714: 4694: 4654: 4486: 4306: 4049: 3809: 3625: 3034: 3003: 2951: 2846: 2796: 2781: 2776: 2751: 2746: 2494: 1886: 1180: 1092: 965: 944:

In 2003, Devon M. Burr published her doctoral dissertation, undertaken under her advisor

870: 809: 618: 531: 421: 149: 2471: 2347: 2286: 2188: 2146: 2102: 1994: 1946: 1906: 1828: 1773: 1721: 1641: 1590: 1462: 1414: 1363: 1270: 5697: 5617: 5607: 5507: 5227: 5137: 5061: 4936: 4924: 4919: 4839: 4729: 4709: 4634: 4536: 4516: 3334: 3284: 2946: 2936: 2881: 2851: 2806: 2791: 2786: 2761: 2551: 2440: 2417: 2250: 2208: 1683: 1533: 1290: 1162: 1052: 749: 429: 265: 5872: 1853: 731:. Terrestrial pingoes are observed to form from the uplift of the basin of a draining 395:. Such morphological features are interpreted to have been formed in megaflood events. 6064: 6034: 6012: 6007: 5947: 5942: 5822: 5737: 5727: 5627: 5597: 5517: 5372: 5157: 5041: 5006: 4991: 4874: 4794: 4501: 4496: 4386: 4261: 4064: 3754: 3724: 3714: 3477: 3407: 3324: 3319: 3291: 3279: 3211: 3169: 3114: 3104: 3089: 3023: 2966: 2961: 2801: 2771: 2766: 2756: 2741: 2723: 2663: 2555: 2444: 2421: 2355: 2294: 2254: 2200: 2062: 1735: 1294: 1282: 1096: 1009: 1005: 760: 539: 499: 186: 5692: 5257: 4129: 2212: 1687: 1537: 732: 387: 6079: 5977: 5952: 5582: 5577: 5512: 5487: 5482: 5452: 5442: 5432: 5287: 5217: 5152: 5086: 5001: 4884: 4814: 4769: 4759: 4724: 4684: 4649: 4644: 4629: 4604: 4579: 4564: 4451: 4361: 4256: 4154: 4074: 4054: 3977: 3784: 3749: 3729: 3687: 3508: 3388: 3378: 3154: 3136: 3064: 3054: 2998: 2976: 2543: 2475: 2409: 2351: 2290: 2242: 2192: 2150: 2106: 1998: 1950: 1910: 1832: 1777: 1725: 1645: 1594: 1525: 1466: 1418: 1401: 1367: 1274: 1211: 1204: 1173: 953: 353: 336: 329: 277: 109: 101: 4211: 6049: 6029: 5907: 5902: 5837: 5792: 5772: 5767: 5632: 5602: 5557: 5542: 5527: 5522: 5357: 5297: 5292: 5252: 5232: 5202: 5187: 5117: 4956: 4941: 4849: 4754: 4734: 4664: 4624: 4441: 4426: 4406: 4396: 4366: 4356: 4339: 4216: 4044: 3962: 3942: 3897: 3814: 3794: 3774: 3764: 3759: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3635: 3630: 3610: 3543: 3538: 3513: 3493: 3249: 3229: 3094: 3013: 3008: 2993: 2988: 2909: 2693: 2678: 2648: 2600: 2479: 2052: 1836: 1649: 1598: 1422: 1023:

studied the mechanisms by which the outflow channel systems of the Athabasca and

1001: 793: 696: 547: 457: 453: 433: 413: 360: 324: 289: 245: 208: 190: 145: 129: 125: 105: 87: 2565: 2413: 477:. Some researchers noted as early as on relatively low-resolution data from the 6109: 6104: 6084: 6069: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5897: 5842: 5787: 5732: 5707: 5672: 5662: 5567: 5462: 5402: 5367: 5362: 5312: 5071: 5021: 4929: 4909: 4869: 4824: 4809: 4804: 4764: 4594: 4569: 4559: 4511: 4481: 4461: 4456: 4436: 4381: 4323: 4246: 4186: 4149: 4079: 4034: 4024: 4014: 3937: 3927: 3917: 3892: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3834: 3692: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3640: 3620: 3585: 3568: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3259: 3179: 2708: 2653: 2638: 1758:"Response to Comment on "Athabasca Valles, Mars: A Lava-Draped Channel System"" 1571: 1541: 1216: 1056: 1024: 969: 878: 777: 720: 639: 543: 340: 195: 162: 137: 2547: 2246: 1529: 792:

in its channels, distinguishing them morphologically from those of the circum-

6154: 6099: 5967: 5962: 5832: 5722: 5712: 5702: 5587: 5302: 5262: 5222: 5046: 5026: 5011: 4996: 4704: 4679: 4609: 4521: 4471: 4466: 4401: 4391: 4286: 4251: 4226: 4201: 4191: 4176: 4171: 4144: 4124: 4084: 4059: 4039: 4019: 4004: 3922: 3887: 3829: 3799: 3769: 3645: 3590: 3580: 3575: 3533: 3359: 3234: 3124: 3069: 3018: 2931: 2683: 2673: 2658: 2379: 1200: 1085: 906: 825: 692: 309: 301: 237: 199: 133: 132:

fissures and flow downstream to the southwest, constrained to the south by a

128:

outflow channels. The Athabasca Valles in particular emanate from one of the

121: 59: 46: 2196: 2110: 1782: 1757: 1730: 1705: 1394:"The rayed crater Zunil and interpretations of small impact craters on Mars" 1278: 5497: 5387: 5347: 5098: 5081: 5076: 4779: 4546: 4526: 4491: 4446: 4376: 4371: 4318: 4313: 4301: 4296: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4241: 4236: 4221: 4206: 4196: 4181: 4166: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 3999: 3989: 3972: 3967: 3932: 3902: 3882: 3839: 3824: 3804: 3719: 3682: 3650: 3615: 3600: 3595: 3563: 3558: 3548: 3503: 3084: 2713: 2668: 2643: 2633: 2204: 1739: 1470: 1371: 1286: 895: 886: 579: 507: 462: 313: 293: 285: 253: 204: 178: 2372:

Strategies and Recommended Targets for Mars Surveyor Program Landing Sites

2273:

Plescia, J.B. (1990). "Recent Flood Lavas in the Elysium Region of Mars".

1810:"Emplacement of the youngest flood lava on Mars: A short, turbulent story" 833: 660: 300:, etc.) because they appear to emanate from volcanic fissures rather than 5103: 4506: 4476: 4421: 4231: 4139: 4069: 3994: 3952: 3819: 3789: 3605: 3274: 3244: 2703: 2698: 2155: 2130: 2003: 1978: 1954: 1915: 1890: 813: 789: 724: 445: 297: 808:

In 1992, John K. Harmon, Michael P. Sulzer, Phillip J. Perillat (of the

153: 4431: 4291: 4134: 4029: 3957: 3947: 3912: 3862: 3655: 3254: 2383: 1121: 849: 736: 519: 514:, this source reservoir is interpreted to be located deep underground. 511: 344: 241: 212: 417: 320:

of errant floodwaters long before reaching the other valleys' heads).

3907: 3498: 3304: 3159: 2521:"Estimate of depths of source fluids related to mound fields on Mars" 647: 626: 602: 584: 437: 220: 3849: 1189: 587:

are observed in this image and are on a scale of meters in diameter.

5377: 3422: 3164: 2400:

Burr, D.M. (2003). "Hydraulic modeling of Athabasca Vallis, Mars".

2029:(IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). 2006 1706:"Comment on "Athabasca Valles, Mars: A Lava-Draped Channel System"" 1391: 1340: 925: 902: 891: 610: 593: 527: 432:

state. The Channeled Scablands were formed during the catastrophic

269: 28: 1256: 1091:

In 2009, David P. Page, Matthew R. Balme, and Monica M. Grady (of

670: 632: 284:

a vast swath of plains land interpreted to be composed largely of

152:

of Washington state), a low-viscosity lava origin (similar to the

3412: 2718: 1621:

Burr, D.M.; Soare, R.J.; Wan Bun Tseung, JM; Emery, J.P. (2005).

1193: 1166: 700: 654: 535: 523: 474: 441: 375:. It was initially named "Athabasca Vallis" (singular form). The 372: 224: 2518: 1055:

of Arizona State University) reported their characterization of

4589: 3109: 1141: 1080: 1064: 821: 597: 564: 558: 470: 392: 368: 249: 1807: 1067:

of Martian origin that have been found and analyzed on Earth.

837:

researchers to lend support to Plescia's volcanic hypothesis.

538:

Rises, likely through the effects of extensional faulting. If

5992: 4344: 712: 425: 261: 158: 2333: 1620: 3224: 2604: 2495:"Completing the Geologic Mapping of Athabasca Valles, Mars" 1755: 898:

were all suggested as possible but uncertain explanations.

592:

during its formation. Such rafts have been observed in the

216: 113: 1854:"Martian Landform Observations Fill Special Journal Issue" 1338: 1891:"Continual geologic activity in Athabasca Valles, Mars" 1885: 1680:

Investigations into the Cerberus outflow channels, Mars

1111:

In 2009, Joyce Vetterlein and Gerald P. Roberts of the

661:

Geomorphological features of contentious interpretation

391:

A streamlined form in the Athabasca Valles, as seen by

2131:"Recent aqueous floods from the Cerberus Fossae, Mars" 352:

the Cerberus Fossae fissures. Secondaries from nearby

335:

Around 80% of the craters in the Athabasca Valles are

6128: 347:

on the Martian surface and a candidate source of the

177:

The Athabasca Valles system lies to the south of the

1184:

vents – single cones, concentric double cones, and "

407: 276:

