Neo-Assyrian Empire

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policy were enormous, with many regions of the empire experiencing significant improvements in terms of both irrigation and prosperity. Because of the inherent value of the resettled people to the Assyrian state, the resettlements were carefully planned out and organized. The travel of the deportees was typically arranged to be as comfortable and safe as possible. Resettled people were allowed to bring their possessions with them, settle and live together with their families, and were free to live their lives in their new home. They were also no longer counted as foreigners, but as Assyrians, which over time contributed to a sense of loyalty to the Assyrian state. This recognition as Assyrians was not in name only, as documentary evidence attests to the new settlers not being treated any differently by the Assyrian state than the old populations who had lived in the same locations for generations. The Assyrians appear to have viewed resettlement as an attractive opportunity rather than a punishment given that the people to be resettled were carefully selected through a complex selection process, were transported in relative comfort, and continued to live with their families. It is possible that their original homes had in many cases been devastated or destroyed in war with Assyria.

2818:. This genre of texts are believed to have been created to support the king's legitimacy through recording events of their reign, particularly their military exploits. The annals were copied by scribes and then disseminated throughout the empire for propagandistic purposes, adding to the perception of the king's power. In many cases, historical information was also inscribed on temples and other buildings. Kings also made use of genealogical legitimacy. Real (and in some cases perhaps fabricated) connections to past royalty established both uniqueness and authenticity since it established the monarch as a descendant of great ancestors who on Ashur's behalf were responsible for creating and expanding civilization. Nearly all Neo-Assyrian kings highlighted their royal lineage in their inscriptions. Genealogical qualification presented a problem for usurpers who did not belong to the direct genealogical lineage. The two Neo-Assyrian kings generally believed to have been usurpers, Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II, did for the most part not mention genealogical connections in their inscriptions but instead relied on direct divine appointment. Both of these kings claimed in several of their inscriptions that Ashur had "called my name" or "placed me on the throne". 3534:. Though both were written with cuneiform script, the signs look quite different and can be distinguished relatively easily. The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the last ever state to sponsor writing traditional Akkadian cuneiform in all levels of its administration. As a result, ancient Mesopotamian textual tradition and writing practices flourished to an unprecedented degree in the Neo-Assyrian period. Texts written in cuneiform were made not just in the traditionally Akkadian-speaking Assyrian heartland and Babylonia, but by officials and scribes all over the empire. At the height of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, cuneiform documents were written in lands today part of countries like Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Syria, Jordan and Iran, which had not produced any cuneiform writings for centuries, and in cases never before. Three distinct versions, or dialects, of Akkadian were used in the Neo-Assyrian Empire: Standard Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian. Standard Babylonian was a highly codified version of ancient Babylonian, used around 1500 BC, and was used as a language of high culture, for nearly all scholarly documents, literature and poetry. The culture of the Neo-Assyrian elite was strongly influenced by Babylonia in the south; in a vein similar to how 3798:

built is relatively well-known. The level of sophistication in Assyrian engineering is evident from solutions to technical problems like lighting throughout large buildings and canalizations of toilets, roofs and courts. All portions of monumental buildings, such as their foundations, walls and terraces, needed to be exactly planned before construction began due to the manpower and materials that had to be gathered. A frequent challenge was to construct the roofs of large rooms since the Assyrians had to support them using only wooden beams. As a result, large representative rooms were often much longer than they were wide. There was a general tendency of kings wanting to outperform their predecessors: Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh was significantly larger than that of Sargon II, which in turn was significantly larger than that of Shalmaneser III. All of the Neo-Assyrian capitals were outfitted with great parks, a new innovation of the Neo-Assyrian period. Parks were complex engineering works since they not only exhibited exotic plants from far-away lands but also involved modifying the landscape through adding artificial hills and ponds, as well as pavilions and other small buildings.

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random, instead applied to intimidate and dissuade foreigners and vassal from fighting against Assyrian dominion. The vast majority of brutal acts were directed against the soldiers and nobility of Assyria's enemies, with civilians only rarely being brutalized. Out of the Neo-Assyrian kings, the vast majority of known described brutal acts are attested only in the reigns of Ashurnasirpal II and Ashurbanipal. Of the four types of brutal acts against civilians mentioned in royal inscriptions (execution and dismemberment, burning of male and female children, impalement, and live flaying), one (burning children) is known only from Ashurnasirpal II's time and two (impalement and live flaying) are known only from Ashurbanipal. The only other kings who wrote that they had done anything to civilians were Tiglath-Pileser III and Esarhaddon, who mention execution and dismemberment. If Assyrians had enacted cruelties against civilians more often, they would not have failed to mention this in their inscriptions. There is not a single mention of

1537:, perhaps the first large zoo ever constructed. Ashurnasirpal's inscriptions offer no motive for changing the capital. Various explanations have been proposed by modern scholars, including that he might have gotten disenchanted with Assur since there was little room left in the ancient capital to leave a mark, the important position of Nimrud in regard to local trade networks, that Nimrud was more centrally located in the empire, or that Ashurnasirpal hoped for greater independence from the influential great families of Assur. To celebrate the completion of his work in Nimrud in 864 BC, Ashurnasirpal hosted a grand celebration, which some scholars have described as perhaps the greatest party in world history; the event hosted 69,574 guests, including 16,000 citizens of the new capital and 5,000 foreign dignitaries, and lasted for ten days. Among the food and beverage used, Ashurnasirpal's inscriptions record 10,000 pigeons, 10,000 jugs of beer, and 10,000 skins of wine, among countless other items. 2248: 1715: 4292:

The Neo-Assyrian Empire was at its height the largest empire yet to be formed in history, and had ideologically achieved world domination in the sense of ruling most of the entire known world as known to the Assyrians themselves. To the Assyrians, the world was made up of Mesopotamia, the mountains to the northeast, the deserts to the southwest and a global all-encircling ocean surrounding all of it, which they encounted in the west as the Mediterranean (the "Upper Sea") and in the east as the Persian Gulf (the "Lower Sea"). The conquest of a vast empire covering the lands between the two seas was seen by the Assyrians themselves, and many of their contemporaries, as rendering their empire "universal" given that the lands that remained outside their dominions, such as the Arabian desert and the highlands of the Zagros Mountains, could simply be discarded as "empty" lands, inhabited by uncivilized peoples that perhaps belonged on the fringes of the world rather than within civilization.

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sources give conflicting information in regards to Tiglath-Pileser's lineage, and that Tiglath-Pileser in his inscriptions attributes his rise to the throne solely to divine selection rather than both divine selection and his royal ancestry (typically done by Assyrian kings), have typically been interpreted as indicating that he usurped the throne from Ashur-nirari. His accession, which is marked by a once more abundant number of sources, ushered in an entirely new era of Neo-Assyrian history. While the conquests of earlier kings were impressive, they contributed little to Assyria's full rise as a consolidated empire. Through campaigns aimed at conquest and not just extraction of seasonal tribute, as well as reforms meant to efficiently organize the army and centralize the realm, Tiglath-Pileser is by some regarded as the first true initiator of Assyria's "imperial" phase. Tiglath-Pileser is the earliest Assyrian king mentioned in the

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history, it is now considered more probable, due to evidence from royal inscriptions and the nature and extent of the campaigns undertaken, that the early Neo-Assyrian kings chiefly sought to re-establish the position of Assyria at the height of the Middle Assyrian Empire. Any notion of the two empires being distinct entities can also be dispelled through the line of kings being part of the same continuous family line. Another justification for expansion was casting the campaigns as wars of liberation, meant to liberate those Assyrians who no longer lived within Assyrian territory from their new foreign rulers; material evidence from numerous sites reconquered under the early Neo-Assyrian Empire demonstrate an endurance of Assyrian culture outside of the Assyrian borders during the decline of the Middle Assyrian Empire. The early Neo-Assyrian efforts at reconquest were mostly focused on the region up to the

2468: 1652: 2507: 11880: 2744:. Despite the privileges the Assyrians saw themselves as extending to the Babylonians, Babylon refused to be passive in political matters, likely because the Babylonians might have seen the Assyrian kings, who only sometimes visited the city, as failing to undertake the traditional religious duties of the Babylonian kings. The strong appreciation of Babylonian culture in Assyria sometimes turned to hatred, which led to Babylon suffering several brutal acts of retribution from Assyrian kings after revolts. Nabopolassar's revolt was the last in a long line of Babylonian uprisings against the Assyrians and Sinsharishkun's failure to stop it, despite trying for years, doomed his empire. Despite all of these simultaneous factors, it is possible that the empire could have survived if the unexpected alliance between the Babylonians and Medes had not been sealed. 1321: 2552:. Egyptian independence was achieved only slowly and relations remained peaceful; Psamtik was originally granted Egypt as a vassal by Ashurbanipal and with the Assyrian army occupied elsewhere, the region slowly receded from Ashurbanipal's grasp. Ashurbanipal went on numerous campaigns against various Arab tribes which failed to consolidate rule over their lands and wasted Assyrian resources. Perhaps most importantly, his devastation of Babylon after defeating Shamash-shum-ukin fanned anti-Assyrian sentiments in southern Mesopotamia, which soon after his death would have disastrous consequences. Ashurbanipal's reign also appears to have seen a growing disconnect between the king and the traditional elite of the empire; eunuchs grew unprecedently powerful in his time, being granted large tracts of lands and numerous tax exemptions. 3573:

deity Ashur had no significant temples outside of northern Mesopotamia and the Neo-Assyrian language, though it served as an official language in the sense that it was spoken by provincial governors, was not forced upon conquered peoples. This lack of suppression against foreign languages, and the growing movement of Aramaic-speaking people into the empire during the Middle Assyrian and early Neo-Assyrian periods facilitated the spread of the Aramaic language. As the most widely spoken and mutually understandable of the Semitic languages (the language group containing many of the languages spoken through the empire), Aramaic grew in importance throughout the Neo-Assyrian period and increasingly replaced the Neo-Assyrian language even within the Assyrian heartland itself. From the 9th century BC onwards, Aramaic became the

1560:(commander in chief). Shalmaneser also placed other powerful officials, so-called "magnates", in charge of other vulnerable provinces and regions of the empire. The most powerful and threatening enemy of Assyria at this point was Urartu in the north; following in the footsteps of the Assyrians, the Urartian administration, culture, writing system and religion closely followed those of Assyria. The Urartian kings were also autocrats highly similar to the Assyrian kings. The Assyrians also took some inspiration from Urartu. For instance, Assyrian irrigation technology and cavalry units, introduced by Shalmaneser, may have been derived from encounters with Urartu. The imperialist expansionism undertaken by the kings of both Urartu and Assyria led to frequent military clashes between the two, despite being separated by the 4259:(1826–1910), to continue to maintain excavation projects in the region. Both Rassam and Place conducted excavations at the site of Assur, though they did not know this was the site of the ancient capital and were unable to deal with the complexity of the site, thus making no major discoveries there. Despite agreements as to who should excavate where, Rassam and Place developed an intense rivalry. One night during excavations at Nineveh, Rassam sent out a team of excavators to under the cover of darkness dig in the French portion of the site. These excavators eventually found the ancient palace of Ashurbanipal, where Rassam made several spectacular discoveries. Place's efforts ended in disaster as rafts built to transport some of his most spectacular finds, including reliefs and statues, sank in the marshes south of 2806:

eventually cover the whole world was cast as a moral, humane and necessary duty rather than exploitative imperialism. Though their power was nearly limitless, the kings were not free from tradition and their obligations. The kings were obliged to campaign once a year to bring Ashur's rule and civilization to the "four corners of the world", if a king did not set out to campaign, their legitimacy was severely undermined. Campaigns were usually justified through an enemy having made some sort of (real or fabricated) affront against Ashur. The overwhelming force of the Assyrian army was used to instill the idea that it was invincible, thus further legitimizing the Assyrian king's rule. The king was also responsible for performing various rituals in support of the cult of Ashur and the Assyrian priesthood.

3749:, an ambitious project for which Ashurbanipal gathered tablets from both Assyrian and Babylonian libraries. The texts in this library were gathered both through amassing existing tablets from throughout the empire and through commissioning (i.e. paying) scribes to copy existing works in their own libraries and send them to the king. In total, the Library of Ashurbanipal included more than 30,000 documents. Perhaps a contributing reason for the creation of great royal libraries under the Neo-Assyrian kings was that they no longer regarded divination performed by their diviners as enough, but instead wished to have access to the relevant reference documents themselves and thus collected cuneiform tablets the relevant texts (though the majority of the contents of the libraries were not divinatory texts). 3375: 1697:

prominent generals and officials, being the dominant political actors, with the kings wielding significantly less power and influence. Though the consequences of this shift in power remain debated, the age of the magnates has often been characterized as a period of decline. Assyria endured through this period largely unscathed but there was little to no territorial expansion and central power grew unusually weak. Some developments were good for the longevity of the empire, since many magnates took the opportunity to develop stronger military and economic structures and institutions in their own lands throughout the empire. Shamshi-Adad's earliest campaigns were against a series of Urartian fortresses and western Iran and quite limited in scope. One of the campaigns was led by the chief

2599:. An Assyrian official by the name of Nabu-rihtu-usur appears to have attempted to usurp the throne but his conspiracy was swiftly crushed by Sin-shumu-lishir. Since excavated ruins at Nineveh from around the time of Ashurbanipal's death show evidence of fire damage, the plot might have resulted in violence and unrest within the capital itself. In comparison to his predecessors, Ashur-etil-ilani appears to have been a relatively idle ruler; no records of any military campaigns are known and his palace at Nimrud was much smaller than that of previous kings. It is possible that the government was more or less entirely run by Sin-shumu-lishir throughout his reign. After a reign of only four years, Ashur-etil-ilani died in unclear circumstances in 627 and was succeeded by his brother 3396:. In many cases, Assyrian family groups, or "clans", formed large population groups within the empire referred to as tribes. It was possible through steady service to the Assyrian state bureaucracy for a family to move up the social ladder; in some cases stellar work conducted by a single individual enhanced the status of their family for generations to come. It is clear that foreigners could reach very high positions in the Neo-Assyrian Empire since individuals with Aramean names are attested in high positions by the end by the late 8th century BC. Though most of the preserved sources only give insight into the higher classes of Neo-Assyrian society, the vast majority of the population of the empire would have been farmers who worked land owned by their families. 3550: 20862: 20002: 2332: 18634: 4296:

Assyria and could do little else than defend themselves in times of war; whereas Assyrian troops routinely plundered and campaigned in the heartlands of these kingdoms, the Assyrian heartland was not invaded until the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Nevertheless, the existence of other organized kingdoms undermined the notion of the Assyrians as universal rulers. It is partly because of this that large military campaigns were conducted with the express goal of conquering these kingdoms and fulfilling the ideological mission of ruling the world. At the height of the Neo-Assyrian Empire under Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, only Urartu remained since Egypt had been conquered and Elam left destroyed and desolate.

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because the inscriptions and art do not include all the gruesome details whereas others believe that they were significantly less brutal and that the Assyrian kings used exaggerated descriptions of brutal acts as intimidating tools for propaganda and psychological warfare. Regardless of opinion, modern scholars generally do not believe in "Assyrian brutality" as a distinct phenomenon; sources from other civilizations demonstrate that the Neo-Assyrian Empire was no more brutal than other states and peoples of the ancient Near East, nor particularly brutal in the context of human history as a whole. War was carried out in roughly the same fashion by all powers in the ancient Near East; standards from

19597: 2699:("king"). Due to the loss of Assur, Ashur-uballit could not undergo the traditional Assyrian coronation ritual and as such formally ruled under the title of "crown prince", though Babylonian documents considered him to be the new Assyrian king. Ashur-uballit's rule at Harran lasted until late 610 or early 609 BC, when the city was captured by the Babylonians and the Medes. Three months later, an attempt by Ashur-uballit and the Egyptians to retake the city failed disastrously and Ashur-uballit disappears from the sources, his ultimate fate unknown. The remnants of the Assyrian army continued to fight alongside the Egyptian forces against the Babylonians until a crushing defeat at 2096: 2323:, who in later times became increasingly prominent and powerful. Disappointed, Arda-Mulissu and his supporters pressured Sennacherib to reinstate him as heir. Though they succeeded in forcing Esarhaddon into exile in the west for his own protection, Sennacherib never accepted Arda-Mulissu as heir again. In late 681 BC, Arda-Mulissu killed his father in a temple in Nineveh. Because of the regicide, Arda-Mulissu lost some of his previous support and was unable to undergo a coronation before Esarhaddon returned with an army. A mere two months after Sennacherib was murdered, Esarhaddon captured Nineveh and became king, Arda-Mulissu and his supporters fleeing from the empire. 3737:

rising status of scholarship might be connected to the kings beginning to regard amassing knowledge as a way to strengthen their power. There was a marked change in royal attitude towards scholarship in the Neo-Assyrian period; while the kings had previously seen preserving knowledge as a responsibility of the temples and of private individuals, it was increasingly also seen as a responsibility of the king himself. The history of Neo-Assyrian scholarship appears to have begun already under Tukulti-Ninurta II in the 9th century BC, since he is the first Assyrian king under which the office of chief scholar is attested. In Tukulti-Ninurta's time the office was occupied by

2833: 3280:). The infantry were divided into three types: light, medium and heavy. The light infantry might have in addition to serving in battles also carried out policing tasks and served in garrisons and was likely mainly composed of Aramean tribesmen, often barefoot and without helmets, wielding bows or spears. Also included in that group were probably expert archers hired from Elam. The medium infantry were also primarily archers or spearmen but were armed with characteristic pointed helmets and a shield, though no body armor before the time of Ashurbanipal. The heavy infantry included spearmen, archers and slingers and wore boots, pointed helmets, round shields and 3858:(protective stone colossi with the head of a human, wings and the body of a bull) for their palaces. Because the stones had to be transported from sources several kilometers away from the capitals and were typically transported on boats, it was a difficult process and several boats sank on the way. It was first under Sennacherib that a new quarry was opened on the left bank of the Tigris river, which led to the stones being able to be transported fully over land, a more secure but still very labor-intensive project. When transported over land, the great stones were moved by four teams of workers, overseen by supervisors, using wooden planks or rollers. 23089: 3940: 1498: 19306: 4134: 22719: 2802:

the part of the world overseen and administered by Ashur, through his human agents. In their ideology, the outer realm outside of Assyria was characterized by chaos and the people there were uncivilized, with unfamiliar cultural practices and strange languages. The terrain was also unfamiliar and included environments not found in Assyria itself, such as seas, vast mountain ranges and giant deserts. The mere existence of the "outer realm" was regarded as a threat to the cosmic order within Assyria and as such, it was the king's duty to expand the realm of Ashur and incorporate these strange lands, converting chaos to civilization.

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alienating local peoples. As such, people outside of the Assyrian heartland may have had little reason to remain loyal when the empire came under attack. Further explanations may lie in the actions and policies of the late Assyrian kings themselves. Under Esarhaddon's reign, many experienced and capable officials and generals had been killed as the result of the king's paranoia and under Ashurbanipal, many had lost their positions to eunuchs. Some historians have further deemed Ashurbanipal to have been an "irresponsible and self-indulgent king" since he at one point appointed his chief musician the

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for Sinsharishkun's closest ally, Psamtik I of Egypt to enter the conflict on Assyria's side. Psamtik was probably primarily interested in Assyria remaining as a buffer between his own growing empire and the Babylonians and other powers in the east. In May 615 BC, Nabopolassar assaulted Assur, still the religious and ceremonial center of Assyria and by now the empire's southernmost remaining city. Sinsharishkun succeeded in defeating Nabopolassar's assault and, for a time, saving the old city. It is doubtful that Nabopolassar would ever have achieved a lasting victory without the entrance of the

3486: 2169:, the stronghold of his Chaldean tribe, the citizens of Babylon willingly opened the gates of Babylon to Sargon. The situation was somewhat uncertain until Sargon made peace with Marduk-apla-iddina after prolonged negotiations, which resulted in Marduk-apla-iddina and his family being given the right to escape to Elam in exchange for Sargon being allowed to dismantle the walls of Dur-Yakin. Between 710 and 707 BC, Sargon resided in Babylon, receiving foreign delegations there and participating in local traditions, such as the Akitu festival. Some later Assyrian kings, such as Sargon's son 19848: 23441: 1921: 1473: 3424: 3438:

would reduce the risk that local peoples rose up against Assyria, and to make the most of the empire's resources, through settling people in a specific underdeveloped region to cultivate its resources better. Though it could likely be emotionally devastating for the resettled populations, and economically devastating for the regions they were drawn from, the policy did not include killing any of the resettled people and was only meant to safeguard the empire and make its upkeep more efficient. The total number of relocated individuals has been estimated at 1.5–4.5 million people.

2287: 21482: 12558: 3093: 1214: 4505: 2133:("Fort Sargon") after himself. Unlike Ashurnasirpal's project at Nimrud more than a century earlier, Sargon was not simply expanding an already existing city, but building a new one from scratch. Perhaps the motivating factor was that Sargon did not feel safe at Nimrud after the early conspiracies against him. As construction work progressed, Sargon continued to go on military campaigns, which ensured that Assyria's geopolitical dominance and influence expanded significantly in his reign. Just between 716 and 713 BC, Sargon fought against Urartu, the 2005:. Control over Babylonia was secured through campaigns against the remaining Chaldean strongholds in the south. By the time of his death in 727 BC, Tiglath-Pileser had more than doubled the territory of the empire. Tiglath-Pileser's policy of direct rule rather than rule through vassal states brought important changes to the Assyrian state and its economy; rather than tribute, the empire grew more reliant on taxes collected by provincial governors, a development which increased administrative costs but also reduced the need for military intervention. 2666:

war between Babylonia and Assyria had disrupted the economy of the Medes and inspired a direct intervention. In July or August of 614 BC, the Medes mounted attacks on both Nimrud and Nineveh and captured Assur, leading to the ancient city being brutally plundered and its inhabitants being massacred. Nabopolassar arrived at Assur after the sack and upon his arrival met and allied with Cyaxares. The fall of Assur must have been devastating for Assyrian morale. Just two years later in 612 BC, after a siege lasting two months, the Medes and Babylonians

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conflict could have caused a crisis of legitimacy, and the members of the Assyrian elite may have felt increasingly disconnected from the Assyrian king. However, there is as mentioned no evidence that Ashur-etil-ilani and Sinsharishkun warred with each other, and other uprisings of Assyrian officials—the unrest upon Ashur-etil-ilani's accession, the rebellion of Sin-shumu-lishir, and the capture of Nineveh by a usurper in 622 BC—were dealt with relatively quickly. Protracted civil war is thus unlikely to have been the reason for the empire's fall.