The Athabasca Valles are located within the broader

2129:Burr, D.M.; McEwen, A.S.; Sakimoto, S.E.H. (2002). 1019:In 2005, Jeffrey C. Hanna and Roger J. Phillips of 901:A review was published concurrently by Devon Burr, 343:, which is the youngest-known +10 km-diameter 2128: 2595: 2395: 2393: 2124: 2122: 2120: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1751: 1749: 1199:In 2018, James Cassanelli (a graduate student of 215:in composition, characterized by an abundance of 136:for over 100 km, before debouching into the 6152: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 379:officially approved the feature's name in 1997. 2174: 2050: 881:to more recent higher-resolution data from the 633:Englacial and supraglacial lava flow hypothesis 2492: 2390: 2369:Rice, J.W.; Scott, D.H. (26–27 January 1998). 2268: 2266: 2264: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2117: 1923: 1746: 1699: 1697: 1569: 1500: 1448: 2581: 2512: 2502:Planetary Geologic Mappers' Meeting Abstracts 2232: 1976: 1881: 1879: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1570:Page, D.P.; Balme, M.R.; Grady, M.M. (2009). 1477: 1252: 518:reservoir of water preserved below an intact 412:The Athabasca Valles are the youngest of the 2386:: NASA Ames Research Center. pp. 81–82. 2378:. Mars Surveyor 2001 Landing Site Workshop. 2362: 2307: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1179:In 2015, Rina Noguchi and Kei Kurita of the 559:Low-viscosity lava flow formation hypothesis 2439:(PhD dissertation). University of Arizona. 2261: 2219: 2170: 2168: 2166: 1694: 1682:(PhD dissertation). University of Arizona. 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 818:Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 90:in Canada. (Changed from Athabasca Vallis.) 2588: 2574: 2457: 2437:Martian surface roughness and stratigraphy 2428: 2327: 2317:Proceedings of Lunar and Planetary Science 1876: 1848: 1846: 1790: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 800:David H. Scott and Mary G. Chapman of the 27: 2368: 2301: 2154: 2002: 1961: 1914: 1781: 1729: 1429: 1378: 1343:; McEwen, A.S.; Keszthelyi, L.P. (2002). 1229: 952:, characterizing the outflow channels of 2486: 2451: 2163: 2082: 1895:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 1656: 1103:. This polygonal terrain is observed to 766: 711:If the RMLs of the Athabasca Valles are 669: 578: 386: 2272: 2046: 2044: 1843: 1605: 1558: 1301: 984:mission (better-known to the public as 708:typical of terrestrial rootless cones. 665: 359:The Athabasca Valles are named for the 268:in the Athabasca Valles system, and is 6153: 1889:; van Gasselt, S.; Neukum, G. (2003). 382: 3460: 2907: 2615: 2569: 2493:Keszthelyi, L.P.; Huff, A.E. (2018). 2434: 1501:Cassanelli, J.P.; Head, J.W. (2018). 1215:terrestrial analogues in the Russian 1012:of candidate landing sites of NASA's 2399: 2088: 2041: 2011: 1977:Hanna, J.C.; Phillips, R.J. (2006). 1703: 1677: 2308:Scott, D.H.; Chapman, M.G. (1991). 2023:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature 1159:Planetary Geologic Mappers' Meeting 783:In 1990, Jeffrey B. Plescia of the 13: 2402:Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques 1862:California Institute of Technology 1392:McEwen, A.S.; et al. (2005). 1021:Washington University in St. Louis 14: 6177: 3408:Martian meteorites found on Earth 735:. Sudden exposure of the melting 408:Megaflooding formation hypothesis 6138: 2027:International Astronomical Union 440:sourced from sudden breaches in 377:International Astronomical Union 2616: 2091:Journal of Geophysical Research 1983:Journal of Geophysical Research 1935:Journal of Geophysical Research 1572:"Dating martian climate change" 1049:United States Geological Survey 995: 976:and Stephan van Gasselt of the 877:compared initial data from the 816:) and John F. Chandler (of the 802:United States Geological Survey 3461: 2051:Michael H. Carr (2007-01-11). 909:and Laszlo Keszthelyi (of the 869:In 2002, Daniel C. Berman and 859: 771: 116:, located to the south of the 1: 1222: 1070: 621:(MOC) and the low-resolution 339:from the impact that created 2480:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.01.017 2356:10.1016/0019-1035(92)90197-f 2295:10.1016/0019-1035(90)90095-q 2135:Geophysical Research Letters 1837:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.09.011 1650:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.04.012 1599:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.05.012 1423:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.02.009 1172:In 2012, Andrew J. Ryan and 623:Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter 607:Kelvin-Helmholtz instability 399: 169:other events in the valley. 7: 6161:Valleys and canyons on Mars 2908: 2528:Planetary and Space Science 2414:10.1623/hysj.48.4.655.51407 2235:Planetary and Space Science 1510:Planetary and Space Science 922:Goddard Space Flight Center 875:Planetary Science Institute 840:At a 1998 NASA workshop at 681:ring-mound landforms (RMLs) 574:Columbia River Basalt Group 10: 6182: 2827:Mare Australe (South Pole) 2059:Cambridge University Press 1031:). They hypothesized that 1004:method used to assess the 508:gravitationally-controlled 498:that have been exhumed by 172: 4895:Eagle (Acidalia Planitia) 4545: 4334: 3848: 3703: 3471: 3467: 3456: 3200: 3190:Classical albedo features 3145: 2920: 2916: 2903: 2732: 2626: 2622: 2611: 2548:10.1016/j.pss.2018.07.005 2247:10.1016/j.pss.2015.03.007 1858:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1530:10.1016/j.pss.2018.04.024 1045:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 974:Free University of Berlin 785:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 467:Yellowstone National Park 219:and a relative dearth of 183:Elysium volcanic province 83: 75: 38: 26: 4900:Eagle (Meridiani Planum) 3369:Meteorites found on Mars 2832:Mare Boreum (North Pole) 1127: 915:Arizona State University 688:that formed the valley. 496:Medusae Fossae Formation 2540:2018P&SS..164..164D 2197:10.1126/science.1219437 2111:10.1029/JB084iB06p02995 1783:10.1126/science.1155124 1731:10.1126/science.1154849 1522:2018P&SS..158...96C 1279:10.1126/science.1143315 1014:Mars Exploration Rovers 978:German Aerospace Center 931: 864: 644:large igneous provinces 418:transverse ripple dunes 227:based on data from the 124:that source the circum- 16:Outflow channel on Mars 2957:Concentric crater fill 1901:(E12): 22–1 to 22–10. 1471:10.1006/icar.2002.6920 1372:10.1006/icar.2002.6921 1061:shergottite meteorites 982:Mars Exploration Rover 676: 588: 396: 349:shergottite meteorites 229:Gamma Ray Spectrometer 108:system in the central 3100:Swiss cheese features 1033:tectonic overpressure 950:University of Arizona 911:University of Arizona 767:Observational history 729:Northwest Territories 725:Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula 673: 582: 473:in the U.S. state of 450:glacial Lake Missoula 390: 363:, which runs through 4532:Angustus Labyrinthus 3130:discovery chronology 3075:Scalloped topography 3029:Lineated valley fill 2435:Beyer, R.A. (2004). 2156:10.1029/2001GL013345 2004:10.1029/2005JE002546 1955:10.1029/2009JE003356 1916:10.1029/2002JE002020 1113:University of London 1101:Last Glacial Maximum 1047:, Devon Burr of the 958:step-backwater model 939:step-backwater model 883:Mars Global Surveyor 842:Ames Research Center 666:Ring-mound landforms 540:extensional stresses 479:Mars Global Surveyor 365:Jasper National Park 325:crater age estimates 231:(GRS). Some aeolian 4487:Deuteronilus Mensae 3810:Syrtis Major Planum 3626:Syrtis Major Planum 3175:Observation history 3035:Lobate debris apron 2472:2006Icar..183...46P 2348:1992Icar...95..153H 2287:1990Icar...88..465P 2189:2012Sci...336..449R 2147:2002GeoRL..29.1013B 2141:(1): 13–1 to 13–4. 2103:1979JGR....84.2995C 2054:The surface of Mars 1995:2006JGRE..111.3003H 1947:2009JGRE..114.7003V 1907:2003JGRE..108.8081W 1829:2010Icar..205..230J 1774:2008Sci...320.1588J 1722:2008Sci...320.1588P 1704:Page, D.P. (2008). 1678:Burr, D.M. (2003). 1642:2005Icar..178...56B 1591:2009Icar..203..376P 1463:2002Icar..159....1B 1415:2005Icar..176..351M 1364:2002Icar..159...53B 1271:2007Sci...317.1709J 1265:(5845): 1709–1711. 1181:University of Tokyo 1093:The Open University 1041:Matthew P. Golombek 966:Stephanie C. Werner 871:William K. Hartmann 810:Arecibo Observatory 697:phreatomagmatically 619:Mars Orbiter Camera 422:Channeled Scablands 383:Geographic features 150:Channeled Scablands 79:285.0 km (177.1 mi) 56: / 23: 6166:Elysium quadrangle 5913:Teisserenc de Bort 4537:Noctis Labyrinthus 4517:Nilokeras Scopulus 2842:Margaritifer Sinus 2019:"Athabasca Valles" 1053:Philip Christensen 677: 589: 397: 21: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6117: 4565:Tithoniae Catenae 4502:Protonilus Mensae 4497:Nilosyrtis Mensae 4387:Hephaestus Fossae 3755:Eridania Planitia 3725:Amazonis Planitia 3715:Acidalia Planitia 3452: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3413:Balsaltic Breccia 3115:Upper plains unit 3105:Terrain softening 3065:Ring mold craters 3040:North Polar Basin 2962:Dark slope streak 2899: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2724:Vastitas Borealis 2664:Hyperboreae Undae 2183:(6080): 449–452. 2097:(B6): 2995–3007. 2068:978-0-521-87201-0 1864:. 