2732:. Though it would be easy to place the blame on Sinsharishkun, there is no evidence to suggest that he was an incompetent ruler. No defensive plan existed for the Assyrian heartland since it had not been invaded for centuries and Sinsharishkun was a capable military leader using well-established Mesopotamian military tactics. In a normal war, Sinsharishkun could have been victorious but he was wholly unprepared to go on the defensive against an enemy that was both numerically superior and that aimed to destroy his country rather than conquer it. 2042: 2400: 4199:(1817–1894). Layard was amazed by the ancient Assyrian sites, writing of "mighty ruins in the midst of deserts, defying, by their very desolation and lack of definite form, the description of the traveller". The main inspiration for Layard was, just like it was for Mohl, the work of Claudius Rich. Layard began his activities in November 1845 at Nimrud (though he believed this to be the site of Nineveh), working as a private individual without any permission to excavate from the Ottoman authorities; he initially tried to fool the local 1130: 20176: 4380:

supported a longer sequence, with imperial power being transferred from the Assyrians to the Babylonians, then to the Achaemenids and finally to the Macedonians, with the Seleucid Empire being viewed as the same empire as Alexander's empire. Later traditions were somewhat confused in the set of empires, with some conflating Assyria with Babylonia as a single empire, though still counting the Macedonians/Seleucids as the fourth due to counting both Babylonia and the Medes (despite them being contemporaries). The Biblical

3220: 3072:, are also recorded to have served as governors of important provinces and thus as controllers of local tax revenues and administration. All of the magnates were deeply involved with the Assyrian military, each controlling significant numbers of forces, and they often owned large and tax-free estates. Such estates were scattered across the empire, likely to defuse the power of local provincial authorities and to tie the personal interest of the inner elite to the well-being of the entire empire. The "scholars", called 19044: 23431: 1529:, located on the eastern bank of the Tigris in the Assyrian heartland. In 879 BC, Ashurnasirpal made Nimrud the new capital of the empire and employed thousands of workers to construct new fortifications, palaces and temples in the city. The construction of the new capital left Assur, still the empire's religious center, as a purely ceremonial city. In addition to enormous city walls 7.5 kilometers (4.6 miles) long, palaces, temples, royal offices and various residential buildings, Ashurnasirpal also established 18669: 4528:. In biblical texts, the Assyrians are described as if they are a physical manifestation of God's divine retribution, destroying the Kingdom of Israel due to its heretical behavior. In the description of the destruction of the Kingdom of Judah, God is described as "raising the King of Assyria and all his army". The Biblical descriptions of Assyrian brutality were reinforced by the 19th-century discoveries of ancient art and inscriptions, as well as by unflattering comparisons drawn between Assyria and the 20447: 2633:

marching on Nineveh and seizing the capital. Though this usurper was defeated by Sinsharishkun after just 100 days, the absence of the Assyrian army allowed Nabopolassar's forces to capture all of Babylonia in 622–620 BC. Despite this loss, there was little reason for the Assyrians to suspect that Nabopolassar's consolidation of Babylonia was a significant event and not simply a temporary inconvenience; in previous Babylonian uprisings the Babylonians had at times gained the upper hand temporarily.

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one of the most brutal kings in Assyrian history, but he also cared about the people, working to increase the prosperity and comfort of his subjects and being recorded as establishing extensive water reserves and food depots in times of crisis. As a result of the successful campaigns of his predecessors, Ashurnasirpal inherited an impressive amount of resources with which he could work to re-establish Assyrian dominance. Ashurnasirpal's first campaign, in 883 BC, was against the revolting cities of

19254: 2964:), in charge of one or more villages or other settlements with the primary duty to collect taxes in the form of labor and goods. Provincial governors were directly responsible for various aspects of provincial administration, including construction, taxation and security. Security concerns were often mostly relevant only in the frontier provinces, whose governors were also responsible for gathering intelligence about enemies across the border. To this end, a vast network of informants or spies ( 153: 12547: 4037:

Ashurbanipal. Though some positive associations of Assyria are included, the Bible generally paints the Neo-Assyrian Empire as an imperialist aggressor. Although apparently originally based on historical sources, the Biblical narratives of Assyria were altered somewhat and can thus for the most part not be regarded as reliable historical accounts. The most prominent alteration is that Sennacherib is described as being defeated by an angel outside Jerusalem, rather than simply returning home.

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strong Urartu in the north and the ever unsubmissive cities of northern Syria. Campaigns against both targets proved to be resoundingly successful; in 743 BC, Sarduri II of Urartu was defeated and nearly killed in battle and in 740 BC, the strategically placed city of Arpad in Syria was conquered after a three-year long siege. With the nearest threats dealt with, Tiglath-Pileser began to focus on lands that had never been under solid Assyrian rule. In 738 BC, the Neo-Hittite states of

3177:, that would be used in later warfare for millennia. Due to detailed royal records and detailed depictions of soldiers and battle scenes on reliefs, the equipment and organization of the Neo-Assyrian army is relatively well understood. Communication within the army and between units was fast and efficient; using the empire's efficient methods of state communication, messages could be sent across vast distances very quickly. Messages could be passed within an army through the use of 22303: 3850:

a building material. Per surviving documentation, wood was typically gathered from distant forests, transported to rivers and then brought back to Assyria on rafts or ships. The most challenging type of transportation was the transport of large blocks of stone, necessary for various building projects. Several Assyrian kings in particular note in their royal inscriptions the difficulties involved in the transportation of the single massive blocks of stone needed to create the great

3542:, the Assyrians had much respect for Babylon and its ancient culture. Though the political relationship between Babylonia and the Assyrian central government was variable and volatile, cultural appreciation of the south was constant throughout the Neo-Assyrian period. Many of the documents written in Standard Babylonian were written by scribes who originally came from southern Mesopotamia but were employed in the north. The Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian forms of Akkadian were 2974: 4092: 2674: 3758: 22194: 18877: 4237: 3822:, several Neo-Assyrian kings also undertook great irrigation projects, often digging new canals. The most ambitious hydraulic engineering project of the Neo-Assyrian period was undertaken by Sennacherib during his renovation of Nineveh. As part of his building project, four large canal systems, together covering more than 150 kilometers (93.2 miles), were connected to the city from four different directions. These systems included not only canals but also tunnels, 4013: 4457:'s massive expansion of Babylon, followed Assyrian traditions; as the Neo-Assyrian kings had done in their new capitals, Nebuchadnezzar placed his palace on a raised terrace across the city wall and followed a rectangular plan for the inner city. The sophisticated Assyrian road system, first created during the Middle Assyrian period, also continued to be in use and served as a model for sophisticated road systems of the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid empires. 24780: 15841: 14641: 12451: 20516: 2889:

produce an heir to the throne, they also had several other duties and responsibilities, often in very high levels of the government. The queens were involved in the arrangement of religious activities, dedicated gifts to the gods, and supported temples financially. They were in charge of their own often considerable financial resources, evidenced not only by surviving texts concerning their household and activities but also the treasures uncovered in the

1867: 3585: 15865: 4170:, 20 kilometers to the northeast, where he through excavations quickly discovered the ruins of an ancient palace. Botta had uncovered the ancient city of Dur-Sharrukin, Sargon II's capital, though he did not know it yet. In his early writings he simply referred to the site as a "monument". The cuneiform writing system would not be deciphered until ten years later. The great works of art found under Botta's supervision included great reliefs and stone 2523:

Babylon itself since numerous other Babylonian cities apparently ignored him and considered Ashurbanipal to be their king. Over time, it seems that Shamash-shum-ukin grew to resent his brother's overbearing control and in 652 BC, with the aid of several Elamite kings, he revolted. The war ended disastrously for Shamash-shum-ukin; in 648 BC, Ashurbanipal captured Babylon after a long siege and devastated the city. Shamash-shum-ukin might have died by

1984: 2716: 2223:, likely due to worries concerning his father's fate. It was not only Sennacherib and the elites of Assyria who were unsettled by Sargon's death; the theological implications led some of the conquered regions around the imperial periphery to once more assert their independence. Most prominently, several of the vassal states in the Levant stopped paying tribute and Marduk-apla-iddina, deposed by Sargon, retook Babylon with the aid of the Elamites. 964: 24790: 15829: 14651: 12569: 3078:, included a number of different people specialized in various disciplines, including scribal arts, medicine, exorcism, divination and astrology. Their role was chiefly to protect, advise and guide the kings through interpreting omens, which maintained the ritual purity of the king and protected him from evil. How exactly they were trained is not known but they must have been extremely well versed in Mesopotamian scholarship, science and wisdom. 904:, wherein some portions of the populations from conquered lands were resettled in the Assyrian heartland and in underdeveloped provinces. This policy served to both disintegrate local identities and to introduce Assyrian-developed agricultural techniques to all parts of the empire. A consequence was the dilution of the cultural diversity of the Near East, forever changing the ethnolinguistic composition of the region and facilitating the rise of 21510: 3558:

surviving documents written in cuneiform grow considerably fewer in the late reign of Ashurbanipal, which suggests that the language was declining since it is probably attributable to an increased use of Aramaic, often written on perishable materials like leather scrolls or papyrus. The Neo-Assyrian Akkadian language did not disappear completely until around the end of the 6th century BC however, well into the subsequent post-imperial period.

4305: 11015: 2998:) kept tallies on the labor performed by forced laborers and the remaining time owed and village managers kept provincial administrators informed of the conditions of the settlements in their provinces. As the Neo-Assyrian Empire grew and time went on, a number of its foreign subject peoples became incorporated into the Assyrian administration, with more and more high officials in the later times of the empire being of non-Assyrian origin. 16303: 14719: 15877: 13471: 1783:. Despite his limited sole authority, Adad-nirari's reign saw some military successes and Assyrian armies campaigned in western Iran at least thirteen times. The western territories, now more or less autonomous, were only attacked four times, though Adad-nirari managed to defeat Aram-Damascus. In 790 BC, Adad-nirari conducted the first Assyrian campaign against the Aramaic tribes now living in the Assyro-Babylonian border regions. In 1845:, who founded a city, Dur-Bel-harran-beli-usur (named after himself), and claimed in a stele that it was he, and not the king, who had established tax exemptions for the city. Though little information survives concerning Ashur-dan III's reign, it is clear that it was particularly difficult. Much of his reign was spent putting down revolts. These revolts were perhaps the result of the plague epidemics sweeping Assyria and the 3144:, was invented by the Assyrians and allowed for significantly faster speeds in times of need, with each rider only covering a segment of the travel route, ending at a relay station at which the next rider, with a fresh pair of mules, was passed the letter. To facilitate transport and long-distance travel, the Neo-Assyrian Empire constructed and maintained a vast road system which connected all parts of the empire. Called the 2637: 23660: 13521: 22536: 3802: 4188: 1680:, indicating not only that Shalmaneser might have been very old and no longer properly capable of being a strong leader but also that Dayyan-Assur had grown unprecedently powerful for an Assyrian official, otherwise rarely mentioned by name in documents. In later years, Dayyan-Assur led further campaigns on behalf of the kings. Shalmaneser's final years became preoccupied by an internal crisis when one of his sons, 19528: 24800: 14661: 34: 4166:(1802–1870) in 1841. Botta conducted, using funds secured by Mohl, extensive excavations at Nineveh, particularly on the huge Kuyunjik mound. Because the ancient ruins of Nineveh were hidden so deep under layers of later settlement and agricultural activities, Botta's excavation never reached them. Upon hearing reports by locals that they had uncovered Assyrian ruins, Botta turned his attention to the site of 24810: 20624: 15853: 14671: 4453:

due to the scant surviving sources, and it is thus unclear to what degree the old provincial divisions and administration of the Neo-Assyrian Empire continued to be in use, the organization of the central palace bureaucracy under the Neo-Babylonian kings was based on that of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, not any established earlier Babylonian models. Additionally, Neo-Babylonian construction projects, such as

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different ways; Sennacherib's destruction of Babylon and Esarhaddon's restoration of it, rebellions and insurrections remained common. This is despite Babylon for the most part being treated more leniently than other conquered regions. Babylonia was for instance not annexed directly into Assyria but preserved as a full kingdom, either ruled by an appointed client king or by the Assyrian king in a

19264: 65: 20619: 20171: 19843: 19436: 19249: 1707:), a position created under Shamshi-Adad, and not the king himself. Most of Shamshi-Adad's early reign was relatively unsuccessful; the king's third campaign, against the small states in the Zagros Mountains region, might have been an Assyrian defeat and many of the small kingdoms in northern Syria ceased to pay tribute to Assyria. In 817 or 816, there was a rebellion against the king at 20736: 19698: 2885:. The difference in terminology does not necessarily mean that foreign queens, who often governed significantly smaller territories than the Neo-Assyrian Empire, were seen as having a higher status than the Assyrian queens. A frequently used symbol, apparently the royal symbol of the queens themselves, that was used in documents and on objects to designate the queens was a scorpion. 18681: 2567: 4184:(1809–1889). The report, published in 1849, showcased the majesty of Assyrian art and architecture and garnered exceptional interest. Some 19th-century historians, perhaps partly due to the gruesome depiction of Assyria in the Bible, viewed the Assyrians as lacking artistic talent, perceiving Assyrian statues as monstrous and lacking abstraction compared to Ancient Greek statues. 4487:

fire and many I took as living captives. From some I cut off their noses, their ears, and their fingers, of many I put out their eyes. I made one pillar of the living and another of heads and I bound their heads to tree trunks round about the city. Their young men and maidens I consumed with fire. The rest of their warriors I consumed with thirst in the desert of the Euphrates.

1276:, were placed under pro-Assyrian puppet-kings. After his successful wars in the region, Adad-nirari was able to go on a long march along the Khabur river and the Euphrates, collecting tribute from all the local rulers without being met with any military opposition. In addition to his wars, he also conducted important building projects; the city of Apku, located between 2603:. It has historically frequently been assumed, without any supporting evidence, that Sinsharishkun fought with Ashur-etil-ilani for the throne. Although the exact circumstances of Ashur-etil-ilani's death are unknown, there is no evidence to suggest Sinsharishkun gaining the throne through any other means than legitimate inheritance after his brother's sudden death. 3322:), both of whom in addition to their own weapons were also equipped with swords. The army also incorporated foreign cavalry from Urartu, despite Assyria and Urartu often being at war. The role of cavalry changed through the Neo-Assyrian period; early on, cavalrymen worked in pairs, one shooting arrows and the other protecting the bowman with his shield. Later on, 2464:

to the successors and respect the arrangement. When Esarhaddon died of an illness while on his way to campaign in Egypt once again in 669 BC, his mother Naqi'a also forced similar oaths of allegiance to Ashurbanipal, who became king without incident. One year later, Ashurbanipal oversaw Shamash-shum-ukin's inauguration as (largely ceremonial) king of Babylon.

2084:, led to considerable internal unrest. In his own inscriptions, Sargon claims to have deported 6,300 "guilty Assyrians", probably Assyrians from the heartland who opposed his accession. Several peripheral regions of the empire also revolted and regained their independence. The most significant of the revolts was the successful uprising of the Chaldean warlord 2595:. Though some historians have forwarded the idea that Ashur-etil-ilani was a minor upon his accession, this is unlikely given that he is attested to have had children during his brief reign. Ashur-etil-ilani, despite being his father's legitimate successor, appears to only have been installed against considerable opposition with the aid of the chief eunuch 2620:, as its leader. Some months after Sin-shumu-lishir's defeat, Nabopolassar and his allies captured both Nippur and Babylon, though the Assyrian response was swift and Nippur was recaptured in October 626. Sinsharishkun's attempts to retake Babylon and Uruk were unsuccessful, however, and in the aftermath Nabopolassar was formally invested as 2271:, on the throne of Babylon. For a few years, internal peace was restored and Sennacherib kept the army busy with a few minor campaigns. During this time, Sennacherib focused his attention mainly on building projects; between 699 and 695 BC he ambitiously rebuilt and renovated Nineveh, constructing among other works a new gigantic palace, the 4255:(1818–1875), instructed to procure "the largest possible" amount of Assyrian artefacts. Rivalry between the Louvre and the British Museum played a significant role in the intensity of early exploration and excavation of Assyrian sites. Though Layard left Mesopotamia in 1851, the British Museum appointed his close assistant, the Assyrian 3400:

than someone who passed judgement) and represented the settlement within the state bureaucracy. It is possible that the mayors were responsible of forwarding local concerns to the state; no revolts by the common people (only by local governors and high officials) are known to have happened in the Neo-Assyrian period. Though all

2244:, the king of Judah (who ruled Jerusalem), paid a heavy tribute to Sennacherib after the campaign, modern scholars consider it more likely that the Biblical account, motivated by theological concerns, is highly distorted and that Sennacherib succeeded in his goals of the campaign and re-imposed Assyrian authority in the region. 951:, was profoundly affected by the period of Neo-Assyrian rule; numerous Biblical stories appear to draw on earlier Assyrian mythology and history and the Assyrian impact on early Jewish theology was immense. Although the Neo-Assyrian Empire is prominently remembered today for the supposed excessive brutality of the 3616:

that the language held a lower status, since royal inscriptions were almost always written in a highly codified and established manner. Some Aramaic-language inscriptions in stone are known and there are even a handful of examples of bilingual inscriptions, with the same text written in both Akkadian and Aramaic.

3516:, spoken in southern Mesopotamia. Both Assyrian and Babylonian are generally regarded by modern scholars to be distinct dialects of the Akkadian language. This is a modern convention as contemporary ancient authors considered Assyrian and Babylonian to be two separate languages; only Babylonian was referred to as 2919:

of imposing order by creating well-organized hierarchies of power was part of the justifications used by Neo-Assyrian kings for their expansionism: in one of his inscriptions, Sargon II explicitly pointed out that some of the Arab tribes he had defeated had previously "known no overseer or commander".

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by the historians and archaeologists who found them. Still today, despite the diversity of ancient Assyrian culture, the scenes that dominate museum exhibitions on Assyria are military and brutal scenes. This projected image stands in sharp contrast to exhibitions on other Mesopotamian civilizations,

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period. Figures like Sargon II, Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin long figured in local folklore and literary tradition. In large part, tales from the Sasanian period and later times were invented narratives, based on ancient Assyrian history but applied to local and current

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Another engineering challenge was the transportation of goods and material, sometimes involving very heavy loads, from far-away locations. Wood was for instance relatively scarce in the Assyrian heartland and as such had to be gathered from distant lands and transported back home for its vital use as

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Among the most impressive engineering and construction projects of the Neo-Assyrian period were the repeated constructions and renovations of new capital cities (Nimrud, Dur-Sharrukin and Nineveh). Due to royal inscriptions commemorating the building works at these sites, the process of how they were

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Libraries were built to maintain scribal culture and scholarship and to preserve the knowledge of the past. Such libraries were not limited to the temples and royal palaces; there were also private libraries built and kept by individual scholars. Texts found in Neo-Assyrian libraries fall into a wide

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Families and tribes lived together in villages and other settlements near or adjacent to their agricultural lands. It is not clear how local settlements were organized internally beyond each being headed by a local mayor who acted as a local judge (more in the sense of a counselor to involved parties

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of the ancient Near East". This sense of order manifested in various parts of Neo-Assyrian society, including the more square and regular shape of the characters in Neo-Assyrian writing and in the organized administration of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which was divided into a set of provinces. The idea

2904:

Perhaps the most powerful of the Neo-Assyrian queens was Shammuramat, queen of Shamshi-Adad V, who might have ruled as regent in the early reign of her son Adad-nirari III and participated in military campaigns. Also powerful was Esarhaddon's mother Naqi'a, though whether she held the status of queen

2805:

The position of the king above all others was regarded as natural in ancient Assyria since he, though not divine himself, was seen as the divinely appointed representative of the god Ashur on earth. His power thus derived from his unique position among humanity and his obligation to extend Assyria to

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In documents describing coronations of Assyrian kings from both the Middle and Neo-Assyrian periods, it is specifically recorded that the king was commanded by Ashur, the Assyrian national deity, to "broaden the land of Ashur" and "extend the land at his feet". The Assyrians saw their empire as being

2522:

One of the growing problems in Ashurbanipal's early reign were disagreements between Ashurbanipal and his older brother Shamash-shum-ukin. While Esarhaddon's documents suggest that Shamash-shum-ukin was intended to inherit all of Babylonia, it appears that he only controlled the immediate vicinity of

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proclaimed that Esarhaddon and his lineage would be "destroyed" and that a usurper named Sasî would become king, and in Assur, the local governor instigated a plot after receiving a prophetic dream in which a child rose from a tomb and handed him a staff. Through a well-developed network of spies and

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Though he was among the most successful kings in Assyrian history, Esarhaddon faced numerous conspiracies against his rule, perhaps because the king suffering from illness could be seen as the gods withdrawing their divine support for his rule. Around the time of the Egyptian campaigns, there were at

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Sennacherib was thus faced with numerous enemies almost immediately upon his accession and it took years to defeat them all. In 704 BC, he sent the Assyrian army, led by officials rather than the king himself, to Anatolia to avenge Sargon's death and towards the end of the same year, he began warring

1835:

755–745 BC). Their reigns collectively form what appears to be the low point of Assyrian royal power since a remarkably small number of royal inscriptions are known from them. In Shalmaneser IV's reign, Shamshi-ilu eventually grew bold enough to stop crediting the king at all in his inscriptions

1737:

From 815 BC onward, Shamshi-Adad's luck changed. During the last few years of his reign he directed his efforts mainly against Marduk-balassu-iqbi in Babylonia. In 813 BC, he defeated Marduk-balassu-iqbi and brought him to Assyria as a captive. A year later he defeated Marduk-balassu-iqbi's successor

1688:

had been designated as heir instead of himself. When Shalmaneser died in 824, Ashur-danin-pal was still in revolt, supported by a significant portion of the country, most notably including the former capital of Assur. Shamshi-Adad acceded to the throne as Shamshi-Adad V, perhaps initially a minor and

1359:

883–859 BC). Under his rule, Assyria rose to become the dominant political power in the Near East, though it would not yet achieve power comparable to that under its complete dominion in later centuries. In terms of personality, Ashurnasirpal was a complex figure; he was a relentless warrior and

1299:

and then collecting tribute while he travelled north. Some of the southern cities that sent tribute to Tukulti-Ninurta during this march were historically more closely aligned with Babylon. In terms of military matters, Tukulti-Ninurta also fought against small states in the east, aimed to strengthen

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The political structures established by the Neo-Assyrian Empire became the model for the later empires that succeeded it. A number of key components of the Neo-Babylonian Empire were based on the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Though the exact administrative structure of the Neo-Babylonian Empire is not known

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The Neo-Assyrian state valued deportees highly for their labor and abilities. One of the most important reasons for resettlement was to develop the empire's agricultural infrastructure through introducing Assyrian-developed agricultural techniques to all of the provinces. The economic effects of the

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Below the higher classes were the Assyrian "citizens", semi-free laborers (usually mostly made up of deportees) and then slaves. There were never a significantly large number of slaves and the group was made up of both prisoners of war and of Assyrians who had been unable to pay their debts and were

3326:

was introduced. Under Ashurbanipal, horses were equipped with leather armor and a bronze plaque on the head, and riders wore scale armor. Though chariots continued to be used ceremonially, and were often used by kings while on campaign, they were largely replaced by cavalry as a prominent element of

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Provincial governors were also responsible for supplying offerings to temples, in particular to the temple of Ashur in Assur. This channeling of revenues from across the empire was not only meant as a method to collect profit but also as a way to connect the elites across the empire to the religious

2813:

The legitimacy of the Assyrian king hinged on acceptance among the imperial elite, and to a lesser extent the wider populace, of the idea that the king was both divinely chosen by Ashur and uniquely qualified for his position. There were various methods of legitimization employed by the Neo-Assyrian

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A large reason for Assyrian collapse was the failure to resolve the "Babylonian problem" which had plagued Assyrian kings since Assyria first conquered southern Mesopotamia. Despite the many attempts of the kings of the Sargonid dynasty to resolve the constant rebellions in the south in a variety of

2723:

The fall of Assyria was swift, dramatic and unexpected; still today modern scholars continue to grapple with what factors caused the empire's quick and violent downfall. One commonly cited possible explanation is the unrest and the civil wars that immediately preceded Nabopolassar's rise. Such civil

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Esarhaddon was a deeply troubled man. As a result of his tumultuous rise to the throne he was deeply distrustful of his officials and family members; something which also had the side effect of an increased prominence of women in his reign, whom he trusted more. Esarhaddon's mother Naqi'a, his queen

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Shocked and frightened by the manner of his father's death and its theological implications, Sargon's son Sennacherib distanced himself from him. Sennacherib never mentioned Sargon in his inscriptions and abandoned Dur-Sharrukin, instead moving the capital to Nineveh, previously the residence of the

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745–727 BC), probably another son of Adad-nirari III. The nature of Tiglath-Pileser's rise to throne is not clear and the surviving evidence is too scant to come to a certain conclusion. Several pieces of evidence, including that there was a revolt in Nimrud in 746/745 BC, that ancient Assyrian

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In the latter years of Shalmaneser's reign, Urartu rose again as a powerful adversary. Though the Assyrians campaigned against them in 830 BC, they failed to fully neutralize the threat the restored kingdom posed. Unlike the vast majority of Assyrian campaigns, the 830 BC campaign against Urartu was

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conquered Persia, his Macedonian Empire began to be regarded as the fourth empire. Texts from the Neo-Babylonian period regard the Neo-Babylonian Empire as the successor of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Babylonian texts from the time Mesopotamia came under the rule of the Seleucid Empire centuries later

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in history. Although the Neo-Assyrian Empire covered between 1.4 and 1.7 million square kilometers (0.54–0.66 million square miles; just a little over one percent of the land area of the planet), the terms "world empire" or "universal empire" should not be taken as denoting actual world domination.