11 January 2010 1097:Amazonis Planitia 1006:surface roughness 761:kettle hole lakes 500:aeolian processes 337:secondary craters 187:crustal dichotomy 94: 93: 6173: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6134: 4452:Tithonium Fossae 4362:Ceraunius Fossae 3978:Tithonium Chasma 3785:Meridiani Planum 3750:Elysium Planitia 3730:Arcadia Planitia 3688:Ceraunius Tholus 3509:Apollinaris Mons 3469: 3468: 3458: 3457: 3389:Meridiani Planum 3055:Outflow channels 3045:Ocean hypothesis 2918: 2917: 2905: 2904: 2624: 2623: 2613: 2612: 2590: 2583: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2525: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2499: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2377: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2314: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2270: 2259: 2258: 2230: 2217: 2216: 2172: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2126: 2115: 2114: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2048: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 1974: 1959: 1958: 1930: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1883: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1850: 1841: 1840: 1814: 1805: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1753: 1744: 1743: 1733: 1701: 1692: 1691: 1675: 1654: 1653: 1627: 1618: 1603: 1602: 1576: 1567: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1540:. Archived from 1507: 1498: 1475: 1474: 1446: 1427: 1426: 1398: 1389: 1376: 1375: 1349: 1336: 1299: 1298: 1254: 1212:fractal analysis 1205:Brown University 1174:Phil Christensen 1134:James A. Skinner 954:Elysium Planitia 832:in 1990. Strong 727:in the Canadian 522:– stored within 444:buttressing the 278:Elysium Planitia 258:Rajamundry Traps 148:that formed the 110:Elysium Planitia 98:Athabasca Valles 71: 70: 68: 67: 66: 61: 57: 54: 53: 52: 49: 31: 24: 22:Athabasca Valles 20: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6129: 6127: 6114: 4550: 4541: 4442:Tantalus Fossae 4427:Olympica Fossae 4417:Memnonia Fossae 4407:Mareotis Fossae 4397:Labeatis Fossae 4367:Cerberus Fossae 4357:Amenthes Fossae 4343: 4330: 3963:Juventae Chasma 3943:Hydraotes Chaos 3898:Coprates Chasma 3853: 3844: 3815:Utopia Planitia 3795:Planum Australe 3775:Isidis Planitia 3765:Hesperia Planum 3760:Hellas Planitia 3745:Daedalia Planum 3740:Chryse Planitia 3735:Argyre Planitia 3706: 3699: 3636:Tartarus Montes 3631:Tartarus Colles 3611:Nereidum Montes 3544:Charitum Montes 3539:Centauri Montes 3514:Ariadnes Colles 3494:Acidalia Colles 3487: 3480: 3476: 3463: 3444: 3384:Mackinac Island 3203: 3196: 3141: 3120:Valley networks 3014:Inverted relief 2989:Fretted terrain 2923: 2912: 2891: 2867:Phoenicis Lacus 2728: 2694:Sinus Meridiani 2679:Planum Australe 2618: 2607: 2594: 2564: 2563: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2497: 2491: 2487: 2456: 2452: 2433: 2429: 2398: 2391: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2332: 2328: 2312: 2306: 2302: 2271: 2262: 2231: 2220: 2173: 2164: 2127: 2118: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2049: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2017: 2016: 2012: 1975: 1962: 1931: 1924: 1884: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1852: 1851: 1844: 1812: 1806: 1791: 1768:(5883): 1588c. 1754: 1747: 1716:(5883): 1588b. 1702: 1695: 1676: 1657: 1625: 1619: 1606: 1574: 1568: 1559: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1505: 1499: 1478: 1447: 1430: 1396: 1390: 1379: 1347: 1337: 1302: 1255: 1230: 1225: 1130: 1073: 1029:Memnonia Fossae 1002:photoclinometry 998: 946:Victor R. Baker 934: 867: 862: 774: 769: 668: 663: 635: 561: 526:with a greater 454:Cerberus Fossae 434:Missoula Floods 414:outflow channel 410: 402: 385: 361:Athabasca River 246:Zephyria Planum 191:Cerberus Fossae 175: 146:Missoula Floods 130:Cerberus Fossae 106:outflow channel 64: 62: 58: 55: 50: 47: 45: 43: 42: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6179: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6148: 6147: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5243:Jarry-Desloges 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5094:Columbia Hills 5091: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5072:Apollo 1 Hills 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4930:Matijevic Hill 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4570:Tractus Catena 4567: 4562: 4560:Artynia Catena 4556: 4554: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4512:Claritas Rupes 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4482:Cydonia Mensae 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4462:Ulysses Fossae 4459: 4457:Tractus Fossae 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4437:Sirenum Fossae 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4412:Medusae Fossae 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4382:Elysium Fossae 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3985:List of valles 3981: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3938:Hydaspis Chaos 3935: 3930: 3928:Gorgonum Chaos 3925: 3920: 3918:Galaxias Chaos 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3893:Chasma Boreale 3890: 3885: 3880: 3878:Atlantis Chaos 3875: 3873:Aromatum Chaos 3870: 3868:Arsia Chasmata 3865: 3859: 3857: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3835:Pityusa Patera 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3693:Uranius Tholus 3690: 3685: 3675: 3673:Ulysses Tholus 3670: 3668:Tyrrhenus Mons 3665: 3663:Tharsis Tholus 3660: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3641:Tharsis Montes 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3621:Phlegra Montes 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3586:Hadriacus Mons 3583: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3569:Hecates Tholus 3566: 3561: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3529:Avernus Colles 3526: 3524:Ausonia Montes 3521: 3519:Astapus Colles 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3488: 3484:list by height 3481: 3465: 3464: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3399:Shelter Island 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3240:Jake Matijevic 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3220:Bathurst Inlet 3208: 3206: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3080:Seasonal flows 3077: 3072: 3070:Rootless cones 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2926: 2914: 2913: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2837:Mare Tyrrhenum 2834: 2829: 2824: 2822:Mare Acidalium 2819: 2814: 2812:Ismenius Lacus 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2709:Terra Cimmeria 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2639:Aspledon Undae 2636: 2630: 2628: 2620: 2619: 2609: 2608: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2562: 2561: 2511: 2485: 2450: 2427: 2408:(4): 655–664. 2389: 2361: 2342:(1): 153–156. 2326: 2300: 2281:(2): 465–490. 2260: 2218: 2162: 2116: 2081: 2067: 2040: 2010: 1960: 1922: 1875: 1842: 1823:(1): 230–243. 1789: 1745: 1693: 1655: 1604: 1585:(2): 376–389. 1557: 1476: 1428: 1409:(2): 351–381. 1377: 1300: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1217:Kolyma Lowland 1129: 1126: 1086:impact craters 1072: 1069: 997: 994: 970:Gerhard Neukum 933: 930: 903:Jennifer Grier 879:Viking mission 866: 863: 861: 858: 778:Viking program 773: 770: 768: 765: 693:rootless cones 667: 664: 662: 659: 634: 631: 560: 557: 532:pore pressures 436:, a series of 409: 406: 401: 398: 384: 381: 354:Corinto crater 242:turbulent flow 196:Cerberus Palus 174: 171: 163:rootless cones 138:Cerberus Palus 122:chaos terrains 92: 91: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 40: 36: 35: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6178: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6146: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5111:Sleepy Hollow 5109: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4522:Olympus Rupes 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4472:Ausonia Mensa 4470: 4468: 4467:Aeolis Mensae 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4402:Mangala Fossa 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4392:Icaria Fossae 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3923:Ganges Chasma 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3888:Candor Chasma 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3830:Peneus Patera 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3800:Planum Boreum 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3770:Icaria Planum 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3702: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3678:Uranius group 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3591:Hellas Montes 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3581:Galaxius Mons 3579: 3577: 3576:Erebus Montes 3574: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3534:Biblis Tholus 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3394:Oileán Ruaidh 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3300:Barnacle Bill 3298: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3199: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3050:Ore resources 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2942:Chaos terrain 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2932:Brain terrain 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2872:Sinus Sabaeus 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2684:Planum Boreum 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2674:Olympia Undae 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2659:Eridania Lake 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2394: 2385: 2381: 2380:Moffett Field 2374: 2373: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2045: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1927: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1880: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1847: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1547:on 2018-10-14 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1346: 1342: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1220: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1201:James W. Head 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 962: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 929: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 907:Alfred McEwen 904: 899: 897: 893: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 857: 855: 854:Mars Surveyor 851: 847: 843: 838: 835: 831: 827: 