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Perhaps the greatest influence of the Neo-Assyrian Empire on later Abrahamic religious tradition was that the emergence of a new religious and "national" identity among the Hebrews might have been a direct response to the political and intellectual challenges posed by Assyrian imperialism. The most

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To supply new and renovated cities with water, the Assyrians constructed advanced hydraulic works to divert and transport water from far-away mountain regions in the east and north. In Babylonia, water was typically simply drawn from the Tigris river, but it was difficult to do so in Assyria due to

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The imperialism of the Neo-Assyrian Empire was in some ways different from that of later empires. The perhaps biggest difference was that the Neo-Assyrian kings at no point imposed their religion or language on the foreign peoples they conquered outside the Assyrian heartland; the Assyrian national

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for long-distance state messengers due to their strength, hardiness and low maintenance. Assyria was the first civilization to use mules for this purpose. It was common for messengers to ride with two mules, which meant that it was possible to alternate between them to keep them fresh and to ensure

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in 1865, nearly two and a half thousand years after the Neo-Assyrian Empire's fall. The quick communications between the imperial court and officials in the provinces was an important contributing factor to the cohesion of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and an important innovation which paved the way for

2913:

The unprecedented success of the Neo-Assyrian Empire was not only due to the ability of Assyria to expand but also, and perhaps more importantly, its ability to efficiently incorporate conquered lands into its administrative system. It is clear that there was a strong sense of order in the Assyrian

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in preparation for a campaign against Sinsharishkun. Although there are plenty of earlier sources discussing Assyro-Median relations, none are preserved from the period leading up to Cyaxares's invasion and as such, the political context and reasons for the sudden attack are not known. Perhaps, the

2652:

More alarming was Nabopolassar's first forays into the Assyrian heartland in 616 BC, which amounted to capturing some border cities and defeating local Assyrian garrisons. The Assyrian heartland had not been invaded for five hundred years and the event illustrated that the situation was dire enough

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would rule Babylon. To ensure that the succession to the throne after his own death would go more smoothly than his own accession, Esarhaddon forced everyone in the empire, not only the prominent officials but also far-away vassal rulers and members of the royal family, to swear oaths of allegiance

1625:

in the far south of Mesopotamia. As Babylonian culture was greatly appreciated in Assyria, Shalmaneser was proud of his alliance to the Babylonian king; a famous surviving piece of artwork shows the two rulers shaking hands. In the 840s and 830s, Shalmaneser again campaigned in Syria and succeeding

1551:

859–824 BC), whose reign saw a considerable expansion of Assyrian territory. In Shalmaneser's reign, the lands along the Khabur and Euphrates rivers in the west were consolidated under Assyrian control. Ahuni of Bit Adini resisted for several years, but he eventually surrendered to Shalmaneser

1033:

Numerous imperialist states rose and fell in Mesopotamia and the rest of the Near East after the time of the Akkadian Empire. Most early empires and kingdoms were limited to some core territories, with most of their subjects only nominally recognizing the authority of the central government. Still,

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I built a pillar over against the city gate and I flayed all the chiefs who had revolted and I covered the pillar with their skins. Some I impaled upon the pillar on stakes and others I bound to stakes round the pillar. I cut the limbs off the officers who had rebelled. Many captives I burned with

3615:

Despite its growth, surviving examples of Aramaic from Neo-Assyrian times are significantly fewer in number than Akkadian writings, mostly because Aramaic scribes for the most part used perishable materials for their writings. The somewhat lacking record of Aramaic in inscriptions does not reflect

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to the Assyrian heartland, a distance of 700 kilometers (430 miles) over a stretch of lands featuring many rivers without any bridges, could take less than five days to arrive. Such communication speed was unprecedented before the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and was not surpassed in the Middle

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as king of Babylon. Though Senacherib just a few months later defeated and captured Nergal-ushezib in battle, the war dragged on as the Chaldean warlord Mushezib-Marduk took control of Babylon late in 693 and assembled a large coalition of Chaldeans, Arameans, Arabs and Elamites to resist Assyrian

1991:

Late in his reign, Tiglath-Pileser turned his eyes towards Babylon. For a long time, the political situation in the south had been highly volatile, with conflict between the traditional urban elites of the cities, Aramean tribes in the countryside and Chaldean warlords in the south. In 732 BC, the

1696:

Shamshi-Adad V's accession marked the beginning of a new age of Neo-Assyrian history, sometimes dubbed the "age of the magnates". This time was marked by the number of royal inscriptions being much smaller than in preceding and succeeding times and Assyrian magnates, such as Dayyan-Assur and other

1170:

Through decades of military conquests, the early Neo-Assyrian kings worked to reverse the long age of decline and retake the former lands of their empire. Though the Neo-Assyrian Empire has sometimes in the past been considered a completely new phenomenon only loosely connected to earlier Assyrian

4577:

Viewing the Neo-Assyrian Empire as a particularly brutal civilization also fails to take into account the context of brutal acts and that not all atrocities were committed by every king. Brutal punishments after conquests and surrenders were not done after every victorious campaign and were never

4129:

Though the local population of northern Mesopotamia never forgot the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the locations of its great capital cities, knowledge of Assyria in the west survived through the centuries chiefly through the gruesome accounts of the Bible and the works describing the ancient empire by

3619:

Despite the Neo-Assyrian Empire's promotion of Akkadian, Aramaic also grew to become a widespread vernacular language and it also began to be used in official state-related capacities as early as the reign of Shalmaneser III, given that some examples of Aramaic writings are known from a palace he

3437:

at the beginning of the Neo-Assyrian period onwards, the Assyrians made extensive use of an increasingly complex system of deportations and resettlements. Large-scale resettlement projects were carried out in recently defeated enemy lands and cities in an effort to destroy local identities, which

3404:

were owned by the state, there was also a vibrant private economic sector within the empire, with property rights of individuals ensured by the government. All monumental construction projects were undertaken by the state through levying materials and people from local governors, though sometimes

3382:

At the undisputed top of Neo-Assyrian society was the king. Belonging to the higher portions of Neo-Assyrian society but below the king were (in descending order of prestige and power) the crown prince, the rest of the royal family, the royal court, administrators and army officers. From the time

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Because the rule and actions of the Assyrian king were seen as divinely sanctioned, resistance to Assyrian sovereignty in times of war was regarded to be resistance against divine will, which deserved punishment. Peoples and polities who revolted against Assyria were seen as criminals against the

1996:

seized Babylon and became king, a development Tiglath-Pileser used as an excuse to invade Babylonia. In 729 BC, he succeeded in capturing Babylon and defeating Nabu-mukin-zeri and thus assumed the title "king of Babylon", alongside "king of Assyria". To increase the willingness of the Babyloninan

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and conquered territories on the eastern side of the Tigris river. In the year after that, Tiglath-Pileser conducted a successful campaign in the region around the Zagros Mountains, where he created two new Assyrian provinces. From 743 to 739 BC, Tiglath-Pileser focused his attention on the still

4523:

Though Neo-Assyrian inscriptions and artwork are more explicit in descriptions and depictions of various atrocities than those of many other civilizations, often describing them with "terrifying realism", the idea of a particular "Assyrian brutality" chiefly comes from Assyria's portrayal in the

4519:

The Neo-Assyrian Empire is perhaps most prominently remembered for the ferocity and brutality of the Neo-Assyrian army. Though various atrocities were enacted against enemy states and peoples by certain Middle Assyrian kings as well, it is chiefly from the Neo-Assyrian period that Assyrian royal

4036:

mentions Assyria about 150 times; multiple significant events which involved the Hebrews are mentioned, most prominently Sennacherib's war against Hezekiah, and several Neo-Assyrian kings are mentioned, including Tiglath-Pileser III, Shalmaneser V, Sargon II, Sennacherib, Esarhaddon and possibly

3736:

The beginnings of Assyrian scholarship is conventionally placed near the beginning of the Middle Assyrian Empire in the 14th century BC, when Assyrians began to take a lively interest in Babylonian scholarship, which they themselves adapted and developed into their own scholarship tradition. The

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Neo-Assyrian was used in some surviving tablets containing poetry and also more prominently in surviving letters of royal correspondence. Because of the multilingual nature of the empire, many loan words are attested as entering the Assyrian language during the Neo-Assyrian period. The number of

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Another proposed explanation was that Assyrian rule suffered from serious structural vulnerabilities; most importantly, Assyria appears to have had little to offer the regions it conquered other than order and freedom from strife; conquered lands were mostly kept in line through fear and terror,

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Esarhaddon sought to establish a new and lasting balance of power between the northern and southern parts of his empire. Thus, he rebuilt Babylon in the south, viewing Sennacherib's destruction of the city as excessively brutal, but also made sure not to neglect the temples and cults of Assyria.

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681–669 BC), found the extent of Sargon's pro-Babylonian leanings to be somewhat questionable. In 707 BC, Sargon returned to Nimrud and in 706 BC, Dur-Sharrukin was inaugurated as the empire's new capital. Sargon did not get to enjoy his new city for long; in 705 BC he embarked on his final

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and supported by Simirra, Damascus, Samaria and Arpad, also sought to regain independence and threatened to destroy the sophisticated provincial system imposed on the region under Tiglath-Pileser. While Sargon was campaigning in the east in 720 BC, his generals defeated Yau-bi'di and the others.

1908:

Early on, Tiglath-Pileser reduced the influence of the previously powerful magnates, dividing their territories into smaller provinces under the rule of royally appointed provincial governors and withdrawing their right to commission official building inscriptions in their own names. Shamshi-ilu

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as one of many methods of torture and execution. The sole factor for the higher frequency and more vivid descriptions from the Neo-Assyrian Empire is that the Assyrians were more successful than their contemporaries and thus had more opportunities. According to the Assyriologist Ariel Bagg, the

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Though there is no modern scholarly denial that the Assyrians of the Neo-Assyrian period were brutal, the extent to which Neo-Assyrian inscriptions and artwork reflect actual atrocities is debated among modern scholars. Some believe that the Assyrians were more brutal than what was written down

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A "world empire" can also be interpreted as an imperial state without any competitors. Though there were other reasonably large kingdoms in the ancient Near East during the Neo-Assyrian period, notably Urartu in the north, Egypt in the west and Elam in the east, none were existential threats to

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held a very high position in Neo-Assyrian society. The highest offices both in the civil administration and the army were typically occupied by eunuchs with deliberately obscure and lowly origins, since this ensured that they would be loyal to the king. The members of the royal court were often

3104:

To solve the challenges of governing an empire of unprecedented size, the Neo-Assyrian Empire, probably first under Shalmaneser III, developed a sophisticated state communication system. Use of this system was restricted to messages sent by high officials; their messages were stamped with their

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Though the queens, like all other female and male members of the royal court, ultimately derived their power and influence from their association with the king, they were not pawns without political power. The queens had their own say in financial affairs and while they ideally were supposed to

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Yet another possible factor was environmental issues. The massive rise in population in the Assyrian heartland during the height of the Neo-Assyrian Empire might have led to a period of severe drought that affected Assyria to a much larger extent than nearby territories such as Babylonia. It is

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Sinsharishkun's accession did not go unchallenged. Immediately upon his rise to the throne, Sin-shumu-lishir rebelled and attempted to claim the throne for himself, despite the lack of any genealogical claim and as the only eunuch to ever do so in Assyrian history. Sin-shumu-lishir successfully

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that Sargon was a son of Tiglath-Pileser and thus Shalmaneser's brother, he is not believed to have been the legitimate heir to the throne as next-in-line. It is also possible that he was wholly unconnected to the previous royal lineage, in which case Shalmaneser V would be the last king of the

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727–722 BC). Though little to no royal inscriptions and other sources survive from Shalmaneser's brief reign, the empire appears to have been largely stable under his rule. Shalmaneser managed to secure some lasting achievements; he was probably the Assyrian king responsible for conquering

1840:

of Urartu, though Urartu was not decisively beaten. There was however some significant successes in the west since Shamshi-ilu captured Damascus in 773 BC and secured tribute from the city to the king. Another official who acted with usually royal privileges in Shalmaneser's time was the palace

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inscribed with text in both Akkadian and Aramaic. That the question of using Aramaic in royal correspondence was even raised in Sargon II's time in the first place was a significant development. In reliefs from palaces built by kings from Tiglath-Pileser III to Ashurbanipal, scribes writing in

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was retaken and Nabopolassar failed to take Nippur, in 623 BC the Assyrians recaptured Nabopolassar's ancestral home city Uruk. Sinsharishkun might ultimately have been victorious had it not been for a usurper, whose name is not known, from the empire's western territories rebelling in 622 BC,

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and Babylon itself, but was defeated by Sinsharishkun after three months. This victory did little to alleviate Sinsharishkun's problems. The long-reigning Babylonian vassal king Kandalanu also died in 627 BC. The swift regime changes and internal unrest bolstered Babylonian hopes to shake off

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on 15 June 763 BC; both the epidemics and the eclipse could have been interpreted by the Assyrian populace as the gods withdrawing their divine support for Ashur-dan's rule. Though Assyria stabilized again under Ashur-dan's brother Ashur-nirari V, he appears to have been relatively idle.

1009:

rulers of the various city-states in the region often fought with each other in order to establish small hegemonic empires and to gain a superior position relative to the other city-states. Eventually, these small conflicts evolved into a general ambition to achieve universal rule. Reaching a

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inscriptions describe in detail the atrocities carried out by the Assyrian kings. This is probably attributable to the Neo-Assyrian kings using fear to keep their conquered territories in-line; under the less brutal rulers of the Middle Assyrian Empire, Assyrian power declined several times.

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included not only information on the discoveries themselves, but also an account of the excavations as well as Layard's own experiences travelling in the Middle East and interacting with the locals. The book was translated into numerous languages and made Layard into a celebrity; the British

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classical authors. Unlike other ancient civilizations, Assyria and other Mesopotamian civilizations left no magnificent ruins above ground; all that remained to see were huge grass-covered mounds in the plains which travellers at times believed to simply be natural features of the landscape.

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was divided into two and it seems that specific regiments of the army, including their respective land-holdings, were transferred from the king's direct command to the command of the crown prince and the queen. The Neo-Assyrian army was an evolution of the preceding Middle Assyrian army, and

832:

859–824 BC), though it entered a period of stagnation after his death, referred to as the "age of the magnates". During this time, the chief wielders of political power were prominent generals and officials and central control was unusually weak. This age came to an end with the rule of

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The wealth generated through private investments was dwarfed by the wealth of the state, which was by far the largest employer in the empire and had an obvious monopoly on agriculture, manufacturing and exploitation of minerals. The imperial economy advantaged mainly the elite, since it was

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s such as Dayyan-Assur and Shamshi-ilu). The army was chiefly raised through provincial governors levying troops. Provincial governors could also sometimes lead campaigns on their own and negotiate with foreign rulers. Under the Sargonid dynasty, some reforms appear to have been made to the

3172:

At the height of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Assyrian army was the strongest army yet assembled in world history. The number of soldiers in the Neo-Assyrian army was likely several hundred thousand. The Assyrians pioneered innovative uses and strategies, particularly concerning cavalry and

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In the years that followed Nabopolassar's coronation, Babylonia became a brutal battleground between Assyrian and Babylonian armies. Though cities often repeatedly changed hands, the Babylonians slowly but surely pushed Sinsharishkun's armies out of the south. Under Sinsharishkun's personal

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Though Ashurbanipal's inscriptions present Assyria as an uncontested and divinely supported hegemon over all the world, cracks were starting to form in the empire during his reign. At some point after 656 BC, the empire lost control of Egypt, which instead fell into the hands of the Pharaoh

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and Esarhaddon allowed most of the local governors to remain in place, though he left some of his representatives to oversee them. The conquest of Egypt not only placed a land of great cultural prestige under Esarhaddon's rule but also brought the Neo-Assyrian Empire to its greatest extent.

2302:

took revenge on Sennacherib by marching on Babylonia while the Assyrians were busy in his lands. During this campaign, Ashur-nadin-shumi was captured through some means and taken to Elam, where he was probably executed. In his place, the Elamites and Babylonians crowned the Babylonian noble

890:

The unprecedented success of the Neo-Assyrian Empire was not only due to its ability to expand but also, and perhaps more importantly, its ability to efficiently incorporate conquered lands into its administrative system. As the first of its scale, the empire saw various military, civic and

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to force the states there to pay tribute again. This conflict is the first Assyrian war to be recorded in great detail not only in Assyrian inscriptions but also in classical sources and in the Hebrew Bible. The Assyrian account diverges somewhat from the Biblical one; whereas the Assyrian

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built in Nimrud. The relationship between Akkadian and Aramaic was somewhat complex, however. Though Sargon II explicitly rejected Aramaic as being unfit for royal correspondence, Aramaic was clearly an officially recognized language under his predecessor Shalmaneser V, who owned a set of

1643:), one of the westernmost places ever reached by Assyrian forces. Though Shalmaneser's conquests were wide-ranging and inspired fear among the other kings of the Near East, he lacked the means to stabilize and consolidate his new lands and imperial control in many places remained shaky. 2482:

Ashurbanipal is often regarded to have been the last great king of Assyria. His reign saw the last time Assyrian troops marched in all directions of the Near East. In 667 and 664 BC, Ashurbanipal invaded Egypt in the wake of anti-Assyrian uprisings; both Pharaoh Taharqa and his nephew

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being hoisted to the left and right of the commander. The commander was typically the king, but other officials could also be assigned to lead the Assyrian army into war. Such officials included family members (for instance Adad-nirari III's mother Shammuramat and Sargon II's brother

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in the winter of 857/856 BC. When Shalmaneser visited the city in the summer of the next year, he renamed it Kar-Salmanu‐ašared ("fortress of Shalmaneser"), settled a substantial number of Assyrians there, and made it the administrative center of a new province, placed under the

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In 694, Sennacherib invaded Elam, with the explicit goal to root out Marduk-apla-iddina and his supporters. Sennacherib sailed across the Persian Gulf with a fleet built by Phoenician and Greek shipwrights and captured and sacked countless Elamite cities. He never got his revenge on

6175:

Radner, K. 2010: "The Stele of Sargon II of Assyria at Kition: A focus for an emerging Cypriot identity?", in R. Rollinger, B. Gufler, M. Lang, I. Madreiter (eds), Interkulturalität in der Alten Welt: Vorderasien, Hellas, Ägypten und die vielfältigen Ebenen des Kontakts, Wiesbaden,

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A consequence of the resettlements, and according to Karen Radner "the most lasting legacy of the Assyrian Empire", was a dilution of the cultural diversity of the Near East, forever changing the region's ethnolinguistic composition and facilitating the rise of Aramaic as the local

2279:. Sennacherib's choice of making Nineveh capital probably resulted not only from him having long lived in the city as crown prince, but also because of its ideal location, being an important point in the established road and trade systems and also located close to an important 3745:

array of genres, including divinatory texts, divination reports, treatments for the sick (either medical or magical), ritual texts, incantations, prayers and hymns, school texts and literary texts. The largest and most important royal library in Mesopotamian history was the

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in western Iran. In 717 BC, Sargon retook the city of Carchemish and secured the city's substantial silver treasury. Perhaps it was the acquisition of these funds which inspired Sargon to in the same year begin the construction of another new capital of the empire, named

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Ashur-nirari campaigned in only three of the ten years of his reign and is not recorded to have conducted any construction projects. The influential Shamshi-ilu died at some point in Ashur-nirari's reign. Though the Assyrian army under Ashur-nirari was successful against

1175:

river in the west. One of the first conquests of Ashur-dan II had been Katmuḫu in this region, which he made a vassal kingdom rather than annexed outright; this suggests that the resources available to the early Neo-Assyrian kings were very limited and that the imperial

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The Neo-Assyrian Empire was highly multilingual. Through its expansionism, the empire came to rule a vast stretch of land incorporating regions throughout the Near East, where various languages were spoken. These languages included various Semitic languages (including

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was captured and devastated and large numbers of Elamite prisoners were brought to Nineveh, tortured and humiliated. Ashurbanipal chose to not annex and integrate Elam into the Neo-Assyrian Empire, instead leaving it open and undefended. In the following decades, the

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Ashurnasirpal II is one of only four Assyrian kings who claimed to have slaughtered civilians in his inscriptions and the only one to claim to have killed and burnt young children. In terms of the variety and severity of brutal acts, he is rivalled only by the later

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The Neo-Assyrian Empire left a cultural legacy of great consequence. The population of northern Mesopotamia continued to keep the memory of their ancient civilization alive and positively connected with the Assyrian Empire in local histories written as late as the

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inscriptions describes the campaign as a resounding success, in which tribute was regained, some states were annexed outright and Sennacherib even managed to stop Egyptian ambitions in the region, the Bible describes Sennacherib suffering a crushing defeat outside

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called it "the greatest achievement of our time". Entrusted with greater funds, Layard conducted a second expedition in which he turned his attention to the Kuyunjik mound. There he made significant discoveries, including finding the palace built by Sennacherib.

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The Neo-Assyrian Empire accomplished several complex technical projects, which indicates sophisticated technical knowledge. Various professionals who performed engineering tasks are attested in Neo-Assyrian sources, such as individuals holding positions like

1407:

kingdoms in the west. The Arameans and Neo-Hittites had by the time of Ashurnasirpal's rise to the throne evolved into well-organized kingdoms, possibly in response to pressure from Assyria. One of Ashurnasirpal's most persistent enemies was the Aramean king

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Though he reigned only briefly, Adad-nirari's son Tukulti-Ninurta continued the policies of his father. In 885 BC, Tukulti-Ninurta repeated his father's march along the Euphrates and Khabur, though he went in the opposite direction, beginning in the south at

804:

883–859 BC), Assyria once more became the dominant power of the Near East, ruling the north undisputed. Ashurnasirpal's campaigns reached as far as the Mediterranean and he also oversaw the transfer of the imperial capital from the traditional city of

2106:

Though Sargon tried early on to dislodge Marduk-apla-iddina, attacking Aramean tribes who supported Marduk-apla-iddina and marching out to fight the Elamites, his efforts were initially unsuccessful and in 720 BC the Elamites defeated Sargon's forces at

4582:

in any inscription, which indicates that although Assyrian soldiers likely did rape civilians after sieges (as did soldiers of every other ancient civilization and up to the present day), this was regarded as a shameful act, prohibited by the kings.

4394:, placing Nebuchadnezzar's empire (the Neo-Babylonian Empire; gold) as the first empire, the Median Empire (silver) as the second, the Achaemenid Empire (bronze) as the third and the Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great (iron) as the fourth. 3150:("king's road"), the roads might originally have grown from routes used by the military during campaigns and were continually expanded. The largest phase of road expansion transpired between the reigns of Shalmaneser III and Tiglath-Pileser III. 1431:

1073–1056 BC), two centuries prior, that Assyrian forces had the opportunity to campaign further west than the Euphrates. Ashurnasirpal made use of this opportunity. In his ninth campaign, he marched to Lebanon and then to the coast of the

4401:

conquered the last remnants of the Seleucid Empire in 63 BC, literary traditions began to regard the Roman Empire as the fifth world empire. The Roman Empire spawned its own sequences of successor claimants; in the east it was followed by the

1591:

Although Shalmaneser's impressive campaign against Urartu compelled many of the small states in northern Syria to pay tribute to him, he was unable to fully utilize the situation. In 853 BC, a massive coalition of western states assembled at

1094:

1114–1076 BC), who once more expanded Assyrian power, his conquests overstretched Assyria and could not be maintained by his successors. The trend of decline was only substantially reversed in the reign of the last Middle Assyrian king,

2164:

Late in his reign, Sargon again turned his attention to Babylon. The alliance between Babylon and Elam had at this point evaporated away. When Sargon marched south in 710 BC he encountered little resistance. After Marduk-apla-iddina fled to

2259:

However, the biblical account does include the fact the Hezekiah paid a very large tribute to Sennacherib; it was only the siege and the attempt to entirely absorb Judah that was reported as ending in failure, according to 2 Chronicles 32.

1082:

in the south. After Tukulti-Ninurta's assassination, the Middle Assyrian Empire went into a long period of decline, becoming increasingly restricted to just the Assyrian heartland itself. Though this period of decline was broken up by

2148:

In 709 BC, Sargon won against seven kings in the land of Ia', in the district of Iadnana or Atnana. The land of Ia' is assumed to be the Assyrian name for Cyprus, and some scholars suggest that the latter may mean 'the islands of the

1836:

and instead claimed to act completely on his own, more openly flaunting his power. Probably under Shamshi-ilu's leadership, the Assyrian army began to mainly focus on Urartu. In 774 BC, Shamshi-ilu scored an important victory against

1774:. Shammuramat was one of the most powerful women in Assyrian history and perhaps for a time served as co-regent; she is recorded to have partaken in a military campaign, the only ancient Assyriain woman known to have done so, against 4073:. It has been suggested that this development only followed experiences either with the near-monotheism of the Assyrians in regards to the god Ashur, or the monocratic and universal nature of the imperial rule of the Assyrian kings. 1742:

and annexed several territories in northern Babylonia. Southern Mesopotamia was left in disarray after Shamshi-Adad's victories. Though Babylonia nominally came under Assyrian control, Shamshi-Adad took the ancient Babylonian title

2376:, which was renamed Kar-Aššur‐aḫu‐iddina ("fortress of Esarhaddon"). After fighting the Medes in the Zagros Mountains, Esarhaddon campaigned further to the east than any king before him, reaching as far into modern-day Iran as 1778:

in Syria and is credited in inscriptions alongside her son for expanding Assyrian territory, usually only a royal privilege. After Shammuramat's death, Adad-nirari continued to be dominated by other figures, such as the eunuch

1564:. In 856, Shalmaneser conducted one of the most ambitious military campaigns in Assyrian history, marching through mountainous territory to the source of the Euphrates and then attacking Urartu from the west. The Urartian king 3342:), both probably being drawn from foreigners resettled in Assyra. The innovative techniques and siege engines in siege warfare used by Neo-Assyrian armies included tunneling, diverting rivers, blockading to ensure starvation, 2298:

Marduk-apla-iddina, who died of natural causes before the Assyrian army landed, and the campaign instead significantly escalated the conflict with the anti-Assyrian faction in Babylonia and with the Elamites. The Elamite king

1267:

900–887 BC), sealed through both kings marrying a daughter of the other. Adad-nirari also continued Ashur-dan's efforts in the west; in his wars, he defeated numerous small western kingdoms. Several small states, such as

1256:). Arrapha in later times served as the launching point of innumerable Assyrian campaigns toward lands in the east. A testament to Adad-nirari's power was that he managed to secure a border agreement with the Babylonian king 9099: 2905:

is not certain. Naqi'a is the best documented woman of the Neo-Assyrian period, and was perhaps the most influential woman in Assyrian history, influencing politics in the reigns of Sennacherib, Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal.

3001:

The inner elite of the Neo-Assyrian Empire included two main groups, the "magnates" and the "scholars". The "magnates" are a grouping by modern historians for the seven highest-ranking officials in the administration; the

3207:

inherited the warrior ethic, experience with chariots and levy system of its predecessor. The two most important new developments in the Neo-Assyrian period was the large-scale introduction of cavalry and the adoption of

4324:

Ideologically, the Neo-Assyrian Empire formed an important part in the imperial ideologies of succeeding empires in the Middle East. The idea of continuity between successive empires (a phenomenon in later times dubbed

2267:, who hoped to seize power for themselves. In 700 BC, Sennacherib invaded Babylonia again and drove Marduk-apla-iddina and Mushezib-Marduk away. Needing a vassal ruler with stronger authority, he placed his eldest son, 1630:

itself but were not successful. Shalmaneser's failed attempts to properly impose Assyrian rule in Syria was a result of his energetic campaigns overextending the empire too quickly. In the 830s, his armies reached into

1689:

a puppet of Dayyan-Assur. Though Dayyan-Assur died during the early stages of the civil war, Shamshi-Adad was eventually victorious, apparently due to help from the Babylonian king Marduk-zakir-shumi or his successor

1612:

it is more likely that the battle was indecisive since no substantial political or territorial gains were achieved. After Qarqar, Shalmaneser focused much on the south and in 851–850 BC aided the Babylonian king

878:

681–669 BC) the empire reached its largest extent through the conquest of Egypt. Despite being at the peak of its power, the empire experienced a swift and violent fall in the late 7th century BC, destroyed by

4864:

in Babylonia who wished to write to the king in Aramaic, reads "Why would you not write and send me messages in Akkadian? Really, the message which you write must be drawn up in this very manner – this is a fixed

2982:

institutions in the Assyrian heartland. The royal administration kept close watch of institutions and individual officials across the empire through a system of officials responsible directly to the king, called

11879: 9041:

Gansell, Amy Rebecca (2018). "In Pursuit of Neo-Assyrian Queens: An Interdisciplinary Methodology for Researching Ancient Women and Engendering Ancient History". In Svärd, Saana; Garcia-Ventura, Agnès (eds.).

2067:. Like Tiglath-Pileser before him, Sargon in his inscriptions made no references to prior kings and instead ascribed his accession purely to divine selection. Though most scholars accept the claim made by the 2814:

kings and their royal courts. One of the common methods, which appears to be a new innovation of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, was the manipulation and codifying of the king's own personal history in the form of

2684:

After the fall of Nineveh, an Assyrian general and prince, possibly Sinsharishkun's son, led the remnants of the Assyrian army and established himself at Harran in the west. The prince chose the regnal name

4341:

which connected succeeding and sometimes rival dynasties and kingdoms together as predecessors and successors. In the past, the idea of succession between empires had resulted in claims such as that of the

1042:". This desire was also manifested in the kings of Assyria, who ruled in what had once been the northern part of the Akkadian Empire. Assyria experienced its first period of ascendancy with the rise of the 21424: 1010:

position of world domination was not seen as a wholly impossible task in this time since Mesopotamia was believed to correspond to the entire world. One of the earliest Mesopotamian "world conquerors" was

1747:" but not the conventional "king of Babylon". Due to Assyria's perhaps somewhat weakened state he was unable to fully exploit the victory and the Babylonian throne remained unoccupied for several years. 9513: 4141:

In the early 19th century, European explorers and archaeologists first began to investigate the ancient mounds. One of the important early figures in Assyrian archaeology was the British business agent

895:

techniques. Techniques first adopted by the Neo-Assyrian army would be used in later warfare for millennia. To solve the issue of communicating over vast distances, the empire developed a sophisticated

900:, using relay stations and well-maintained roads. The communication speed of official messages in the empire was not surpassed in the Middle East until the 19th century. The empire also made use of a 2227:

against Marduk-apla-iddina in the south. After fighting against Babylonia for nearly two years, Sennacherib succeeded in recapturing Babylonia, though Marduk-apla-iddina fled to Elam once again, and

4356:

supposes that there is only one "true" empire at any given time, and that imperial power and right to rule is inherited from one empire to the next, with Assyria typically seen as the first empire.

2879:, but this term was only applied to goddesses and queens of foreign nations who ruled in their own right. Since the Assyrian consorts did not rule themselves, the Assyrians did not refer to them as 2275:, and a great 12 kilometer (7.5-mile) long and 25 meter (82 feet) tall wall. It is possible that a large park constructed near the Southwest Palace served as the inspiration for the later legendary 915:

The Neo-Assyrian Empire left a legacy of great cultural significance. The political structures established by the empire became the model for the later empires that succeeded it and the ideology of

3350:. Another innovation were the camps established by the army while on campaign, which were carefully designed with collapsible furniture and tents so that they could be swifty built and dismantled. 2368:

Despite his physical and mental health, Esarhaddon led many successful military campaigns, several of them farther away from the Assyrian heartland than those of any previous king. He defeated the

1182:

project had to begin nearly from scratch. In this context, the successful expansion conducted under the early Neo-Assyrian kings was an extraordinary achievement. The initial phase of the Assyrian

1034:

the general desire for universal rule dominated the royal ideologies of Mesopotamian kings for thousands of years, bolstered by the memory of the Akkadian Empire and exemplified in titles such as "

4028:

Though the Neo-Assyrian Empire never imposed forced religious conversions, its mere existence as a large imperialist state reshaped the religious views of the people around it, prominently in the

9240: 2319:, had replaced Ashur-nadin-shumi as heir after the latter's death, around 684 BC the younger son Esarhaddon was proclaimed heir instead. Perhaps Sennacherib was influenced by Esarhaddon's mother 1521:

Through the tribute and booty collected through the campaigns of his predecessors and his own wars, Ashurnasirpal financed several large-scale building projects at cities like Assur, Nineveh and

4444:

hold little weight in modern research, scholars today still recognize a basic sequence of imperial succession from the Neo-Assyrian Empire to the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the Achaemenid Empire.

3761:

Relief depicting the gardens of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh (left) with a color reconstruction (right). As can be seen on the right side of the relief, the garden featured sophisticated irrigation

2988:(usually translated as "royal delegates"). Control was maintained locally through regularly deploying low-ranking officials to the smaller settlements, i.e. villages and towns, of the empire. 2418:. He had tried to conquer Egypt already in 674 BC but had then been driven back. Through logistic support from various Arab tribes, the 671 BC invasion took a difficult route through central 789:

The early Neo-Assyrian kings were chiefly concerned with restoring Assyrian control over much of northern Mesopotamia, East Anatolia and Levant, since significant portions of the preceding

24929: 24944: 24934: 10011:

Radner, Karen (2016). "Revolts in the Assyrian Empire: Succession Wars, Rebellions Against a False King and Independence Movements". In Collins, John J.; Manning, Joseph Gilbert (eds.).

4146:(1787–1821), who visited the site of Nineveh in 1820, traded antiquities with the locals and made precise measurements of the mounds. Rich's collection, which eventually ended up in the 12424: 4397:

The ancient idea of succession of empires did not end with the fall of the Seleucid Empire; traditions were instead adjusted to include later empires in the sequence. Shortly after the

24939: 12378: 4122:

in the 3rd century AD. The only ancient Assyrian city to be continually inhabited as an urban center from the time of the Neo-Assyrian Empire to the present is Arbela, today known as

9081: 2448:

informants, Esarhaddon uncovered all of these coup attempts and in 670 had a large number of high-ranking officials put to death. In 672 BC, Esarhaddon decreed that his younger son

12394: 8768: 3989:, fighting against Esarhaddon's invasion of Egypt as well as a tale recounting the civil war between Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin. Some Egyptian tales feature a queen of the 3985:. This story proved popular and was translated into a number of languages. Other tales from Egypt include stories of the Egyptian hero Inarus, a fictionalized version of the rebel 3876: 2772:; favorite of the great gods; the wise and crafty one; strong hero, first among all princes; the flame that consumes the insubmissive, who strikes the wicked with the thunderbolt. 10215: 9061:

Garfinkle, Steven J. (2007). "The Assyrians: A New Look at an Ancient Power". In Rubio, Gonzalo; Garfinkle, Steven J.; Beckman, Gary; Snell, Daniel C.; Chavalas, Mark W. (eds.).

3924:, as their royal father. After Behnam converts to Christianity, Sinharib orders his execution, but is later struck by a dangerous disease that is cured through being baptized by 4418:

empires considered themselves to be the heirs of Rome. Later scholars have sometimes posited a sequence of world empires more focused on the Middle East. In the British scholar

9255:

Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (2014). "Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography: An Introduction". In Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (eds.).

4816:, which developed around this time, followed experiences with the near-monotheism of the Assyrians in regard to Ashur or the monocratic imperial rule of the Neo-Assyrian kings. 2893:. Under the Sargonid dynasty, military units subservient to the queen were created. Such units were not just an honor guard for the queen, but included commanders, cohorts of 2315:

The last years of Sennacherib's reign were relatively peaceful in the empire, but problems began to arise within the royal court itself. Though Sennacherib's next eldest son,

1210:

890–884 BC), saw the slow beginning of this project. Ashur-dan's efforts mostly worked to pave the way for the more sustained work under Adad-nirari and Tukulti-Ninurta.

844:

745–727 BC), who re-asserted Assyrian royal power once again and more than doubled the size of the empire through wide-ranging conquests. His most notable conquests were

4110:

were dispersed and the great cities were for a long time left largely abandoned. Though Assyria experienced a resurgence in the later post-imperial period, chiefly under the

2231:, a Babylonian noble who had been raised at the Assyrian court, was installed as vassal king of Babylon. In 701, Sennacherib undertook the most famous campaign of his reign, 10081:

Radner, Karen (2021). "Diglossia and the Neo-Assyrian Empire's Akkadian and Aramaic Text Production". In Jonker, Louis C.; Berlejung, Angelika & Cornelius, Izak (eds.).

3048:(commander-in-chief). There is some evidence that some these offices were, at least at times, occupied by members of the royal family. Occupants of four of the offices, the 2670:, Sinsharishkun dying in the city's defense. The capture of the city was followed by extensive looting and destruction and effectively meant the end of the Assyrian Empire. 2503:

river. Teumman's head was brought back to Nineveh and displayed for the public. Elam itself however remained undefeated and continued to work against Assyria for some time.

24042: 13903: 1436:. Though few of them became formally incorporated into the empire at this point, many kingdoms on the way paid tribute to Ashurnasirpal to avoid being attacked, including 9638: 4569: 3997:. Several legends of Assyria are known from Greco-Roman texts, including a fictional narrative of the founding of the Assyrian Empire and Nineveh by the legendary figure 4045:

bears a strong resemblance to the loyalty oaths in Assyrian vassal treaties, though with the absolute loyalty to the Assyrian king replaced with absolute loyalty to the

12399: 12392: 12413: 9881:

Payne, Richard (2012). "Avoiding Ethnicity: Uses of the Ancient Past in Late Sasanian Northern Mesopotamia". In Pohl, Walter; Gantner, Clemens; Payne, Richard (eds.).

597: 583: 558: 544: 2689:, likely a highly conscious choice since its etymology ("Ashur has kept alive") suggested that Assyria would ultimately be victorious and since it evoked the name of 2089: 1626:

in receiving tribute from numerous western states after the coalition against him collapsed with Hadadezer's death in 841 BC. Assyrian forces thrice tried to capture

18510: 4180:. After returning to Europe in the late 1840s, Botta compiled an elaborate report on the findings, complete with numerous drawings of the reliefs made by the artist 2361:

were all more powerful and prominent than most women in earlier Assyrian history. The king was also frequently ill and sickly and also appears to have suffered from

12400: 1579: 4545:

dating to the third millennium BC depict soldiers carrying severed heads, the Bible mentions many atrocities committed by Hebrews and other non-Assyrians, and the

3625:

Akkadian and Aramaic are often depicted side by side, confirming Aramaic having risen to the position of an official language used by the imperial administration.

15721: 4930:"The country of Assyria, which in the Assyro-Babylonian literature is known as mat Aššur (ki), "land of Assur," took its name from the ancient city of Aššur" in 2247: 12439: 1596:

in Syria to work together against Assyrian expansion. The coalition, included numerous kings of various peoples, including the earliest historically verifiable

19957: 10377:"Now It Happened in Those Days": Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Mordechai Cogan on His 75th Birthday 9792:

The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3 Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC

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811–783 BC) was probably very young at the time of his father's death in 811, and real political power during his early reign was probably wielded by the

1719: 2707:

of Assyrian history and beyond, Ashur-uballit's final defeat at Harran in 609 marked the end of the ancient line of Assyrian kings and of Assyria as a state.

1931:

During his 18-year reign, Tiglath-Pileser campaigned in all directions. Already in his first year as king, Tiglath-Pileser warred against the Babylonian king

1416:. Ahuni's forces broke through across the Khabur and Euphrates several times and it was only after years of war that he at last accepted Ashurnasirpal as his 13379: 4787:

Adad-nirari II's accession is the conventional starting date for the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Some historians alternatively include the reign of his predecessor

4005:, another fictionalized version of Shammuramat. Also written were legendary accounts of the empire's fall, erroneously linked to the reign of the effeminate 1767: 10795: 10505: 4176:

s. The discovery was swiftly communicated in scholarly circles by Mohl in Paris. In 1847, the first ever exhibition on Assyrian sculptures was held in the

1714: 24071: 13932: 12386: 11824: 8917: 3738: 1618: 12369: 9479: 9218: 4106:

When the Medes and Babylonians conquered the Assyrian heartland, they put the great monuments, palaces, temples and cities of Assyria to the torch; the

3409:

structured in a way that ensured that surplus wealth flowed to the government and was then used for the maintenance of the state throughout the empire.

1621:. After defeating the rebel, Shalmaneser spent some time visiting cities in Babylon and further helping Marduk-zakir-shumi through fighting against the 1608:. Shalmaneser engaged the coalition in the same year that it was formed. Though Assyrian records claim that he scored a great victory at the subsequent 24341: 20086: 19962: 14202: 12425: 11849: 11679: 11674: 11388: 10353:

The Construction of the Assyrian Empire: A Historical Study of the Inscriptions of Shalmanesar III (859–824 B.C.) Relating to His Campaigns to the West

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river. At Tela he brutally repressed the citizens, among other punishments cutting off noses, ears, fingers and limbs, gouging out eyes and overseeing

12388: 24889: 16595: 11911: 11819: 4388:

which features a statue with a golden head, silver chest, bronze belly, iron legs and iron/clay feet. This statue is interpreted as an expression of

3949: 3244:

While the Middle Assyrian army had been composed entirely of levies, a central standing army was established in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, dubbed the

2922:

In Neo-Assyrian royal inscriptions, the creation of new provinces was usually expressed by writing "I annexed the land (into) the Assyrian border" (

23955: 20379: 13816: 12487: 12397: 8530:

Bagg, Ariel (2016). "Where is the Public? A New Look at the Brutality Scenes in Neo-Assyrian Royal Inscriptions and Art". In Battini, Laura (ed.).

3441: 22718: 20001: 9086:

The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC

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in 1853, archaeology in Assyria remained dead for a long time, though excavations began again in the early 20th century and have continued since.

3284:. In battle, they fought in close formation. Foreign levy troops drafted into the army are often distinguishable in reliefs by distinct headgear. 2657:

into the conflict. Long fragmented into several tribes and often targets of Assyrian military campaigns, the Medes had been united under the king

1636: 19817: 14847: 11859: 11854: 10688: 9848: 3581:

lingua franca of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, with Neo-Assyrian and other forms of Akkadian becoming relegated to a language of the political elite.

3087: 2561: 1464:. Ashurnasirpal's royal inscriptions proudly proclaim that he and his army symbolically cleaned their weapons in the water of the Mediterranean. 1441: 897: 468: 4473: 12385: 11649: 11629: 11624: 10538: 3418: 2263:

Bel-ibni's tenure as Babylonian vassal ruler did not last long and he continually opposed by Marduk-apla-iddina and another Chaldean warlord,

2112: 1977: 1799:. Shamshi-ilu would occupy this position for about 40 years and was for most of that time likely the most powerful political actor in Assyria. 1780: 1248:. Though Adad-nirari did not manage to incorporate territories so far away from the Assyrian heartland into the empire, he secured the city of 901: 17361: 9956: 8978:

Frahm, Eckart (2014). "Family Matters: Psychohistorical Reflections on Sennacherib and His Times". In Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (eds.).

20757: 20478: 20389: 20078: 19793: 19735: 19731: 18503: 15384: 12422: 11799: 11789: 11754: 4910: 2440: 2389: 1365: 1361: 4061:

important innovation in Hebrew theology during the period roughly corresponding to the time of the Neo-Assyrian Empire was the elevation of

3164: 2958:(translated as "deputy" by modern historians, the title literally means "second") and at the bottom of the hierarchy were village managers ( 1651: 935:. The Neo-Assyrian Empire became an important part of later folklore and literary traditions in northern Mesopotamia through the subsequent 20035: 20031: 19739: 16920: 15547: 14926: 12412: 11864: 11804: 11564: 2506: 2467: 2372:

who plagued the northwestern part of the empire, conquered the cities of Kundu and Sissû in Anatolia, and conquered the Phoenician city of

12415: 12395: 2491:, from which enormous amounts of plundered booty was sent back to Assyria. In 664 BC, after a prolonged period of peace, the Elamite king 23444: 20482: 20289: 19860: 19823: 19789: 19364: 19360: 18693: 16571: 12420: 12416: 12381: 12348: 11749: 11644: 11383: 10533: 8759: 3159: 2196:

in Anatolia. To the shock of the Assyrians, Sargon was in this campaign killed in battle with the army being unable to recover his body.