826:Massachusetts 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 803: 798: 795: 791: 786: 781: 779: 764: 762: 758: 753: 751: 747: 743: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 702: 698: 695:, which form 694: 689: 686: 682: 672: 658: 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 630: 628: 624: 620: 614: 612: 608: 604: 599: 595: 586: 581: 577: 575: 571: 566: 556: 554: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 515: 513: 509: 503: 501: 497: 492: 489: 483: 480: 476: 472: 469:, which is a 468: 464: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 405: 394: 389: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 350: 346: 342: 338: 333: 331: 326: 321: 319: 315: 311: 310:Rahway Valles 307: 306:Grjotá Valles 303: 302:chaos terrain 299: 295: 291: 287: 286:flood basalts 283: 279: 274: 271: 267: 266:geologic unit 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 238:magma chamber 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 201: 200:wrinkle ridge 197: 192: 188: 184: 180: 170: 168: 164: 160: 155: 151: 147: 141: 139: 135: 134:wrinkle ridge 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 89: 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 60:8.6°N 205.0°W 41: 37: 30: 25: 19: 6145:Solar System 5808:Schiaparelli 5753:Robert Sharp 5593:Orson Welles 4890:Du Martheray 4780:Chryse Alien 4775:Chincoteague 4615:Arkhangelsky 4527:Rupes Tenuis 4492:Ganges Mensa 4447:Tempe Fossae 4377:Cyane Fossae 4372:Coloe Fossae 4050:Green Valley 4009: 3973:Ophir Chasma 3968:Melas Chasma 3933:Hebes Chasma 3903:Echus Chasma 3883:Aureum Chaos 3840:Siloe Patera 3825:Orcus Patera 3805:Syria Planum 3780:Lunae Planum 3720:Aeolis Palus 3683:Uranius Mons 3616:Olympus Mons 3601:Libya Montes 3596:Jovis Tholus 3564:Albor Tholus 3559:Elysium Mons 3549:Echus Montes 3504:Anseris Mons 3428:Shergottites 3418:Chassignites 3374:Block Island 3312: 3292: 3267: 3212: 2877:Syrtis Major 2714:Terra Sabaea 2669:Ogygis Undae 2644:Arabia Terra 2634:Abalos Undae 2531: 2527: 2514: 2505: 2501: 2488: 2466:(1): 46–54. 2463: 2459: 2453: 2436: 2430: 2405: 2401: 2371: 2364: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2320: 2316: 2303: 2278: 2274: 2238: 2234: 2180: 2176: 2138: 2134: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2072:. Retrieved 2053: 2031:. Retrieved 2022: 2013: 1986: 1982: 1938: 1934: 1898: 1894: 1887:Werner, S.C. 1866:. Retrieved 1820: 1816: 1765: 1761: 1713: 1709: 1679: 1636:(1): 56–73. 1633: 1629: 1582: 1578: 1549:. Retrieved 1542:the original 1513: 1509: 1454: 1450: 1406: 1400: 1358:(1): 53–73. 1355: 1351: 1339:Burr, D.M.; 1262: 1258: 1209: 1198: 1192:in northern 1178: 1171: 1154: 1131: 1110: 1090: 1078: 1074: 1063:, which are 1057:Zunil Crater 1038: 1018: 999: 996:2004 to 2005 989: 985: 963: 943: 935: 919: 900: 896:condensation 887:Marte Vallis 868: 839: 807: 799: 782: 775: 754: 745: 710: 705: 690: 680: 678: 652: 636: 615: 590: 562: 552: 516: 504: 493: 487: 484: 463:Old Faithful 411: 403: 371:province of 358: 345:rayed crater 341:Zunil crater 334: 322: 318:infiltration 314:Marte Vallis 294:Kasei Valles 275: 260:of southern 205:distributary 181:peak of the 179:Albor Tholus 176: 142: 118:Elysium Rise 97: 95: 18: 6025:Vinogradsky 5983:Tycho Brahe 5933:Tikhonravov 5868:Spallanzani 5798:Santa Maria 5758:Roddenberry 4977:Flaugergues 4507:Sacra Mensa 4477:Capri Mensa 4422:Nili Fossae 3953:Ister Chaos 3820:Eden Patera 3790:Oxia Planum 3606:Mount Sharp 3379:Heat Shield 3335:Pot of Gold 3285:Last Chance 3268:Opportunity 3170:Volcanology 3004:Groundwater 2982:Nili Patera 2972:Dune fields 2952:Composition 2862:Phaethontis 2817:Lunae Palus 2734:Quadrangles 2704:Tempe Terra 2699:Siton Undae 2689:Quadrangles 2617:Cartography 2534:: 164–173. 1457:(1): 1–17. 1341:Grier, J.A. 1186:lotus fruit 1144:in extent. 990:Opportunity 860:Early 2000s 834:depolarized 814:Puerto Rico 790:anastomosis 772:Before 2000 746:pingo scars 742:sublimation 740:melting or 685:lotus fruit 609:. Although 446:Pleistocene 428:in eastern 298:Ares Vallis 280:region and 100:are a late 65:8.6; -205.0 63: / 39:Coordinates 6155:Categories 6090:Wislicenus 6045:Von Kármán 6020:Vinogradov 6013:Cape Verde 5848:Sklodowska 5803:Schaeberle 5783:Rutherford 5743:Richardson 5688:Ptolemaeus 5623:Perepelkin 5538:Montevallo 5533:Molesworth 5503:Milankovic 5478:McLaughlin 5428:Magelhaens 5353:Le Verrier 5178:Hipparchus 4972:Flammarion 4905:Eberswalde 4800:Copernicus 4715:Bonneville 4695:Boeddicker 4655:Barabashov 4432:Oti Fossae 4349:labyrinthi 4262:Shalbatana 4065:Her Desher 3958:Ius Chasma 3948:Iani Chaos 3913:Eos Chasma 3863:Aram Chaos 3462:Topography 3325:Home Plate 3320:Adirondack 3280:El Capitan 3255:Rocknest 3 3225:Coronation 3060:Polar caps 3024:Lava tubes 2937:Carbonates 2857:Oxia Palus 2384:California 2323:: 669–677. 2033:13 October 1989:(E03003). 1941:(E07003). 1868:23 October 1551:2018-10-13 1516:: 96–109. 