2166: 952: 12376: 12375: 10465: 4947: 23088: 19647: 19491: 19356: 19352: 18633: 16591: 15520: 14921: 12389: 11729: 11704: 11699: 11614: 11599: 10182: 10150: 4990:"The name Anshar, softened into Aushar, and subsequently into Ashshur, was first applied to the town and then to the whole country" in 3912:) by and large characterize Sennacherib as an archetypical pagan king assassinated as part of a family feud, whose children convert to 3818:

the river's level vis-à-vis the surrounding lands and changes in the water level. Because periods of drought often threatened Assyrian

1188:, beginning under Ashur-dan II near the end of the Middle Assyrian period and covering the reigns of the first two Neo-Assyrian kings, 1708: 24849: 23959: 20375: 20371: 20285: 20082: 18839: 13820: 13271: 12526: 12417: 11839: 11834: 11784: 11739: 11734: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11639: 11634: 11589: 10311: 4970: 2125: 1320: 1309: 1301: 1078:

1243–1207 BC), the empire reached its greatest extent and became the dominant force in Mesopotamia, for a time even subjugating

4049:. Additionally, some stories in the Bible appear to be at least partly drawn from events in Assyrian history; the Biblical story of 1980:; he settled tens, if not hundreds, of thousand foreigners in both the Assyrian heartland and in far-away underdeveloped provinces. 24331: 20486: 19743: 18496: 15318: 14192: 12426: 11764: 11709: 11694: 11439: 10788: 10498: 4204: 1232:

Among the conquests of Adad-nirari, the most strategically important campaigns were the wars directed to the southeast, beyond the

12430: 16611: 14707: 12704: 12406: 12405: 11869: 11724: 11000: 9996: 4367:

supported a sequence of three world empires and a successive transfer of world domination from the Assyrians to the Medes to the

2232: 1976:. Tiglath-Pileser's conquests are, in addition to their extent, also noteworthy because of the large scale in which he undertook 1409: 12421: 12371: 3374: 3304:) used small horses bred in the northern parts of the Assyrian heartland. The cavalry was commanded by a general with the title 2495:

launched a surprise invasion of Babylonia which renewed hostilities. After indecisive campaigns for ten years, the Elamite king

24909: 19889: 19643: 19623: 15915: 15810: 14952: 14899: 13019: 13013: 11719: 9997:"Royal pen pals: the kings of Assyria in correspondence with officials, clients and total strangers (8th and 7th centuries BC)" 9628: 4229: 2141:

pirates in the eastern Mediterranean. A significant victory was the 714 BC campaign against Urartu, in which the Urartian king

19596: 19305: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12401: 5089: 4215:

of Ashurnasirpal II, with numerous walls covered in reliefs. Layard's illustrated two-volume book presenting his discoveries,

24844: 23647: 23598: 23551: 23521: 18314: 17696: 16681: 16559: 13508: 12411: 12370: 11904: 10384: 10361: 10340: 10272: 10090: 10043: 10022: 9985: 9892: 9800: 9735: 9714: 9667: 9539: 9450: 9429: 9408: 9270: 9207: 9186: 9165: 9144: 9123: 9093: 9070: 9051: 9031: 9010: 8989: 8968: 8939: 8906: 8885: 8864: 8843: 8748: 8691: 8631: 8612: 8591: 8570: 8549: 8520: 8499: 5149: 5030: 5003: 4559: 2769: 1039: 23625: 13486: 12429: 12410: 9611: 4432:(erroneous since no such empire existed), Assyria, Babylonia, Media and Persia. Rawlinson expanded the sequence in his 1876 152: 24904: 24083: 23990: 16781: 14830: 14685: 13944: 13851: 12480: 12404: 12403: 12391: 3917: 3549: 3105:

seals, which demonstrated their authority. Messages without such seals could not be sent through the communication system.

2308:

retribution. After a series of battles, Sennacherib finally recaptured Babylon in 689 BC. Mushezib-Marduk was captured and

18220: 9915: 23985: 21845: 19340: 19192: 19049: 15277: 14992: 14818: 13846: 13354: 12435: 11967: 11130: 10781: 10491: 10246: 8817: 4029: 987: 750:

in history. It influenced other empires of the ancient world culturally, administratively, and militarily, including the

51: 12402: 9584: 9398: 6156:

Na'aman, N., 'Sargon II and the rebellion of the Cypriote kings against Shilta of Tyre', Orientalia 67 (1998), 239–247 .

2934:). When lands were added to an existing province, this was usually expressed as "I added (the land) to the province X" ( 24919: 24336: 24252: 23975: 23940: 22515: 20194: 18366: 17366: 16676: 16604: 16578: 15768: 15308: 15298: 14197: 14113: 13836: 13801: 13031: 2157:. Cyprus was thus absorbed into the Assyrian Empire, with the victory commemorated with a stele found near present-day 8602: 3702:). Though it was no longer spoken, some scholarly texts from the Neo-Assyrian period were also written in the ancient 3427:

Line-drawing of a Neo-Assyrian relief depicting a family of deportees leaving a captured Babylonian city in an ox-cart

24380: 17010: 16276: 15313: 15260: 15198: 14886: 14869: 14241: 10857: 10543: 10294: 5176: 5121: 2827: 2439:

least three major insurgencies against Esarhaddon within the Assyrian heartland itself; in Nineveh, the chief eunuch

20861: 12557: 12434: 12418: 12373: 12372: 24884: 24468: 24453: 24049: 24037: 16842: 16501: 15746: 15431: 15230: 15154: 14942: 14329: 14314: 13910: 13898: 13413: 11897: 11557: 11521: 10727: 8854: 8722: 12374: 9382: 3138:. Messages were sent either through a trusted envoy or through a series of relay riders. The relay system, called 24914: 24326: 24312: 24064: 23714: 22509: 17992: 16968: 16727: 15928: 15426: 14874: 14187: 14173: 13925: 13575: 12699: 12473: 12341: 2331: 891:

administrative innovations. In the military, important innovations included a large-scale use of cavalry and new

17154: 16759: 8895:

Fincke, Jeanette C. (2017). "Assyrian Scholarship and Scribal Culture in Kalḫu and Nineveh". In E. Frahm (ed.).

2219:

crown prince. One of the first building projects he undertook was restoring a temple dedicated to the death-god

23930: 22582: 22129: 22053: 16532: 16262: 15568: 15265: 15220: 15134: 15112: 15025: 13791: 13094: 13079: 13061: 13037: 12942: 12767: 12437: 12398: 11434: 11418: 10434: 10390: 10066: 9790: 9774: 4602: 3712:). Translators are only mentioned in cases when Assyrians communicated with speakers of non-Semitic languages. 3546:

languages, i.e. the primary spoken languages of the people of northern and southern Mesopotamia, respectively.

47: 12432: 12103: 9673: 9558: 4839:

For a lack of a better term; there was no corresponding ancient Assyrian term or clearly defined legal status.

2661:. In late 615 or in 614 BC, Cyaxares and his army entered Assyria and conquered the region around the city of 23434: 23414: 22696: 22603: 22588: 22426: 22296: 22097: 21796: 21481: 18865: 18430: 16251: 16125: 15657: 15374: 15095: 12948: 12909: 12823: 12694: 12436: 12433: 12393: 11460: 9461: 8788:"The Burning of Captives in the Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, and Early Neo-Assyrian Conceptions of the Other" 5046:

Quentin, A. (1895). "Inscription Inédite du Roi Assurbanipal: Copiée Au Musée Britannique le 24 Avril 1886".

2549: 228: 3846:

and efficiently drain the yards, roofs and toilets of not only palaces and temples, but also private homes.

2095: 24894: 24879: 24834: 24076: 23235: 23044: 23020: 22420: 21400: 18425: 18309: 16740: 16566: 16491: 15869: 15741: 15436: 15067: 15047: 13937: 13433: 13408: 13344: 13108: 12423: 12419: 12301: 11470: 11205: 10749: 9196:

Jakob, Stefan (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Middle Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).

8643: 9528:

Luukko, Mikko; Van Buylaere, Greta (2017). "Languages and Writing Systems in Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).

3970:

follows a legendary royal advisor, named Ahikar, of Sennacherib and Esarhaddon and is first attested on a

3706:. Though they must have been necessary, Neo-Assyrian texts rarely mentioned translators and interpreters ( 1572:, devastated the Urartian heartland, and then marched into what today is western Iran before returning to 24625: 24390: 24353: 24285: 24054: 22657: 21696: 21495: 21042: 21036: 19283: 18639: 18435: 17472: 16771: 16764: 16619: 16479: 15696: 15323: 15303: 15225: 15149: 14894: 14700: 14486: 14251: 14214: 14146: 13915: 13418: 13364: 13227: 12925: 12644: 12619: 12613: 12536: 11550: 11526: 11408: 11403: 11338: 11014: 9501: 9467: 4280: 3553:

Line-drawing of a relief depicting Neo-Assyrian scribes recording the number of enemies slain by soldiers

2346: 2025: 1497: 17: 12428: 12414: 10083:

Multilingualism in Ancient Contexts: Perspectives from Ancient Near Eastern and Early Christian Contexts

10032:

Radner, Karen (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Neo-Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).

24924: 24803: 24478: 24458: 24300: 24290: 24280: 23980: 23970: 23749: 23284: 23140: 22903: 22594: 22404: 21750: 21412: 21380: 21374: 19581: 16717: 16515: 16352: 15948: 15908: 15419: 15394: 15272: 15122: 14959: 14947: 14813: 14664: 14339: 14319: 14161: 14151: 14141: 13841: 13831: 13610: 13428: 12650: 12454: 12334: 11531: 11140: 9633: 9606: 9579: 9497:

Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 2: Historical Records of Assyria From Sargon to the End

8510: 4046: 2890: 2667: 2415: 2408: 2276: 852:, which ruled from 722 BC to the fall of the empire, Assyria reached its apex. Under the Sargonid king 494: 455: 16525: 13073: 12387: 12382: 12380: 9863: 9810:

Parker, Bradley J. (2011). "The Construction and Performance of Kingship in the Neo-Assyrian Empire".

4133: 3939: 2832: 2628:

leadership, the Assyrian campaigns against Nabopolassar initially looked to be successful: in 625 BC,

1064:

1305–1274 BC) onwards, Assyria became one of the great powers of the ancient Near East and under

24859: 24430: 24275: 23845: 23640: 23421: 23029: 22915: 22897: 22747: 22409: 22273: 21974: 21789: 20686: 18393: 17541: 17105: 16795: 16327: 16268: 15597: 15235: 15215: 14862: 14291: 14136: 13706: 13501: 12427: 11215: 11030: 10717: 9939: 9419: 9310: 2516: 2381: 1968:, to pay tribute and become Assyrian vassals. In 732 BC, the Assyrians captured Damascus and much of 955:, the Assyrians were not excessively brutal when compared to other civilizations throughout history. 887:. The causes behind how Assyria could be destroyed so quickly continue to be debated among scholars. 9849:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" 9439:

Liverani, Mario (2017). "Thoughts on the Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Kingship". In E. Frahm (ed.).

5215: 3287: 24899: 24864: 24839: 24517: 24488: 24132: 23407: 23052: 23049: 22972: 22942: 22885: 22871: 22277: 21261: 20999: 20416: 20200: 19043: 18351: 18326: 18176: 17835: 17830: 16885: 16857: 16664: 15795: 15461: 15159: 15088: 14857: 14378: 14349: 13993: 13349: 12887: 12638: 12390: 12383: 11170: 10812: 9948: 4082: 2199: 2088:, who took control of Babylon, restoring Babylonian independence, and allied with the Elamite king 1018:

in the 24th century BC. The first great Mesopotamian empire is generally regarded to have been the

700: 563: 99: 21254: 12546: 10375:. In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʿal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.). 9175:

Jakob, Stefan (2017). "The Middle Assyrian Period (14th to 11th Century BCE)". In E. Frahm (ed.).

4902: 3928:

in Assur. Thankful, Sinharib then converts to Christianity and founds an important monastery near

24874: 24745: 24493: 24157: 23890: 23067: 22995: 22969: 22945: 22939: 22924: 22836: 22772: 22737: 22681: 22630: 22203: 20680: 20461: 20206: 19514: 18972: 18418: 18299: 17840: 17793: 17736: 17435: 17379: 17127: 16496: 16486: 16347: 16332: 16232: 16186: 15857: 15144: 15117: 15062: 15057: 14909: 14606: 14354: 14018: 13751: 13438: 12972: 12960: 12833: 12732: 12052: 11480: 11413: 11307: 11160: 11078: 11073: 10190: 10055:"Last Emperor or Crown Prince Forever? Aššur-uballiṭ II of Assyria according to Archival Sources" 10014:

Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East: In the Crucible of Empire

9977: 9931: 9884:

Visions of Community in the Post-Roman World: The West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, 300–1100

4849: 4316:, i.e. supposed transfer of the right to universal rule, from the Neo-Assyrian Empire to (rival) 3827: 3762: 3746: 3730: 3659: 3490: 2524: 1905:, and thus the earliest king for which there exists important outside perspectives on his reign. 1744: 739: 91: 16520: 14904: 12396: 12379: 9154:

Heeßel, Nils P. (2017). "Assyrian Scholarship and Scribal Culture in Ashur". In E. Frahm (ed.).

3725: 2422:

and took the Egyptian armies by surprise. After a series of three large battles against Pharaoh

1525:. The most impressive and important project conducted was the restoration of the ruined town of 762:. At its height, the empire was the strongest military power in the world and ruled over all of 24869: 24448: 24307: 24177: 24152: 24022: 23774: 23230: 23220: 23010: 23005: 23000: 22960: 22951: 22894: 22874: 22868: 22862: 22859: 22850: 22778: 22775: 22766: 22666: 22645: 22259: 22033: 21965: 21875: 21619: 21613: 21094: 20549: 20408: 19973: 19754: 19294: 19268: 19228: 18871: 18644: 18440: 18341: 18336: 18024: 17972: 17892: 17825: 17729: 17714: 17607: 17374: 17328: 17169: 17056: 16373: 16368: 16282: 16037: 15953: 15652: 15592: 15580: 15473: 15330: 14823: 14746: 14693: 14309: 14168: 14038: 14013: 13883: 13635: 13193: 12805: 12607: 12601: 12509:

with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans

12431: 11511: 11363: 11122: 4597: 4155: 3231: 2758: 1043: 968: 790: 656: 549: 75: 23541: 19847: 18876: 15647: 12709: 10261:

Trolle Larsen, Mogens (2017). "The Archaeological Exploration of Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).

8622:

Bedford, Peter R. (2009). "The Neo-Assyrian Empire". In Morris, Ian; Scheidel, Walter (eds.).

5020: 3485: 2153:', or Greece. There are other inscriptions referring to the land of Ia' in Sargon's palace at 24813: 24552: 24420: 24032: 23905: 23884: 23804: 23764: 23655: 23590:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

23511: 23474: 23396: 23273: 22933: 22909: 22865: 22853: 22847: 22844: 22799: 22793: 22769: 22734: 22690: 22678: 22675: 22672: 22660: 22654: 22642: 22636: 22455: 22365: 22362: 22353: 21916: 19993: 18371: 18331: 18144: 18019: 17083: 17073: 17032: 17003: 16890: 16812: 16712: 16554: 16537: 16464: 16342: 16240: 16082: 15901: 15800: 15585: 15575: 15542: 15282: 15105: 14674: 14413: 14281: 13893: 13766: 13745: 13665: 13625: 13516: 12817: 12793: 12219: 11180: 10450: 5111: 4993: 4932: 3683: 3621: 3589: 3458:. Aramaic remained the lingua franca of the region until suppression of Christians under the 3423: 2704: 2646: 2085: 1997:

populace to accept him as ruler, Tiglath-Pileser twice partook in the traditional Babylonian

1920: 1898: 1046:

in the 14th century BC, previously only having been a city-state centered around the city of

936: 880: 751: 679: 630: 576: 23588: 23440: 19253: 18259: 14715: 10122: 4937: 2540:

would migrate into the region and rebuild the ruined Elamite strongholds for their own use.

2286: 1472: 24647: 24529: 24463: 24425: 24321: 24247: 24242: 24167: 24015: 23633: 22841: 22790: 22699: 22693: 22663: 22265: 22218: 22206: 22030: 21971: 21595: 21489: 21312: 20839: 19987: 19508: 18925: 18464: 18294: 18264: 18139: 18070: 18041: 17960: 17294: 17132: 17122: 16905: 16707: 16542: 16246: 15736: 15731: 15716: 15662: 15607: 15491: 15350: 15335: 15183: 15100: 14914: 14508: 14390: 14324: 14286: 14182: 14108: 14103: 14028: 13876: 13494: 13400: 13386: 13334: 13309: 13299: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13043: 12737: 12377: 11398: 11358: 10837: 7407: 4592: 4211:(1786–1880). At Nimrud, Layard discovered ruins of numerous palaces, including the ancient 3933: 3184:

While on campaign, the army was symbolically led by two gods; with standards of Nergal and

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through claiming that he was on a hunting trip. The expedition was funded entirely by the

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and Babylon, generally made out to be more inclined towards culture, wisdom and science.

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Relief from the time of Ashurbanipal, depicting Babylonian prisoners under Assyrian guard

3401: 2867:, both terms meaning "Woman of the Palace". The feminine version of the word for "king" ( 1886: 1871: 1690: 1404: 932: 834: 742:

in history up to that point. Because of its geopolitical dominance and ideology based in

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Assyrians, taking brutality by later civilizations into account (examples including the

4504: 4375:, alludes to their empire being the successor of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Shortly after 4163: 3920:, set in the 4th century but written long thereafter, casts Sennacherib, under the name 2970:) were employed to keep officials informed of events and developments in foreign lands. 2111:. Sargon's early reign was more successful in the west. There, another movement, led by 24720: 24715: 24700: 24662: 24637: 24574: 24435: 24370: 24005: 23814: 23729: 23572: 23386: 23263: 22824: 22763: 22757: 22285: 22249: 22162: 22143: 22039: 22036: 21989: 21955: 21952: 21907: 21598: 21583: 21568: 21244: 21241: 21232: 20991: 20166: 19894: 19167: 19020: 18937: 18740: 18269: 18249: 18232: 18183: 18048: 17857: 17808: 17741: 17659: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17546: 17516: 17408: 17306: 17174: 17149: 16867: 16817: 16776: 16636: 16624: 16549: 16510: 16474: 16337: 16311: 15969: 15783: 15726: 15706: 15619: 15508: 15451: 15247: 15169: 14835: 14756: 14751: 14581: 14576: 14561: 14523: 14498: 14435: 14296: 14231: 13866: 13675: 13590: 13374: 13294: 13215: 13188: 12905: 12531: 11963: 11475: 11444: 11343: 11190: 11107: 10712: 10564: 10426: 10329:

Watanabe, Kazuko (1999). "Seals of Neo-Assyrian Officials". In Watanabe, Kazuko (ed.).

10142: 10109: 9835: 9827: 9766: 9374: 9366: 9297: 8999:

Frahm, Eckart (2017). "The Neo-Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE)". In E. Frahm (ed.).

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Relief from Tiglath-Pileser's palace in Nimrud depicting the Assyrians besieging a town

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722–705 BC), who in all likelihood was a usurper who deposed his predecessor in a

1987:

The Neo-Assyrian Empire at the start (purple) and end (blue) of Tiglath-Pileser's reign

1218: 1200: 1172: 1156: 979: 922: 916: 755: 735: 95: 81: 24562: 22042: 14423: 9705:

Melville, Sarah C. (2014). "Women in Neo-Assyrian texts". In Chavalas, Mark W. (ed.).

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Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2017). "Assyria in Late Babylonian Sources". In E. Frahm (ed.).

8533:

Making Pictures of War: Realia et Imaginaria in the Iconology of the Ancient Near East

4251:

In 1852, the French continued excavations at Khorsabad, with the new consul at Mosul,

3262:, composed of perhaps 1,000 soldiers, most of whom would have been infantry soldiers ( 2901:

and are sometimes known to have partaken alongside other units in military campaigns.

2736:

impossible to determine the severity of such demographic and climate-related effects.

2443:

was prophesied by a Babylonian hostage to replace Esarhaddon as king, a prophetess in

2399: 1952:

all the way to the Egyptian border, forcing several of the states on the way, such as

1854:

in northwestern Syria in 754 BC, they were also beaten at an important battle against

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rule. One of Adad-nirari's wars brought the Assyrian army as far south as the city of

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in Mosul, and to start excavations at Nineveh. The first consul to be appointed was

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and the whale might draw on earlier stories concerning Shammuramat and the story of

2041: 821:

to the Medieval Arabs) The empire grew even more under Ashurnasirpal II's successor

24632: 24567: 24557: 24231: 24212: 24207: 24202: 24142: 24117: 23470: 23382: 23328: 23259: 23246: 23225: 23190: 23039: 22827: 22796: 22651: 22627: 22395: 22392: 22386: 22341: 22234: 22215: 22209: 22165: 22148: 21992: 21983: 21980: 21904: 21901: 21739: 21624: 21211: 20301: 20235: 20223: 19916: 19463: 18753: 18227: 18014: 18009: 17965: 17952: 17882: 17850: 17845: 17709: 17704: 17686: 17647: 17580: 17563: 17504: 17494: 17489: 17430: 17386: 17356: 17316: 17299: 17282: 17245: 16996: 16961: 16942: 16877: 16695: 16659: 16429: 16288: 16181: 16161: 16156: 16102: 15974: 15936: 15711: 15679: 15501: 15456: 15399: 15052: 14975: 14790: 14493: 14428: 14418: 14092: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14003: 13978: 13314: 12899: 12752: 12724: 12630: 12593: 12296: 11542: 11378: 11373: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11257: 11252: 11242: 11058: 10915: 10900: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10852: 10657: 10651: 10640: 10569: 10418: 10199: 10134: 9819: 9758: 9358: 9334: 9289: 9262: 9230: 8927: 8799: 8761:

Situation and Organisation: The Empire Building of Tiglath-Pileser III (745-728 BC)

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Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period

5081: 4566:), "would probably not even be among the top-ten in a ranking of human brutality". 4419: 4403: 4054: 3835: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3671: 3655: 3651: 2914:

mindset, so much so that the Neo-Assyrians have sometimes been referred to as the "

2686: 2596: 2592: 2577: 2309: 2291: 2081: 2046: 1965: 1846: 1609: 1561: 1530: 1479: 1388: 1349: 1328: 928: 849: 794: 743: 362: 277: 245: 215: 41: 18488: 13252: 9084:. In Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (eds.). 9065:. Publications of the Association of Ancient Historians. Claremont: Regina Books. 7359: 3256:, or royal bodyguards, some drawn from the infantry. The army was subdivided into 2527:

in his palace. Ashurbanipal replaced him as king of Babylon with the puppet ruler

1640: 24854: 24730: 24695: 24584: 24579: 24498: 24409: 24147: 24000: 23912: 23900: 23824: 23819: 23809: 23744: 23719: 23704: 23691: 23679: 23391: 23377: 23352: 23305: 23268: 23254: 23078: 22927: 22880: 22787: 22752: 22624: 22619: 22547: 22521: 22377: 22252: 22246: 22231: 22224: 22178: 22168: 22001: 21946: 21940: 21937: 21883: 21831: 21667: 21601: 21589: 21577: 21565: 21550: 21529: 21448: 21352: 21349: 21323: 21238: 21217: 21205: 21172: 21166: 21136: 21058: 20868: 20220: 20175: 20129: 20123: 20113: 19903: 19003: 18981: 18748: 18445: 18413: 18286: 18254: 18237: 18193: 18188: 18166: 18161: 18119: 18112: 18087: 17947: 17942: 17783: 17664: 17558: 17553: 17521: 17346: 17336: 17230: 17223: 17218: 17203: 17159: 17041: 17027: 16862: 16837: 16827: 16822: 16584: 16176: 16141: 16107: 16022: 15845: 15778: 15758: 15689: 15684: 15629: 15602: 15513: 15486: 15164: 15129: 14591: 14556: 14445: 14440: 14359: 14270: 14008: 13861: 13773: 13761: 13685: 13680: 13670: 13605: 13580: 13565: 13552: 13540: 13242: 13067: 12857: 12851: 12714: 12689: 12669: 12496: 12313: 12282: 12277: 12267: 11977: 11312: 11287: 11282: 11262: 11210: 11200: 11195: 11185: 11165: 11135: 11087: 11083: 11053: 10722: 10590: 10574: 10351: 10262: 10033: 10012: 9882: 9823: 9762: 9725: 9601: 9529: 9440: 9325:

Levin, Yigal (2002). "Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad".

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to also include the Parthian and Sasanian empires. Though expansive sequences of

4372: 4343: 4287:

1550–1290 BC), many researchers consider the Neo-Assyrian Empire to be the first

4151: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 3965: 3909: 3904: 3894: 3667: 3663: 3639: 3505: 3219: 2690: 2621: 2419: 2280: 2264: 2080:. It is clear that Sargon's seizure of power, which marked the foundation of the 2077: 1993: 1751: 1739: 1681: 1565: 1541: 1533:, filled with foreign plants brought back from his wide-ranging campaigns, and a 1504: 1027: 1019: 822: 759: 746:, the Neo-Assyrian Empire is by many researchers regarded to have been the first 289: 23430: 18668: 17867: 8923:

The Routledge Companion to Women and Monarchy in the Ancient Mediterranean World

2977:

Glazed tile from Nimrud depicting a Neo-Assyrian king, accompanied by attendants

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Brinkman, J. A. (1973). "Sennacherib's Babylonian Problem: An Interpretation".

4529: 4407: 4381: 4256: 4241: 4147: 3535: 3463: 3310:. The cavalry was at some point divided into two distinct groups; the archers ( 3122: 2841: 2741: 2693:, the 14th-century BC Assyrian ruler who had been the first to adopt the title 2427: 2404: 2365:, which intensified after the deaths of his queen and several of his children. 2354: 2304: 1945: 1825: 1803: 1723: 1685: 1684:, rebelled in an attempt to seize the throne, possibly because the younger son 1656: 1421: 1189: 1145: 719: 507: 391: 264: 10234: 8787: 2121: 2120:

Sargon continued to focus on both east and west, successfully warring against

24828: 24783: 24735: 24725: 24690: 24642: 24619: 24594: 24358: 24187: 24182: 24059: 23860: 23709: 23584: 23507: 23492: 23364: 23296: 23176: 22821: 22818: 22571: 22565: 22525: 22481: 22389: 22350: 22184: 22123: 22024: 22021: 21949: 21934: 21895: 21892: 21835: 21774: 21656: 21362: 21355: 21332: 21226: 21220: 21184: 21106: 21062: 21019: 20811: 20709: 20703: 20661: 20560: 20363: 20325: 20098: 19984: 19898: 19708: 19659: 19414: 19398: 19091: 19017: 18978: 18952: 18946: 18907: 18848: 18819: 18544: 18469: 18356: 18151: 18124: 18097: 18075: 18053: 17820: 17803: 17788: 17632: 17585: 17573: 17499: 17391: 17265: 17260: 17235: 17117: 16910: 16403: 16398: 16383: 16221: 16198: 16166: 16131: 16067: 16009: 15979: 15833: 15773: 15674: 15414: 15409: 15042: 14987: 14778: 14644: 14596: 14586: 14551: 14503: 14480: 14455: 14219: 14048: 14043: 13920: 13721: 13570: 12966: 12573: 12551: 12159: 12155: 11988: 11829: 11092: 10940: 10847: 10732: 10645: 10615: 10600: 10307: 10282: 10211: 9697: 9574: 9509: 9221:[The Sons of Kudurru and the Origins of the New Babylonian Dynasty]. 8931: 5059: 4942: 4563: 4159: 4143: 4100: 3925: 3593: 3455: 3383:

Ashurnasirpal II designated Nimrud as the new capital of the empire onwards,

3347: 3330:

While on campaign, the army made heavy use of both interpreters/translators (

3323: 3174: 2793: 2654: 2600: 2488: 2377: 2193: 2130: 2100: 2009: 1814: 1605: 1457: 1296: 1051: 1011: 909: 892: 590: 481: 181: 20446: 17897: 17877: 13232: 10760: 9311:""Royal Roads" and other questions of the Neo-Assyrian communication system" 2940:). At the top of the provincial administration was the provincial governor ( 1583:

Depiction of Shalmaneser III (right) shaking hands with the Babylonian king

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Reade, J. E. (1998). "Assyrian eponyms, kings and pretenders, 648–605 BC".

9656:"The Last Campaign: the Assyrian Way of War and the Collapse of the Empire" 8541: 4889: 4827: 4788: 4695: 4398: 4288: 4252: 4091: 4006: 3913: 3539: 3393: 3281: 3190: 3178: 3168:

Relief from Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh depicting two Assyrian spearmen

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Assyrian rule and regain independence, a movement which swiftly proclaimed

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nearly completely in an effort to eradicate Babylonian political identity.

2008:

Tiglath-Pileser was succeeded by his son Ululayu, who took the regnal name

1902: 1851: 1677: 1383:

Ashurnasirpal's later campaigns included three wars against the kingdom of

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History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, Volume 6 (of 12)

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Some Aramaic-language stories spread far beyond northern Mesopotamia. The

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After Ashurbanipal's death in 631 BC, the throne was inherited by his son

2001:(New Year's) celebrations, held in honor of the Babylonian national deity 1568:

was forced to flee as Shalmaneser's forces sacked the Urartian capital of

1540:

Ashurnasirpal's aggressive military politics were continued under his son

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Relief of Sennacherib, depicting an Assyrian soldier beheading a prisoner

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The ancient Assyrians primarily spoke and wrote the Assyrian language, a

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on November 22/23 626 BC, restoring Babylonia as an independent kingdom.

2487:

were defeated and Ashurbanipal captured the southern Egyptian capital of

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and he also appears to have annexed lands in northern Syria and Cilicia.

1802:

After Adad-nirari's death in 783, three of his sons ruled in succession:

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Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography

9020:

Frahm, Eckart (2017). "Assyria in the Hebrew Bible". In E. Frahm (ed.).

8981:

Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography

8718: 8702: 6092: 5067: 4012: 1420:. Ahuni's defeat was highly important as it marked the first time since 23870: 23358: 23355: 23337: 23314: 23299: 23293: 23173: 23170: 23128: 23116: 23110: 23095: 22966: 22957: 22954: 22948: 22930: 22900: 22708: 22633: 22574: 22440: 22380: 22243: 22137: 22108: 22105: 22102: 22090: 22082: 22070: 22058: 21804: 21780: 21765: 21701: 21663: 21640: 21634: 21538: 21277: 21109: 21007: 20966: 20956: 20950: 20912: 20909: 20906: 20900: 20888: 20876: 20873: 20843: 20789: 20786: 20599: 20578: 20554: 20530: 20359: 20250: 20247: 20238: 20229: 20148: 20039: 19925: 19880: 19868: 19712: 19550: 19546: 19495: 19316: 19224: 19150: 19146: 18890: 18763: 18713: 18707: 18107: 17924: 17798: 17758: 17691: 16032: 15994: 13731: 13203: 13198: 12996: 11844: 11048: 11043: 10630: 10422: 9370: 9347: 8664: 8536:. Archaeopress Ancient Near Eastern Archaeology. Oxford: Archaeopress. 7371: 4951:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 788. 4813: 4550: 4350:, or Babylonia being the successor of the Akkadian Empire. The idea of 4066: 3843: 3584: 3543: 2369: 2335: 2181: 1932: 1866: 1855: 1597: 1437: 1373: 1233: 919:

promulgated by the Neo-Assyrian kings inspired, through the concept of

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Hauser, Stefan R. (2017). "Post-Imperial Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).

8624:

The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium

7913: 5251: 5249: 2715: 1983: 963: 793:(1365 - 1050 BC) had been lost during the late 11th century BC. Under 24680: 24652: 24599: 24137: 23829: 23789: 23367: 23310: 23167: 23137: 23131: 23122: 23107: 23101: 23083: 23058: 22936: 22918: 22705: 22702: 22562: 22489: 22475: 22446: 22434: 22356: 22327: 22067: 22061: 21826: 21756: 21713: 21710: 21659: 21442: 21359: 21345: 21342: 21298: 21292: 21274: 21196: 21187: 21157: 21154: 21145: 21127: 21124: 20962: 20959: 20823: 20819: 20795: 20743: 20730: 20700: 20595: 20591: 20469: 20329: 20066: 20061: 20057: 20026: 19943: 19920: 19884: 19769: 19692: 19615: 19607: 19574: 19471: 19455: 19427: 19390: 19259: 19217: 19034: 18913: 18799: 17997: 17768: 17652: 17622: 17403: 17277: 17068: 16378: 16087: 14541: 14513: 14460: 13998: 13690: 13650: 13423: 13257: 13137: 12978: 12919: 12171: 12141: 11353: 11038: 10925: 10862: 10620: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7729: 7727: 7714: 7712: 4632: 4360: 4333:) was a long established tradition in Mesopotamia, going back to the 4304: 4167: 4002: 3741:, an ancestor of a later influential family of advisors and scribes. 3459: 3118: 3017: 2545: 2528: 2484: 2459:

669–631 BC) would succeed him in Assyria and that the older son

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Assyrian control in this direction. Among the lands he defeated were

1237: 1079: 845: 428: 313: 10406: 10372: 10330: 10054: 9746: 9362: 8656: 8221: 8219: 7467: 6872: 6654: 4791:

as well, placing the beginning of the Neo-Assyrian period in 934 BC.

2989: 1948:

were conquered and in 734 BC, the Assyrian army marched through the

24197: 24027: 24010: 23784: 23779: 23317: 23143: 23104: 23098: 22975: 22556: 22553: 22498: 22495: 22437: 22368: 22318: 22281: 22134: 21676: 21535: 21517: 21500: 21438: 21365: 21339: 21286: 21268: 21178: 21053: 20944: 20935: 20923: 20891: 20855: 20831: 20781: 20749: 20725: 20697: 20667: 20655: 20648: 20634: 20628: 20563: 20473: 20455: 20367: 20345: 20341: 20226: 20152: 19981: 19935: 19912: 19907: 19838: 19833: 19802: 19619: 19543: 19539: 19532: 19410: 19331: 19176: 19008: 18998: 18993: 18984: 18920: 18903: 18674: 18621: 17398: 17181: 17139: 17078: 16027: 16017: 15525: 14852: 14058: 13888: 13871: 13645: 13640: 13208: 13181: 13154: 13142: 13127: 12881: 12828: 12165: 12150: 12146: 12130: 12096: 12084: 12072: 12047: 11774: 11689: 11490: 11145: 11068: 11063: 10970: 10955: 10950: 10905: 10138: 9747:"Chronology and History in the Late Assyrian Empire (631—619 B.C.)" 9655: 9629:"The Greatest Party Ever Thrown: Ashurnasirpal II's Kalhu Festival" 9550: 9219:"Die Söhne Kudurrus und die Herkunft der neubabylonischen Dynastie" 7347: 5246: 5193: 4936: 4118:, the region was later devastated once more during the rise of the 4057:

was likely at least partly inspired by Esarhaddon's rise to power.

3986: 3921: 3839: 3647: 3576: 2894: 2658: 2537: 2241: 2228: 1925: 1917:, as his name and tiles were erased from some of his inscriptions. 1627: 1417: 1400: 1399:

in the north, and, most prominently, near continuous conflict with

1273: 771: 727: 378: 238: 23546:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 22535: 15535: 12465: 7884: 7843: 7826: 7809: 7797: 7724: 7709: 4371:. Inscriptions from several of the Achaemenid kings, most notably 4263:

and the archaeological finds were lost. After the outbreak of the

4191:

1852 illustration by Austen Henry Layard of excavations at Nineveh

4137:

1849 illustration of a relief from Dur-Sharrukin by Eugène Flandin

2797:

Line-drawing of a relief from Nimrud depicting a Neo-Assyrian king

2636: 1348:

was initiated in the reign of Tukulti-Ninurta's son and successor

738:

throughout much of the 9th to 7th centuries BC, becoming the

24657: 24614: 23794: 23739: 23370: 23198: 23179: 23164: 23158: 23152: 22486: 22431: 22324: 22321: 22269: 22120: 21862: 21801: 21722: 21716: 21457: 21451: 21223: 21193: 21048: 20938: 20903: 20694: 20637: 20538: 20507: 20211: 19760: 19703: 19632: 19527: 19519: 19384: 19319: 19126: 19123: 19108: 19104: 18916: 18910: 18894: 18772: 17311: 17240: 17196: 17051: 16832: 15893: 14518: 14475: 13655: 13600: 13470: 12863: 12785: 12665: 12224: 12189: 12183: 12177: 12067: 12035: 12014: 11814: 11794: 11779: 11759: 11594: 11584: 11247: 10975: 10965: 10930: 10920: 9116:

Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC: II (858–745 BC)

8737:

Dalley, Stephanie (2017). "Assyrian Warfare". In E. Frahm (ed.).

8255: 8243: 8231: 8216: 8077: 8075: 5383: 5381: 4860:

One of Sargon's letters, written in response to an official from

4513: 4429: 4364: 4260: 4187: 4158:, to persuade the French authorities to create the position of a 4041:

theology was influenced by the Neo-Assyrian Empire: the Biblical

4038: 3990: 3971: 3881: 3853: 3808: 3801: 3679: 3608: 3567: 3494: 3292: 3291:

Line-drawing of a Neo-Assyrian relief showing soldiers forming a

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was defeated in 653 BC, captured and executed in a battle by the

2496: 2423: 2393: 2252: 2158: 2150: 2138: 2021: 1973: 1632: 1622: 1555: 1522: 1277: 1249: 940: 905: 864: 783: 715: 618: 441: 187: 20623: 17112: 11769: 8267: 3113: 1106:

934–912 BC) who campaigned in the northeast and northwest.

24537: 24192: 23161: 23155: 23113: 23024: 22492: 22443: 22018:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

21816: 21719: 21704: 21688: 21433: 21418: 21283: 21190: 21181: 21115: 21072: 20941: 20932: 20929: 20926: 20827: 20799: 20740: 20631: 20526: 20353: 20232: 20144: 20132: 19763: 19720: 19685: 19666: 19638: 19535: 19467: 19405: 19348: 19300: 19209: 19180: 19136: 19133: 19083: 19013: 18931: 18884: 18834: 18809: 18804: 18783: 18600: 18574: 18549: 17144: 17019: 16434: 16388: 16062: 16047: 15530: 14723: 14718: 14398: 14053: 13443: 13247: 13176: 13149: 13132: 11714: 11684: 11654: 11619: 11604: 10995: 10945: 10867: 9320:. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. pp. 129–136. 9280:

Kertai, David (2013). "The Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire".

4177: 4062: 3643: 3509: 3384: 3097: 2815: 2703:

in 605. Though Assyrian culture endured through the subsequent

2629: 2608: 2571: 2444: 2220: 2145:

was defeated and much of the Urartian heartland was plundered.

2142: 2116: 2002: 1949: 1937: 1775: 1698: 1526: 1453: 1396: 1369: 1281: 1269: 1253: 818: 767: 404: 193: 175: 20618: 20170: 19842: 19440: 19435: 19263: 19248: 12368: 9908:

ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad

9724:

Merrill, Eugene; Rooker, Mark F.; Grisanti, Michael A (2011).

9551:"Mobilisation and Militarisation in the Neo-Babylonian Empire" 8963:. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. 8559:

Bagg, Ariel (2017). "Assyrian Technology". In E. Frahm (ed.).

8072: 6988: 6986: 5378: 4801: 1924:

20th-century illustration of Tiglath-Pileser III's capture of

1312:. In later times, Gilzanu often supplied Assyria with horses. 24750: 23734: 23361: 23343: 21858: 21464: 21445: 20511: 20422: 20393: 20320: 20052: 19716: 19603: 19522: 19450: 19327: 19323: 19205: 19143: 19139: 19100: 18887: 18829: 18824: 18814: 18787: 18569: 17778: 16302: 16052: 15924: 14611: 13595: 13171: 13159: 13055: 12030: 11809: 11609: 11348: 10985: 10980: 10960: 8204: 7313: 7311: 4534: 4525: 4200: 4123: 4070: 4050: 4033: 3998: 3929: 3603:

727–722 BC). The inscriptions on the weight are in both

3250:("king's unit"). Closely accompanying the king were also the 2431: 2373: 2134: 1998: 1953: 1573: 1461: 1449: 1392: 1384: 1324: 1291:, was rebuilt and became an important administrative center. 1047: 1006: 948: 884: 814: 810: 806: 169: 24930:

States and territories disestablished in the 10th century BC

20735: 19697: 9727:

The World and the Word: An Introduction to the Old Testament

7170: 4447: 4270: 4195:

Another early explorer to oversee extensive excavations was

24945:

States and territories established in the 2nd millennium BC

24935:

States and territories disestablished in the 7th century BC

23945: 23922: 23665: 23659: 22315: 22079: 22006: 21850: 21606: 20717: 20572: 20494: 20335: 20263: 20092: 19978: 19809: 19784: 19672: 19653: 19422: 19380: 19335: 19275: 19213: 19160: 19129: 19058: 18958: 18900: 18897: 18844: 18688: 18680: 18650: 18610: 18594: 18584: 18554: 16042: 13806: 13783: 13526: 13520: 12026: 10935: 9400:

The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule

8323: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8294: 7515: 7491: 7455: 6983: 6947: 6787: 6785: 6770: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6618: 6606: 6196: 6194: 5882: 5508: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 4698: 4661: 4579: 4542: 4509: 4478: 3842:

systems for buildings which made it possible to dispose of

3823: 3208: 3185: 3130: 2617: 2566: 2532: 2500: 1961: 1957: 1671:

not led by the king, but by the long-serving and prominent

1245: 912:, a position the language retained until the 14th century. 779: 126: 16988: 10165:

Svärd, Saana (2015). "Changes in Neo-Assyrian Queenship".

8835:

The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach

8180: 7961: 7949: 7656: 7503: 7308: 7143: 7083: 7071: 7059: 6860: 6802: 6800: 6748: 6746: 6733: 6731: 6302: 6013: 6011: 5984: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5195:

The Assyrian Heritage. Threads of Continuity and Influence

5192:

A. Cetrez, Onver; G. Donabed, Sargon; Makko, Aryo (2012).

4481:

chiefs having their tongues removed and being flayed alive

3378:

Neo-Assyrian relief from Nimrud depicting a tribute-bearer

2414:

Esarhaddon's greatest military achievement was his 671 BC

24940:

States and territories established in the 10th century BC

20312: 10407:"Going Native: Šamaš-šuma-ukīn, Assyrian King of Babylon" 8357: 8345: 8279: 8050: 8048: 8033: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7646: 7644: 7631: 7629: 7592: 7590: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7298: 7296: 7233: 7160: 7158: 6546: 6465: 5945: 5943: 5688: 5082:"Sumerian dictionary entry: Aššur [ASSYRIA] (GN)" 4410:

and Ottoman empires claimed succession. In the west, the

4299: 1534: 23481:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 9789:

Oates, Joan (1992). "The fall of Assyria (635–609 BC)".

9082:"Assyria: Ashur-dan II to Ashur-Nirari V (934–745 B.C.)" 8333: 8310: 8291: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8021: 7997: 7697: 7211: 7209: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6888: 6824: 6782: 6758: 6699: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6666: 6642: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6388: 6319: 6317: 6290: 6237: 6191: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5632: 5630: 5474: 5472: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5234: 5191: 4069:

that would later characterize Judaism, Christianity and

3369: 2607:

seized several prominent cities in Babylonia, including

722:

in 911 BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire grew to dominate the

19949: 18605: 9088:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8920:. In Carney, Elizabeth D. & Müller, Sabine (eds.). 7675: 7673: 7671: 7419: 7395: 7194: 7182: 7023: 6971: 6812: 6797: 6743: 6728: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6140: 6138: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6057: 6055: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6008: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5909: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5820: 5818: 5805: 5803: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5552: 5550: 5496: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5438: 5436: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 4861: 4508:

Relief of Ashurbanipal, depicting the beheading of the

4435:

The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World

3834:. Vital, though smaller, hydraulic works also included 2616:, probably a member of a prominent political family in 2388:

where he conquered a large number of cities, including

982:

was a long-established aspect of royal ideology in the

23460:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

9932:"The King's Road – the imperial communication network" 8419: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8398: 8396: 8369: 8168: 8156: 8144: 8132: 8045: 7973: 7937: 7925: 7901: 7872: 7860: 7774: 7762: 7739: 7641: 7626: 7614: 7602: 7587: 7570: 7558: 7546: 7527: 7479: 7443: 7431: 7383: 7335: 7323: 7293: 7281: 7245: 7155: 7131: 7119: 7107: 7095: 6912: 6900: 6848: 5996: 5940: 5849: 5484: 4884:

Name used in Neo-Babylonian inscriptions, such as the

4747: 4726: 4705: 4685: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4643: 4622: 4428:, the five Oriental empires are regarded to have been 4425:

The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World

4171: 3851: 3806: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3707: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3337: 3331: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3201: 3194: 3193:) or influential generals and courtiers (for instance 3145: 3139: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2993: 2983: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2694: 1791: 1762: 1702: 1672: 1553: 1183: 848:

in the south and large parts of the Levant. Under the

136: 20981:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

12356: 9723: 9063:

Current Issues and the Study of the Ancient Near East

8192: 8111: 8087: 8060: 7685: 7269: 7257: 7221: 7206: 7035: 6998: 6959: 6924: 6678: 6630: 6594: 6582: 6570: 6558: 6521: 6494: 6352: 6314: 6278: 6104: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5654: 5642: 5627: 5537: 5535: 5469: 5393: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5296: 5273: 5255: 5222: 4433: 4423: 4334: 4222: 4216: 4016: 3963: 3943: 3892: 3432: 2640: 2510: 2403:

20th-century illustration of the Assyrians capturing

2099:

20th-century reconstruction of Sargon II's palace at

2068: 1343: 1244:, close to the border of the southwestern kingdom of 1177: 1121: 986:

prior to the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. In the

20049:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

11572: 10004:

Official Epistolography and the Language(s) of Power

9904:"The Trials of Esarhaddon: The Conspiracy of 670 BC" 8441: 8429: 8099: 8009: 7985: 7668: 7047: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6453: 6441: 6412: 6400: 6364: 6329: 6266: 6249: 6225: 6206: 6179: 6135: 6123: 6067: 6052: 6035: 6023: 5967: 5955: 5921: 5861: 5830: 5815: 5800: 5777: 5700: 5671: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5547: 5520: 5448: 5433: 5317: 5261: 3871: 3225:

Relief of a Neo-Assyrian soldier, 900–600 BC, Nimrud

18518: 10183:"Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size" 9421:

The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy

8491:

Major Turning Points in Jewish Intellectual History

8465: 8453: 8408: 8393: 6836: 6376: 5899: 5897: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5025:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 110. 4439: 4389: 4351: 4326: 4309: 4221:, was published in 1849 and was hugely successful. 3574: 3388:handpicked from among the urban elites by eunuchs. 1910: 920: 19852:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 10379:. Vol. 2. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 9730:. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Publishing Group. 9527: 7919: 7895: 7854: 7837: 7820: 7803: 7733: 7718: 6429: 5721: 5532: 5361: 3908:landscapes. Medieval tales written in Aramaic (or 3134:that the messengers were not stranded if one mule 3112:, a message sent from the western border province 2855:The queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire were titled 2710: 2555: 10235:"Agency and the Neo-Assyrian Women of the Palace" 10002:. In S. Prochazka; L. Reinfandt; S. Tost (eds.). 9555:Studies on War in the Ancient Near East, AOAT 372 8381: 6477: 5164: 3658:) as well as many non-Semitic languages, such as 2531:and then marched on Elam. The Elamite capital of 1228:890–884 BC), recounting one of his campaigns 863:705–681 BC), the capital was transferred to 24826: 10513: 10281: 9254: 8512:Southern Mesopotamia in the time of Ashurbanipal 8273: 8081: 5894: 5748: 5018: 3866: 2719:20th-century illustration of the Fall of Nineveh 714:was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient 9223:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 8683:Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur 5136:The Times Atlas of World History, p.57 (1989): 4812:It has for instance been suggested that Hebrew 4694:"; also phonetically in another inscription of 4076: 3088:State communications in the Neo-Assyrian Empire 2570:Impression of a seal possibly belonging to the 2562:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire 2478:669–631 BC) in a chariot, armed with a bow 1635:in Anatolia and in 836 BC, Shalmaneser reached 1114: 469:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire 10332:Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East 10285:; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006). 9688:Melville, Sarah C. (2012). "Zakutu (Naqi'a)". 9046:. University Park, Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns. 4740: 4732: 4719: 4711: 4636: 3715: 3419:Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 2764:Sennacherib, the great king, the mighty king, 2752: 2430:, the Egyptian capital. Taharqa fled south to 2326: 1315: 157:The Neo-Assyrian Empire at its maximum extent. 23641: 18504: 17004: 15909: 14701: 13502: 12481: 12342: 11905: 11558: 10789: 10765: 10499: 10287:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 10260: 9949:"Royal marriage alliances and noble hostages" 8261: 8249: 8237: 8225: 8210: 8186: 4384:describes a dream of the Neo-Babylonian king 1272:, were made into vassals and others, such as 1236:river. These lands had previously been under 98:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 23495:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 23469: 20973:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 19566:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 18461:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 12505:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the 10370: 9707:Women in the Ancient Near East: A Sourcebook 9348:"Sennacherib's Southern Front: 704-689 B.C." 6098: 5165:Bryce, Trevor; Birkett-Rees, Jessie (2016). 4001:, as well as tales of Ninus's powerful wife 3237:Neo-Assyrian iron helmet, Nimrud, 800–700 BC 2036: 23505: 22722:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 11919: 11384:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 9744: 7416:, The original hybrid transport technology. 6992: 6953: 6722: 6624: 6612: 5137: 5109: 4009:, a fictionalized version of Ashurbanipal. 3405:also with the help of private contractors. 3160:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 2908: 2290:20th-century illustration of Sennacherib's 2045:Relief depicting Sargon II, founder of the 23648: 23634: 18511: 18497: 17011: 16997: 15916: 15902: 14708: 14694: 13509: 13495: 12488: 12474: 12349: 12335: 11956:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 11912: 11898: 11565: 11551: 10796: 10782: 10506: 10492: 9974:Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction 9493: 9459: 7065: 6243: 4460: 4275:Though some point to the Akkadian Empire ( 1861: 151: 23956:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 23422:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 20018:"King of the four quarters of the world" 13817:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 10177: 9548: 9396: 9234: 9060: 8838:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8803: 8757: 8363: 8285: 7703: 6894: 6882: 6830: 6791: 6764: 6710: 6672: 6648: 6017: 5240: 4802:the Neo-Assyrian Empire as a world empire 4448:Administrative influence on later empires 4271:The Neo-Assyrian Empire as a world empire 4065:as the only god and the beginning of the 3327:the army during the Neo-Assyrian period. 3129:The Assyrian government exclusively used 2214:705–681 BC) on campaign in a chariot 1885:In 745 BC, Ashur-nirari was succeeded by 718:history. Beginning with the accession of 24890:Archaeological cultures of the Near East 23780:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 23593:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 13641:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 10448: 10328: 10120: 9704: 9687: 9653: 9438: 9417: 9118:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 9044:Studying Gender in the Ancient Near East 8640: 8600: 8579: 8487: 8339: 8327: 8304: 7176: 7029: 6977: 6818: 6806: 6776: 6752: 6737: 6515: 6406: 6002: 5915: 5888: 5514: 5502: 5355: 5290: 4568: 4503: 4472: 4464: 4303: 4235: 4205:British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire 4186: 4132: 4090: 4011: 3938: 3875: 3813:from Sargon II's palace at Dur-Sharrukin 3800: 3756: 3724: 3583: 3548: 3484: 3440: 3422: 3373: 3286: 3163: 3091: 2972: 2831: 2792: 2714: 2672: 2635: 2565: 2505: 2466: 2398: 2330: 2285: 2246: 2198: 2094: 2040: 2024:and thus bringing an end to the ancient 1982: 1919: 1865: 1722:, a palace herald, made in the reign of 1713: 1650: 1578: 1319: 1212: 1128: 962: 23567: 23565: 23563: 23438: 18285: 16612:Popular Front for Change and Liberation 10803: 9994: 9846: 9662:. New York: New York University Press. 9308: 9113: 9079: 9040: 8926:. London: Routledge. pp. 137–148. 8621: 7620: 7564: 7540: 7425: 7401: 7389: 7200: 7188: 7137: 7125: 5990: 5949: 5855: 5404: 5116:. Oxford University Press. p. 39. 5045: 4240:Portrait of the Assyrian archaeologist 3489:Neo-Assyrian cuneiform tablet from the 3081: 52:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 24827: 23303: 22533: 22331: 20111: 20102:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 20006: 18930: 15638: 10373:"Shalmaneser V and His Era, Revisited" 10371:Yamada, Keiko; Yamada, Shiego (2017). 10349: 10080: 10052: 10031: 10010: 9971: 9959:from the original on 22 September 2022 9946: 9929: 9901: 9809: 9587:from the original on 23 September 2022 9345: 9279: 9195: 9153: 9132: 9019: 8956: 8894: 8831: 8736: 8375: 8198: 8174: 8162: 8150: 8138: 8105: 8054: 7979: 7967: 7955: 7943: 7931: 7907: 7878: 7866: 7791: 7768: 7756: 7691: 7679: 7662: 7650: 7635: 7608: 7596: 7581: 7552: 7521: 7509: 7497: 7485: 7473: 7461: 7449: 7437: 7413: 7377: 7365: 7353: 7341: 7329: 7317: 7302: 7287: 7251: 7164: 7149: 7113: 7101: 7089: 7077: 6918: 6906: 6866: 6854: 6842: 6358: 6323: 6308: 6284: 6231: 6117: 6029: 5961: 5665: 5648: 5636: 5592: 5568: 5556: 5478: 5442: 5387: 5311: 5228: 4998:. Library of Alexandria. p. 223. 4690:, meaning "The country of the city of 4300:Ideological influence on later empires 3412: 2952:). Second-in-command was probably the 2821: 2384:. Esarhaddon also invaded the eastern 1646: 1119: 24515: 24407: 24229: 24104: 23677: 23629: 23583: 23428: 23395: 23390: 23381: 23333: 23272: 23267: 23258: 23253: 23244: 23234: 23229: 23224: 23219: 23210: 23076: 23048: 23043: 23038: 23028: 23019: 23009: 23004: 22993: 22984: 22878: 22613: 22520: 22418: 22408: 22294: 22142: 22051: 21873: 21866: 21824: 21748: 21726: 21694: 21680: 21649: 21633: 21507: 21479: 21455: 21410: 21371: 21316: 21252: 21085: 21070: 21047: 21034: 20997: 20847: 20804: 20678: 20654: 20646: 20609: 20547: 20536: 20506: 20490: 20459: 20426: 20406: 20384: 20351: 20260: 20192: 20180: 20139: 20051: 20043: 19971: 19752: 19506: 19499: 19461: 19388: 19370: 19339: 19292: 19258: 19243: 19235: 19222: 19203: 19191: 19174: 19158: 19121: 19074: 19048: 18970: 18935: 18863: 18687: 18656: 18649: 18638: 18619: 18492: 16992: 16620:Political status of the Golan Heights 15897: 14689: 14376: 14268: 14090: 13965: 13538: 13490: 12469: 12330: 12312: 12291: 12281: 12199: 12170: 12102: 12078: 11893: 11546: 10777: 10764: 10552: 10487: 10232: 10164: 10099: 10006:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. 9880: 9788: 9324: 9216: 9174: 8998: 8977: 8918:"Invisible Mesopotamian royal women?" 8873: 8852: 8785: 8700: 8604:A History of Babylon, 2200 BC – AD 75 8508: 8447: 8435: 8402: 8351: 8126: 8093: 8066: 7275: 7263: 7239: 7227: 7215: 7041: 7017: 6965: 6941: 6878: 6693: 6660: 6636: 6600: 6588: 6576: 6564: 6552: 6540: 6503: 6471: 6459: 6447: 6435: 6423: 6394: 6382: 6370: 6346: 6296: 6272: 6260: 6219: 6200: 6185: 6144: 6129: 6086: 6061: 6046: 5978: 5934: 5876: 5843: 5824: 5809: 5794: 5715: 5694: 5682: 5621: 5604: 5580: 5541: 5526: 5463: 5427: 5372: 5334: 5267: 4991: 4931: 4560:European colonization of the Americas 4154:(1800–1876), secretary of the French 4083:Assyrian sculpture § Excavations 3522:, with Assyrian being referred to as 3370:Social classes, hierarchy and economy 2770:king of the Four Corners of the World 2345:681–669 BC), as depicted in his 1503:Assyrian borders and campaigns under 1478:Assyrian borders and campaigns under 1133:Assyrian borders and campaigns under 1050:. From the time of the Assyrian king 1040:king of the Four Corners of the World 1014:, king of Uruk, who conquered all of 24809: 24751:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 23560: 23536: 15864: 15852: 14670: 14612:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 10404: 9856:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 9660:Warfare and Culture in World History 9626: 9599: 9572: 9316:. In S. Parpola; R. Whiting (eds.). 8915: 8767:(PhD thesis). University of Sydney. 8679: 8558: 8529: 8471: 8459: 8423: 8387: 8039: 8027: 8015: 8003: 7991: 7053: 6488: 5903: 5771: 5742: 5730: 5490: 3200:leadership of armies; the office of 1909:appears to have been subjected to a 971:at its height in the 13th century BC 58: 24799: 14660: 12495: 10085:. Stellenbosch: African Sun Media. 9812:Journal of Anthropological Research 9690:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 8626:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5256:Merrill, Rooker & Grisanti 2011 5198:. Uppsala Universitet. p. 132. 4030:Hebrew kingdoms of Israel and Judah 3752: 2407:, the Egyptian capital, during the 2203:Line-drawing of a relief depicting 978:and the ambition of establishing a 24: 23516:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 23435:Chronology of the Neolithic period 23087: 22717: 22534: 22516:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 22301: 22192: 21508: 21480: 21423: 21253: 20860: 20514: 18875: 15923: 10458:State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 10267:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 10167:State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 10038:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 9641:from the original on 23 April 2022 9614:from the original on 22 April 2022 9534:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 9445:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 9202:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 9181:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 9160:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 9139:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 9026:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 9005:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 8901:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 8743:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 8586:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 8565:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 7368:, Road stations across the empire. 4477:Relief of Ashurbanipal, depicting 3628: 3538:was respected in, and influenced, 2031: 1617:to defeat a revolt by his brother 1368:along the northern portion of the 980:universal, all-encompassing empire 25: 24956: 23092:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 21428:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 19239:("made the land of Elam submit") 10295:Journal of World-Systems Research 10059:State Archives of Assyria Studies 9494:Luckenbill, Daniel David (1927). 9460:Luckenbill, Daniel David (1924). 4900:Rassam cylinder transcription in 4492:Inscription by Ashurnasirpal II ( 4359:Ancient Greek historians such as 3945:Great Semiramis, Queen of Assyria 3872:Literary and religious traditions 2828:Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 2777:Excerpt from the royal titles of 2677:20th-century illustration of the 2512:The Diversion of an Assyrian King 1711:, within the Assyrian heartland. 1342:The second phase of the Assyrian 967:Approximate map of the preceding 54: instead of cuneiform script. 27:Fourth period of Assyrian history 24850:2nd-millennium BC establishments 24808: 24798: 24788: 24779: 24778: 24084:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 23658: 23577: 23530: 23513:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 23499: 23485: 23463: 23454: 23439: 23429: 20734: 20622: 20617: 20445: 20174: 20169: 20000: 19846: 19841: 19696: 19595: 19526: 19439: 19434: 19304: 19267: 19262: 19252: 19247: 19042: 18692: 18679: 18667: 18632: 16301: 15875: 15863: 15851: 15840: 15839: 15827: 15231:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 14717: 14669: 14659: 14649: 14640: 14639: 13945:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 13519: 13469: 13457: 13414:Assyrian Democratic Organisation 12567: 12556: 12545: 12450: 12449: 11878: 11574:Provinces of the Assyrian Empire 11522:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 11013: 10728:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III 10335:. Universitätsverlag C. Winter. 8494:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 5141:The Times Atlas of World History 5022:Religion and Ideology in Assyria 5019:Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2015). 4854: 4842: 4833: 4627:, literally meaning "Country of 4308:Chart depicting the ideological 3993:named Serpot, possibly based on 3230: 3218: 2861:, which could be abbreviated to 2255:, made capital under Sennacherib 1790:, Adad-nirari appointed the new 1600:and Arab rulers, and was led by 1496: 1471: 931:in later empires as late as the 595: 581: 556: 542: 78:to read and navigate comfortably 63: 32: 24563:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 23986:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 23976:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 23715:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 22510:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 15876: 14424:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 13847:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 13837:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 13576:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 10471:from the original on 2020-07-12 10437:from the original on 2022-01-22 10393:from the original on 2022-02-09 10317:from the original on 2020-07-07 10249:from the original on 2022-04-19 10221:from the original on 2020-07-07 10153:from the original on 2022-06-17 10127:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 10069:from the original on 2022-09-21 9918:from the original on 2020-08-13 9887:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 9777:from the original on 2022-09-20 9676:from the original on 2022-09-20 9561:from the original on 2022-01-17 9516:from the original on 2016-06-03 9482:from the original on 2019-05-02 9385:from the original on 2021-12-08 9243:from the original on 2022-09-22 9102:from the original on 2021-12-11 8820:from the original on 2022-09-22 8774:from the original on 2021-06-06 8725:from the original on 2022-04-02 8480: 6169: 6159: 6150: 5185: 5158: 5130: 5103: 5092:from the original on 2020-07-25 4973:from the original on 2020-08-05 4913:from the original on 2020-06-13 4848:Not to be confused with modern 4819: 4806: 4794: 4781: 4765: 4742: 4721: 4700: 4663: 4621:Sign-by-sign transliterated as 4494: 4099:of excavations of the ruins of 3598: 2846: 2783: 2711:Reasons for the fall of Assyria 2582: 2556:Collapse and fall of the empire 2473: 2471:Relief depicting Ashurbanipal ( 2454: 2340: 2251:19th-century reconstruction of 2209: 2186: 2175: 2058: 2014: 1891: 1876: 1830: 1819: 1808: 1756: 1728: 1661: 1546: 1509: 1484: 1426: 1412:, who ruled the city or region 1354: 1333: 1262: 1223: 1205: 1194: 1161: 1150: 1139: 1101: 1089: 1070: 1056: 873: 858: 839: 827: 799: 770:and Egypt, as well as parts of 128: 80:. When this tag was added, its 23846:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 23445:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 22583:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 22130:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 22054:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 20616:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 13707:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 13080:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 12943:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 11079:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 11074:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 9795:. Cambridge University Press. 8274:Turchin, Adams & Hall 2006 7920:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 7896:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 7855:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 7838:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 7821:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 7804:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 7734:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 7719:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 6663:, pp. 127, 129, 130, 133. 5138:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1997). 5110:O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002). 5074: 5039: 5012: 4984: 4955: 4924: 4894: 4878: 4615: 4603:List of Mesopotamian dynasties 4320:states claiming the same right 3431:From the time of the Assyrian 3096:Neo-Assyrian relief depicting 2180:705–681 BC) and grandson 809:to the more centrally located 13: 1: 24910:Former countries in West Asia 24105: 23415:Muslim conquest of the Levant 22661:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 22604:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 22589:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 22427:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 22297:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 22098:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 21797:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 13966: 12824:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 11461:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 10858:Tigris–Euphrates river system 10239:Studia Orientalia Electronica 8792:Studia Orientalia Electronica 8601:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). 8515:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 7476:, pp. 523, 525, 529–531. 4872: 4757: 4284: 4276: 4244: 3979: 3885: 3867:Cultural influence and legacy 3720: 3364: 2747: 2052:Shalmaneser was succeeded by 1944:, and the Phoenician city of 1784: 1391:, repeated campaigns against 1285: 1075: 1061: 1023: 995: 958: 927:, similar ideas of rights to 685: 661: 648: 635: 229:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 24845:1st millennium BC in Assyria 24342:in ISIL-controlled territory 24230: 21964:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 18698:(Uruk influence or control) 16760:Energy and mineral resources 16560:Supreme Constitutional Court 15722:Intangible cultural heritage 15068:Southeastern Anatolia Region 14900:Proclamation of the republic 14203:in ISIL-controlled territory 14091: 13434:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon) 13409:Assyrian Democratic Movement 10204:10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8 9824:10.3998/jar.0521004.0067.303 9763:10.1515/zava.1991.81.1-2.243 9751:Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 9403:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 9351:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 9282:Altorientalische Forschungen 8877:Sennacherib, King of Assyria 8644:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8082:Kalimi & Richardson 2014 7356:, pp. 368–370, 377–378. 6101:, pp. 408–409, 410–416. 4748: 4727: 4706: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4644: 4623: 4172: 4077:Archaeological rediscoveries 3852: 3807: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3708: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3469: 3338: 3332: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3202: 3195: 3146: 3140: 3126:its geopolitical dominance. 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2994: 2984: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2695: 1792: 1770:and by Adad-nirari's mother 1763: 1703: 1673: 1554: 1184: 1115:Resurgence of Assyrian power 137: 7: 24905:Countries in ancient Africa 24516: 24408: 24253:Council of Representatives 23991:Weapons of mass destruction 23678: 22658:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 21697:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 21496:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 21043:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 21037:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 20297:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 19284:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 18685:(Anonymous "King-priests") 18640:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 17018: 16782:Water supply and sanitation 16682:Weapons of mass destruction 16585:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 14993:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 14377: 14269: 14114:Council of Representatives 13852:Weapons of mass destruction 13539: 13419:Assyrian Universal Alliance 12645:Assyrian Church of the East 12620:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 12614:Assyrian Evangelical Church 12537:Terms for Syriac Christians 11527:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 11409:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 11404:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 10121:Spurrier, Tracy L. (2017). 9692:. London: Wiley-Blackwell. 9654:Melville, Sarah C. (2011). 9502:University of Chicago Press 9468:University of Chicago Press 9309:Kessler, Karlheinz (1997). 4586: 4440: 4434: 4424: 4390: 4352: 4346:being the successor of the 4335: 4327: 4310: 4281:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 4223: 4217: 4017: 3964: 3944: 3893: 3716:Scholarship and engineering 3592:once belonging to the king 3575: 3474: 3433: 3153: 2753:Kingship and royal ideology 2641: 2511: 2327:Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal 2192:campaign, directed against 2069: 1911: 1344: 1316:Dominion over the Near East 1178: 1122: 921: 417:• Age of the magnates 90:content into sub-articles, 10: 24961: 23981:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 23450: 23285:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 22712: 22595:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 22479: 22453: 22405:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 21751:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 21516:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 21413:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 21375:Second Intermediate Period 20185:(vassal of the Akkadians) 19573: 18718:Early or legendary kings: 16677:Chief of the General Staff 16605:National Progressive Front 16277:independent First Republic 14824:Conquest of Constantinople 13842:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 13429:Syriac Union Party (Syria) 12651:Ancient Church of the East 11532:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 9658:. In Lee, Wayne E. (ed.). 9634:World History Encyclopedia 9607:World History Encyclopedia 9580:World History Encyclopedia 9339:10.1163/156853302760197494 9114:Grayson, A. Kirk (2002) . 8856:Sargon II, King of Assyria 8707:Israel Exploration Journal 5171:. Routledge. p. 167. 