1223:References 1203:, both of 1122:cryosphere 1071:Late 2000s 850:California 830:opposition 737:permafrost 603:lava coils 585:lava coils 520:cryosphere 512:subsidence 438:megafloods 430:Washington 282:cross-cuts 233:exhumation 209:ultramafic 112:region of 5958:Trouvelot 5698:Quenisset 5678:Priestley 5648:Pickering 5618:Penticton 5608:Pangboche 5573:Nicholson 5508:Millochau 5398:Lomonosov 5228:Ibragimov 5163:Helmholtz 5148:Heaviside 5138:Hargraves 5062:Grindavik 4947:Escalante 4937:Endurance 4925:Endeavour 4920:Emma Dean 4915:Ejriksson 4840:Danielson 4820:Crommelin 4730:Burroughs 4710:Bonestell 4690:Bianchini 4670:Becquerel 4635:Bakhuysen 4620:Arrhenius 4600:Antoniadi 4257:Scamander 4155:Marineris 4075:Huo Hsing 4055:Harmakhis 4010:Athabasca 3908:Eos Chaos 3499:Alba Mons 3478:volcanoes 3473:Mountains 3423:Nakhlites 3293:Sojourner 3213:Curiosity 3160:Hesperian 3155:Amazonian 3090:Spherules 2967:Dichotomy 2887:Thaumasia 2597:Geography 2556:126075621 2445:129347643 2422:128700349 2255:121814477 2241:: 44–54. 1295:128890460 1169:in 2018. 1163:Flagstaff 1105:overprint 964:In 2003, 757:volatiles 733:thaw lake 648:obliquity 627:lava tube 611:ice rafts 596:lavas of 570:highstand 553:uniformly 400:Formation 330:Amazonian 167:superpose 102:Amazonian 6075:Williams 6065:Weinbaum 6035:Vishniac 6008:Victoria 5973:Trumpler 5948:Tombaugh 5943:Timbuktu 5828:Sharonov 5823:Semeykin 5738:Reynolds 5728:Renaudot 5718:Rayleigh 5653:Playfair 5643:Phillips 5628:Peridier 5598:Oudemans 5518:Miyamoto 5468:Masursky 5378:Llanesco 5373:Liu Hsin 5338:Lampland 5323:Kunowsky 5173:Herschel 5158:Heinlein 5042:Gledhill 5007:Galdakao 4992:Fournier 4962:Fesenkov 4880:Douglass 4875:Dinorwic 4835:Da Vinci 4795:Columbus 4790:Coblentz 4740:Campbell 4720:Brashear 4217:Patapsco 4045:Granicus 3707:plateaus 3646:Ascraeus 3360:Monolith 3250:Rocknest 3230:Goulburn 3204:observed 3165:Noachian 3137:Yardangs 2999:Glaciers 2924:features 2847:Memnonia 2797:Eridania 2782:Coprates 2777:Cebrenia 2752:Amenthes 2747:Amazonis 2649:Cerberus 2213:39352082 2205:22539716 2074:21 March 1740:18566267 1688:28130793 1538:51777340 1287:17885126 1219:region. 1010:ellipses 926:Maryland 892:regolith 846:San Jose 723:and the 655:drumlins 640:volcanic 594:pahoehoe 548:faulting 528:porosity 524:aquifers 442:ice dams 369:Canadian 292:region ( 270:Noachian 154:pāhoehoe 104:-period 51:205°00′W 6080:Winslow 6060:Wegener 6055:Wallace 5988:Tyndall 5978:Tugaske 5953:Tooting 5853:Slipher 5813:Schmidt 5778:Russell 5748:Ritchey 5683:Proctor 5658:Pollack 5613:Pasteur 5583:Nipigon 5578:Niesten 5513:Mitchel 5488:Mellish 5483:McMurdo 5473:Maunder 5453:Mariner 5448:Maraldi 5443:Mandora 5433:Maggini 5383:Lockyer 5343:Lassell 5328:Lambert 5308:Korolev 5288:Kinkora 5238:Janssen 5218:Huygens 5198:Huggins 5153:Heimdal 5143:Hartwig 5123:Haldane 5099:Husband 5082:Grissom 5077:Chaffee 5032:Gilbert 5002:Freedom 4987:Fontana 4967:Firsoff 4952:Eudoxus 4885:Dromore 4865:Denning 4815:Crivitz 4770:Chapais 4760:Cerulli 4750:Cassini 4725:Briault 4685:Bernard 4660:Barnard 4650:Bamberg 4645:Baltisk 4630:Bacolor 4605:Arandas 4580:Agassiz 4552:craters 4547:Catenae 4324:Warrego 4247:Sabrina 4187:Naktong 4150:Mangala 4130:Maʼadim 4080:Hypanis 4035:Enipeus 4025:Buvinda 4015:Auqakuh 3855:valleys 3850:Canyons 3705:Plains, 3651:Pavonis 3554:Elysium 3345:Big Joe 3341:Viking 3260:Tintina 3147:History 3095:Surface 3009:Gullies 2994:Geysers 2922:Surface 2910:Geology 2882:Tharsis 2852:Noachis 2807:Iapygia 2792:Elysium 2787:Diacria 2762:Arcadia 2719:Tharsis 2654:Cydonia 2627:Regions 2601:geology 2536:Bibcode 2508:(7012). 2468:Bibcode 2344:Bibcode 2283:Bibcode 2185:Bibcode 2177:Science 2143:Bibcode 2099:Bibcode 1991:Bibcode 1943:Bibcode 1903:Bibcode 1825:Bibcode 1770:Bibcode 1762:Science 1718:Bibcode 1710:Science 1638:Bibcode 1587:Bibcode 1518:Bibcode 1459:Bibcode 1411:Bibcode 1360:Bibcode 1267:Bibcode 1259:Science 1194:Iceland 1167:Arizona 1065:basalts 1043:of the 1025:Mangala 1008:in the 972:of the 948:at the 873:at the 721:Yakutia 713:pingoes 701:Iceland 536:Tharsis 475:Wyoming 373:Alberta 367:in the 173:Context 159:pingoes 6131:Portal 6095:Wright 6050:Vostok 6030:Virrat 5998:Vernal 5938:Tikhov 5908:Taytay 5903:Tarsus 5888:Stoney 5883:Stokes 5873:Srīpur 5838:Sinton 5818:Secchi 5793:Saheki 5773:Rudaux 5768:Rossby 5668:Porter 5638:Pettit 5633:Persbo 5603:Palana 5563:Newton 5558:Nereus 5553:Nansen 5548:Müller 5543:Moreux 5528:Mojave 5523:Mohawk 5493:Mendel 5423:Mädler 5408:Lowell 5358:Li Fan 5333:Lamont 5318:Kuiper 5298:Knobel 5293:Kipini 5283:Kepler 5278:Keeler 5273:Kaiser 5253:Jezero 5233:Inuvik 5213:Huxley 5208:Hutton 5203:Hussey 5188:Holmes 5183:Holden 5133:Halley 5118:Hadley 5104:McCool 4957:Fenagh 4942:Erebus 4860:Dejnev 4850:Davies 4845:Darwin 4755:Caxias 4735:Burton 4665:Beagle 4640:Baldet 4625:Asimov 4590:Airy-0 4340:mensae 4336:Fossae 4287:Tinjar 4252:Samara 4227:Rahway 4212:Paraná 4202:Nirgal 4192:Nanedi 4177:Mawrth 4172:Maumee 4145:Mamers 4125:Louros 4085:Iberus 4060:Hebrus 4040:Frento 4020:Bahram 4005:Asopus 3351:Other 3313:Spirit 3275:Bounce 3235:Hottah 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