5048:Revue Biblique (1892–1940) 4741: 4733: 4720: 4712: 4699: 4662: 4637: 4080: 3565: 3561: 3478: 3416: 3357: 3353: 3298:The Neo-Assyrian cavalry ( 3157: 3085: 2925:ana miṣir māt Aššur utirra 2825: 2756: 2559: 2409:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 2277:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 2076:nearly thousand-year long 1109: 898:state communication system 127: 24920:Ancient Upper Mesopotamia 24774: 24673: 24528: 24524: 24511: 24416: 24403: 24238: 24225: 24113: 24100: 23921: 23838: 23690: 23686: 23673: 23419: 23412: 23405: 23376: 23326: 23323: 23282: 23241: 23207: 23188: 23030:Parthamaspates of Parthia 23016: 22981: 22840: 22808: 22601: 22580: 22507: 22504: 22410:Assyrian conquest of Elam 22403: 22291: 22257: 22191: 22152: 22016: 22005: 21962: 21790:Third Intermediate Period 21605: 21476: 21320:Second Babylonian dynasty 21265:("Old Babylonian Period") 21031: 20983: 20747: 20715: 20687:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 20659: 20643: 20590: 20587: 20570: 20492: 20477: 20436: 20403: 20349: 20333: 20307: 20299: 20270: 20195:First Intermediate Period 20189: 20165: 20121: 20106: 20090: 20065: 20056: 20030: 20025: 19837: 19816: 19797: 19788: 19749: 19724: 19707: 19683: 19670: 19665: 19651: 19636: 19627: 19579: 19555: 19480: 19420: 19403: 19368: 19347: 19341:Early Dynastic Period III 19289: 19273: 19201: 19199: 19188: 19115: 19066: 19056: 18967: 18944: 18860: 18791: 18722: 18705: 18702: 18643: 18616: 18543: 18527: 18454: 18406: 17923: 17327: 17026: 16955: 16876: 16803: 16794: 16752: 16703: 16694: 16645: 16460: 16451: 16412: 16361: 16323: 16319: 16310: 16299: 16231: 16214: 16116: 16008: 15962: 15944: 15935: 15823: 15556: 15472: 15365: 15331:The constitutional system 15291: 15246: 15191: 15182: 15076: 15024: 15015: 14968: 14935: 14885: 14863:Second Constitutional Era 14848:Decline and modernization 14804: 14765: 14739: 14730: 14635: 14534: 14389: 14385: 14372: 14277: 14264: 14099: 14086: 13974: 13961: 13782: 13699: 13551: 13547: 13534: 13452: 13399: 13270: 13102: 13093: 13006: 12935: 12842: 12783: 12766: 12723: 12664: 12629: 12592: 12581: 12543: 12514: 12503: 12445: 12365: 12309: 12288: 12276: 12273: 12266: 12263: 12245: 12235: 12218: 12211: 12209: 12175: 12163: 12154: 12145: 12140: 12112: 12095: 12066: 12051: 12046: 12025: 12020: 12008: 11998: 11986: 11976: 11958: 11955: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11928: 11876: 11580: 11499: 11453: 11427: 11331: 11228: 11121: 11029: 11022: 11011: 10893: 10820: 10811: 10771: 10766:Links to related articles 10745: 10718:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 10708: 10701: 10681: 10674: 10529: 10522: 10449:Zawadzki, Stefan (1994). 9940:University College London 9862:(2): 5–22. Archived from 9463:The Annals of Sennacherib 9346:Levine, Louis D. (1982). 9080:Grayson, A. Kirk (1982). 8957:Filoni, Fernando (2017). 8832:Düring, Bleda S. (2020). 8758:Davenport, T. L. (2016). 8701:Cogan, Mordechai (2017). 8509:Ahmed, Sami Said (2018). 4673:, pronounced in Assyrian 4631:". Equivalent in archaic 4018:The Defeat of Sennacherib 3861: 3794:("inspector of canals"). 3100:carrying booty from a war 2517:Frederick Arthur Bridgman 2382:Assyrian conquest of Elam 2283:across the Tigris river. 2037:Sargon II and Sennacherib 1870:Partial relief depicting 617:Periodization of ancient 521: 517: 504: 491: 478: 465: 452: 438: 425: 415: 401: 388: 384: 374: 370: 355: 343: 331: 319: 307: 295: 283: 271: 258: 254: 244: 234: 224: 203: 162: 150: 145: 121: 24332:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 24243:Administrative divisions 23408:Muslim conquest of Egypt 22872:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 22703:Cleopatra VII Philopator 22200:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 21262:First Babylonian dynasty 21000:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 20504:(vassal of the Gutians) 20201:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 19193:Early Dynastic Period II 15314:Ministry of the Interior 15299:Administrative divisions 14858:First Constitutional Era 14193:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 14104:Administrative divisions 12949:Muslim conquest of Syria 12639:Chaldean Catholic Church 11937:Northwestern Mesopotamia 10102:Orientalia (NOVA Series) 9953:Assyrian empire builders 9936:Assyrian empire builders 9627:Mark, Joshua A. (2020). 9600:Mark, Joshua A. (2014). 9573:Mark, Joshua J. (2009). 9549:MacGinnis, John (2010). 9418:Liverani, Mario (2013). 9397:Lipschits, Oled (2005). 8932:10.4324/9780429434105-15 8916:Fink, Sebastian (2020). 8488:Aberbach, David (2003). 6099:Yamada & Yamada 2017 4608: 4150:, and writings inspired 3504:(i.e. related to modern 3466:in the 14th century AD. 3028:(chief officer/eunuch), 2937:ina muhhi pīhat X uraddi 2909:Elite and administration 1847:Bur-Sagale solar eclipse 943:, and thus in turn also 701:History of the Assyrians 564:Middle Babylonian period 24885:Ancient history of Iran 23891:Mandate for Mesopotamia 23765:First Babylonian Empire 23493:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 23236:Province of Mesopotamia 23045:Province of Mesopotamia 23021:Province of Mesopotamia 22996:Roman conquest of Egypt 22837:Antigonus II Mattathias 22631:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 22204:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 20681:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 20207:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 19515:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 19050:Early Dynastic Period I 18973:Second Dynasty of Egypt 16187:Principality of Antioch 15261:Parliamentary elections 15063:Eastern Anatolia Region 15058:Central Anatolia Region 14740:Ancient and Middle Ages 13752:Mandate for Mesopotamia 13626:First Babylonian Empire 13476:Christianity portal 13439:Syriac Military Council 13038:Massacres of Diyarbekir 12973:Principality of Antioch 12926:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 12733:Assyrian folk/pop music 10350:Yamada, Shiego (2000). 10191:Social Science Research 9978:Oxford University Press 9745:Na'aman, Nadav (1991). 9217:Jursa, Michael (2007). 8874:Elayi, Josette (2018). 8853:Elayi, Josette (2017). 7380:, Authorisation needed. 4948:Encyclopædia Britannica 4461:Reputation of brutality 4224:Nineveh and its Remains 4218:Nineveh and its Remains 3918:Saints Behnam and Sarah 3747:Library of Ashurbanipal 3731:Library of Ashurbanipal 3660:Indo-European languages 3491:Library of Ashurbanipal 3211:for armor and weapons. 2928:) or "I re-organized" ( 2891:Queens' tombs at Nimrud 2525:setting himself on fire 1862:Revitalization and rise 1745:king of Sumer and Akkad 883:and an invasion by the 204:Official languages 24915:Former empires in Asia 24050:Insurgency (2011–2013) 23971:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 23775:Middle Assyrian Empire 23093: 22875:Philip II Philoromaeus 22869:Antiochus XII Dionysus 22863:Demetrius III Eucaerus 22860:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 22851:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 22723: 22691:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 22646:Arsinoe III Philopator 22539: 22307: 22197: 22034:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 21966:Second Dynasty of Isin 21513: 21486: 21429: 21258: 21141:(Non-dynastic usurpers 20865: 20550:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 20519: 20409:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 19974:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 19755:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 19582:Second kingdom of Mari 19295:Third Dynasty of Egypt 19229:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 18881: 18872:First Dynasty of Egypt 16728:International rankings 16374:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 16038:Middle Assyrian Empire 15432:Science and technology 15266:Presidential elections 14747:Prehistory of Anatolia 13911:Insurgency (2011–2013) 13832:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 13636:Middle Assyrian Empire 13194:Al-Hasakah Governorate 13032:Massacres of Badr Khan 12806:Middle Assyrian Empire 12608:Syriac Catholic Church 12602:Syriac Orthodox Church 12097:Middle Hittite Kingdom 11364:Babylonian mathematics 10264:A Companion to Assyria 10053:Radner, Karen (2019). 10035:A Companion to Assyria 9995:Radner, Karen (2015). 9972:Radner, Karen (2015). 9947:Radner, Karen (2013). 9930:Radner, Karen (2012). 9902:Radner, Karen (2003). 9847:Parpola, Simo (2004). 9531:A Companion to Assyria 9442:A Companion to Assyria 9199:A Companion to Assyria 9178:A Companion to Assyria 9157:A Companion to Assyria 9136:A Companion to Assyria 9023:A Companion to Assyria 9002:A Companion to Assyria 8898:A Companion to Assyria 8880:. Atlanta: SBL Press. 8740:A Companion to Assyria 8703:"Restoring the Empire" 8607:. Pondicherry: Wiley. 8583:A Companion to Assyria 8562:A Companion to Assyria 8542:10.2307/j.ctvxrq18w.12 5113:Atlas of World History 4967:oracc.museum.upenn.edu 4933:Sayce, Archibald Henry 4598:History of Mesopotamia 4574: 4549:is known to have used 4516: 4502: 4482: 4470: 4406:, from which both the 4321: 4248: 4228:politician and writer 4192: 4138: 4103: 4025: 3959: 3899: 3814: 3788:("house builder") and 3766: 3733: 3729:Reconstruction of the 3612: 3554: 3497: 3446: 3428: 3379: 3360:Assyria § Society 3295: 3169: 3121:was introduced by the 3101: 2978: 2852: 2798: 2791: 2759:List of Assyrian kings 2720: 2681: 2649: 2588: 2519: 2479: 2426:, Esarhaddon captured 2411: 2349: 2294: 2292:destruction of Babylon 2256: 2215: 2103: 2049: 1988: 1928: 1882: 1734: 1667: 1588: 1339: 1229: 1167: 1044:Middle Assyrian Empire 972: 969:Middle Assyrian Empire 791:Middle Assyrian Empire 657:Middle Assyrian period 550:Middle Assyrian Empire 40:This article contains 24337:in post-invasion Iraq 24043:U.S. troop withdrawal 23805:Neo-Babylonian Empire 23479:The Ancient Near East 23397:Byzantine Mesopotamia 23311:Province of Asoristan 23274:Byzantine Mesopotamia 23091: 23084:Province of Asoristan 22866:Philip I Philadelphus 22854:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 22848:Antiochus VIII Grypus 22845:Seleucus V Philometor 22800:Antiochus VII Sidetes 22794:Antiochus VI Dionysus 22721: 22694:Berenice IV Epiphanea 22655:Ptolemy VI Philometor 22643:Ptolemy IV Philopator 22640:Berenice II Euergetis 22637:Ptolemy III Euergetes 22538: 22456:Neo-Babylonian Empire 22366:Marduk-apla-iddina II 22363:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 22354:Marduk-apla-iddina II 22305: 22260:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 22196: 21917:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 21607:Middle Elamite period 21512: 21484: 21427: 21257: 20864: 20518: 20273:Third kingdom of Mari 19994:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 19069:First kingdom of Mari 18879: 18866:Early Dynastic Period 18708:Proto-Dynastic period 18431:Medieval great powers 16533:Government ministries 16083:Neo-Babylonian Empire 15427:Free trade agreements 15309:Intelligence Services 15106:North Anatolian Fault 14198:in post-invasion Iraq 13904:U.S. troop withdrawal 13666:Neo-Babylonian Empire 13062:Independence movement 12818:Post-imperial Assyria 12794:Early Assyrian period 12220:Neo-Babylonian Empire 12053:Old Babylonian Empire 11968:Early Dynastic period 10233:Teppo, Saana (2007). 9709:. London: Routledge. 9294:10.1524/aof.2013.0006 9236:10.3917/assy.101.0125 4992:Sayce, A. H. (2005). 4572: 4507: 4484: 4476: 4468: 4307: 4279:2334–2154 BC) or the 4239: 4190: 4136: 4095:1861 illustration by 4094: 4015: 3942: 3879: 3804: 3760: 3728: 3684:Afroasiatic languages 3587: 3552: 3512:) closely related to 3488: 3444: 3426: 3377: 3346:, ladders, ramps and 3307:rab muggi ša pētḫalli 3290: 3167: 3095: 2976: 2835: 2796: 2762: 2718: 2676: 2639: 2569: 2548:, founder of Egypt's 2509: 2470: 2402: 2334: 2310:Babylon was destroyed 2289: 2250: 2202: 2098: 2086:Marduk-apla-iddina II 2044: 1986: 1978:resettlement policies 1923: 1899:Babylonian Chronicles 1869: 1824:773–755 BC) and 1717: 1654: 1582: 1323: 1216: 1199:911–891 BC) and 1155:911–891 BC) and 1132: 988:Early Dynastic Period 966: 881:a Babylonian uprising 631:Early Assyrian period 577:Neo-Babylonian Empire 24286:Council of Ministers 24168:Mesopotamian Marshes 22842:Alexander II Zabinas 22706:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 22682:Ptolemy XI Alexander 22664:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 22219:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 22207:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 22031:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 21972:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 21596:Marduk-apla-iddina I 21490:New Kingdom of Egypt 21313:Early Kassite rulers 20607:(Vassals of Ur III) 20588:(Vassals of UR III) 19988:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 19958:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 19509:Old Kingdom of Egypt 18441:European colonialism 18426:Ancient great powers 16845:(2011–present) 16741:Securities Exchange 16492:Council of Ministers 16247:Haj Fadel Government 15811:World heritage sites 15336:Turkish Armed Forces 15221:Constitutional Court 15135:Flora and vegetation 15113:Environmental issues 15101:East Anatolian Fault 15048:Mediterranean Region 14147:Council of Ministers 14029:Mesopotamian Marshes 12738:Music of Mesopotamia 12685:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 12680:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 11947:Southern Mesopotamia 11942:Northern Mesopotamia 11359:Babylonian astronomy 10838:Mesopotamian Marshes 10689:State communications 10405:Zaia, Shana (2019). 8805:10.23993/store.88852 8042:, pp. 518, 520. 7524:, pp. 528, 531. 7500:, pp. 526, 528. 7464:, pp. 523, 526. 6311:, pp. 166, 168. 5697:, pp. 167, 169. 5086:oracc.iaas.upenn.edu 4938:"Assur (city)" 4903:"CDLI-Archival View" 4773:Late Assyrian Empire 4593:Assyrian nationalism 3916:. The legend of the 3590:Assyrian lion weight 3082:State communications 2810:divine world order. 2766:king of the Universe 2705:post-imperial period 2701:Battle of Carchemish 2679:Battle of Carchemish 2550:twenty-sixth dynasty 2300:Hallushu-Inshushinak 1843:Bel-harran-beli-usur 1720:Bel-harran-beli-usur 1615:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 1585:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 1036:king of the Universe 937:post-imperial period 680:Post-imperial period 390:• Accession of 24895:Archaeology of Iraq 24880:Ancient Mesopotamia 24835:Neo-Assyrian Empire 24548:Mesopotamian Arabic 24354:Freedom of religion 23800:Neo-Assyrian Empire 23770:Old Assyrian Period 23755:Neo-Sumerian Empire 23347:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 22857:Antiochus X Eusebes 22685:Ptolemy XII Auletes 22676:Ptolemy X Alexander 22670:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 22649:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 22334:Neo-Assyrian Empire 22222:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 22155:Neo-Assyrian Empire 21978:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 21869:Syro-Hittite states 21575:Shagarakti-Shuriash 21248:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 20242:Neferkare Pepiseneb 20141:Akkadian Governors: 18645:Pre-Dynastic period 18436:Modern great powers 16521:Golan Heights claim 16078:Neo-Assyrian Empire 16073:Syro-Hittite states 15963:Prehistorical Syria 15380:Banking and Finance 14998:History of Anatolia 14895:War of Independence 14887:Republic of Türkiye 14784:Battle of Manzikert 14409:Mesopotamian Arabic 14215:Freedom of religion 13661:Neo-Assyrian Empire 13631:Old Assyrian Period 13616:Neo-Sumerian Empire 13044:Rise of nationalism 12985:Jalayirid Sultanate 12812:Neo-Assyrian Empire 12800:Old Assyrian period 12743:Syriac sacral music 12563:Aramean-Syriac flag 12522:Assyrian continuity 12201:Neo-Assyrian Empire 12115:Bronze Age Collapse 12048:Old Hittite Kingdom 12022:Old Assyrian period 12000:Third Dynasty of Ur 11440:Destruction by ISIL 11394:Sumerian literature 11369:Akkadian literature 10805:Ancient Mesopotamia 10611:Tiglath-Pileser III 10539:Resettlement policy 10515:Neo-Assyrian Empire 8786:Dewar, Ben (2021). 8354:, pp. 194–195. 8264:, pp. 588–590. 8252:, pp. 584–588. 8240:, pp. 584–585. 8228:, pp. 583–584. 8030:, pp. 514–517. 8006:, pp. 511–514. 7970:, pp. 383–385. 7958:, pp. 379–380. 7922:, pp. 320–321. 7665:, pp. 209–210. 7512:, pp. 526–527. 7320:, pp. 370–371. 7242:, pp. 163–166. 7179:, pp. 173–174. 7152:, pp. 365–367. 7092:, pp. 364–365. 7080:, pp. 363–364. 6869:, pp. 135–136. 6555:, pp. 122–123. 6474:, pp. 189–190. 6397:, pp. 188–189. 6299:, pp. 186–187. 6203:, pp. 183–184. 5993:, pp. 277–278. 5891:, pp. 184–185. 5517:, pp. 120–121. 5430:, pp. 177–178. 4777:New Assyrian Empire 4754:Amarna letter EA 15 4377:Alexander the Great 4348:Third Dynasty of Ur 4197:Austen Henry Layard 4043:Book of Deuteronomy 3776:("chief builder"), 3588:Line drawing of an 3413:Resettlement policy 3402:means of production 3040:(grand vizier) and 3022:(chief cupbearer), 2822:Neo-Assyrian queens 2768:, king of Assyria, 2233:invading the Levant 2137:, Arab tribes, and 1887:Tiglath-Pileser III 1872:Tiglath-Pileser III 1750:Shamshi-Adad's son 1691:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 1647:Age of the magnates 933:early modern period 902:resettlement policy 835:Tiglath-Pileser III 712:Neo-Assyrian Empire 670:Neo-Assyrian period 644:Old Assyrian period 427:• Conquest of 302:Tiglath-Pileser III 123:Neo-Assyrian Empire 82:readable prose size 24479:Telecommunications 24454:Foreign Investment 24391:Wars and conflicts 24327:in pre-Saddam Iraq 24291:Presidency Council 24077:2019–2021 protests 24006:Invasion of Kuwait 23830:Sassanid Asorestan 23825:Parthian Babylonia 23820:Seleucid Babylonia 23815:Achaemenid Assyria 23730:Jemdet Nasr period 23573:Sumerian King List 23387:Palaestina Secunda 23264:Palaestina Secunda 23094: 22825:Alexander Jannaeus 22724: 22714:Hellenistic Period 22540: 22308: 22286:Humban-haltash III 22250:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 22198: 22163:Tukulti-Ninurta II 22144:Kingdom of Samaria 22040:Mar-biti-apla-usur 22037:Shirikti-shuqamuna 22007:Neo-Elamite period 21990:Marduk-shapik-zeri 21975:Itti-Marduk-balatu 21956:Tiglath-Pileser II 21953:Ashur-resh-ishi II 21908:Enlil-kudurri-usur 21599:Zababa-shuma-iddin 21584:Kadashman-Harbe II 21569:Kadashman-Enlil II 21514: 21487: 21430: 21259: 21245:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 21242:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 21233:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 20992:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 20866: 20520: 19895:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 19276:Old Elamite period 19168:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 19021:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 18938:Jemdet Nasr period 18882: 16772:Telecommunications 16765:Petroleum industry 16269:Mandatory Republic 16215:Early modern Syria 15970:Levantine corridor 15437:Telecommunications 15226:Court of Cassation 14927:Multi-party period 14836:Ottoman Old Regime 14757:Byzantine Anatolia 14752:Classical Anatolia 14340:Telecommunications 14315:Foreign Investment 14252:Wars and conflicts 14188:in pre-Saddam Iraq 14152:Presidency Council 13938:2019–2021 protests 13867:Invasion of Kuwait 13691:Sassanid Asorestan 13686:Parthian Babylonia 13681:Seleucid Babylonia 13676:Achaemenid Assyria 13591:Jemdet Nasr period 13464:History portal 12906:Church of the East 12695:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic 12532:Chaldean Catholics 12057:Southern Akkadians 11964:Jemdet Nasr period 11476:Mesopotamian myths 10713:Assyrian sculpture 10565:Tukulti-Ninurta II 10423:10.1017/irq.2019.1 9602:"Ashurnasirpal II" 8960:The Church in Iraq 8680:Chen, Fei (2020). 8262:Trolle Larsen 2017 8250:Trolle Larsen 2017 8238:Trolle Larsen 2017 8226:Trolle Larsen 2017 8211:Trolle Larsen 2017 8187:Trolle Larsen 2017 6779:, pp. 13, 18. 5493:, pp. 58, 71. 4650:Assyrian cuneiform 4575: 4517: 4483: 4471: 4441:translatio imperii 4391:translatio imperii 4353:translatio imperii 4337:Sumerian King List 4329:translatio imperii 4322: 4312:translatio imperii 4249: 4193: 4139: 4104: 4026: 3960: 3900: 3815: 3767: 3734: 3613: 3607:(on the body) and 3555: 3536:Greek civilization 3498: 3447: 3429: 3380: 3296: 3170: 3102: 2979: 2853: 2799: 2721: 2682: 2650: 2589: 2520: 2480: 2412: 2350: 2295: 2257: 2216: 2104: 2071:Assyrian King List 2050: 1989: 1929: 1883: 1813:783–773 BC), 1735: 1668: 1589: 1340: 1230: 1219:Tukulti-Ninurta II 1201:Tukulti-Ninurta II 1168: 1157:Tukulti-Ninurta II 1144:934–912 BC), 973: 923:translatio imperii 736:East Mediterranean 357:• 612–609 BC 345:• 669–631 BC 333:• 681–669 BC 321:• 705–681 BC 309:• 722–705 BC 297:• 745–727 BC 285:• 859–824 BC 273:• 883–859 BC 260:• 911–891 BC 24925:Ancient Near East 24822: 24821: 24770: 24769: 24766: 24765: 24756:Mandaean New Year 24507: 24506: 24399: 24398: 24381:Political parties 24276:Foreign relations 24221: 24220: 24128:Lower Mesopotamia 24123:Upper Mesopotamia 24096: 24095: 24092: 24091: 23856:Abbasid Caliphate 23851:Umayyad Caliphate 23760:Isin-Larsa period 23623: 23622: 23617: 23616: 23613: 23612: 23600:978-1-62564-606-4 23585:Unger, Merrill F. 23553:978-0-14-193825-7 23523:978-1-60606-649-2 23290:Province of Egypt 23221:Province of Egypt 23001:Province of Egypt 22743:Antigonid dynasty 22543:Achaemenid Empire 22464:Nebuchadnezzar II 22372:Ashur-nadin-shumi 22241:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 22213:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 22028:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 21996:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 21987:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 21929:Asharid-apal-Ekur 21926:Tiglath-Pileser I 21923:Ashur-resh-ishi I 21911:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 21899:Tukulti-Ninurta I 21846:Kingdom of Israel 21814:Osorkon the Elder 21735:Shutrukid dynasty 21620:Igehalkid dynasty 21587:Adad-shuma-iddina 21581:Enlil-nadin-shumi 21548:Kadashman-Enlil I 21542:Kadashman-harbe I 20986:Sukkalmah dynasty 20850:Isin-Larsa period 20672:Shimashki Dynasty 20398:Puzur-Inshushinak 19997:Netjerkare Siptah 19767:Neferirkare Kakai 19312:Egyptian pyramids 18521:Ancient Near East 18486: 18485: 18480: 18479: 18402: 18401: 18367:Polish–Lithuanian 17542:Gurjara-Pratihara 16986: 16985: 16951: 16950: 16790: 16789: 16690: 16689: 16579:Political parties 16516:Foreign relations 16447: 16446: 16443: 16442: 16297: 16296: 16257:Syrian Federation 16192:County of Tripoli 16147:Ikhshidid dynasty 16000:Yarmukian culture 15891: 15890: 15819: 15818: 15361: 15360: 15304:Foreign relations 15278:Political parties 15178: 15177: 15011: 15010: 15003:History of Thrace 14905:Atatürk's reforms 14796:Anatolian beyliks 14683: 14682: 14631: 14630: 14627: 14626: 14617:Mandaean New Year 14368: 14367: 14260: 14259: 14242:Political parties 14137:Foreign relations 14082: 14081: 13989:Lower Mesopotamia 13984:Upper Mesopotamia 13957: 13956: 13953: 13952: 13717:Abbasid Caliphate 13712:Umayyad Caliphate 13621:Isin-Larsa period 13484: 13483: 13395: 13394: 13111: 13089: 13088: 13056:Assyrian genocide 12955:Abbasid Caliphate 12777: 12660: 12659: 12527:Assyrian diaspora 12463: 12462: 12359:Ancient Near East 12324: 12323: 12319: 12318: 12247:Macedonian Empire 12237:Achaemenid Empire 12110:c. 1200–1150 BCE 12093:c. 1400–1200 BCE 12064:c. 1600–1400 BCE 12044:c. 1800–1600 BCE 12006:c. 2000–1800 BCE 11996:c. 2100–2000 BCE 11984:c. 2200–2100 BCE 11974:c. 2350–2200 BCE 11953:c. 3500–2350 BCE 11887: 11886: 11540: 11539: 11491:Ziggurat (Temple) 11466:Sumerian religion 11224: 11223: 11171:Middle Babylonian 11113:Kish civilization 11009: 11008: 10833:Lower Mesopotamia 10828:Upper Mesopotamia 10758: 10757: 10741: 10740: 10697: 10696: 10670: 10669: 10666: 10665: 10386:978-1-57506-761-2 10363:978-90-04-11772-3 10356:. Leiden: BRILL. 10342:978-3-8253-0533-8 10274:978-1-118-32524-7 10092:978-1-991201-16-4 10045:978-1-118-32524-7 10024:978-90-04-33017-7 10017:. Leiden: BRILL. 9987:978-0-19-871590-0 9894:978-1-4094-2709-4 9802:978-3-11-103358-7 9737:978-0-8054-4031-7 9716:978-0-415-44855-0 9669:978-0-8147-5278-4 9541:978-1-118-32524-7 9452:978-1-118-32524-7 9431:978-0-415-67906-0 9410:978-1-57506-095-8 9327:Vetus Testamentum 9272:978-90-04-26561-5 9209:978-1-118-32524-7 9188:978-1-118-32524-7 9167:978-1-118-32524-7 9146:978-1-118-32524-7 9125:978-0-8020-0886-2 9095:978-1-139-05428-7 9072:978-1-930053-46-5 9053:978-1-57506-770-4 9033:978-1-118-32524-7 9012:978-1-118-32524-7 8991:978-90-04-26561-5 8984:. Leiden: BRILL. 8970:978-0-8132-2965-2 8941:978-0-429-43410-5 8908:978-1-118-32524-7 8887:978-0-88414-317-8 8866:978-1-62837-177-2 8845:978-1-108-47874-8 8750:978-1-118-32524-7 8693:978-90-04-43091-4 8686:. Leiden: BRILL. 8633:978-0-19-537158-1 8614:978-1-4051-8899-9 8593:978-1-118-32524-7 8572:978-1-118-32524-7 8551:978-1-78491-403-5 8522:978-3-11-103358-7 8501:978-1-4039-1766-9 5745:, pp. 59–60. 5151:978-0-7230-0906-1 5032:978-1-61451-426-8 5005:978-1-4655-4330-1 4547:Achaemenid Empire 4533:such as those of 4455:Nebuchadnezzar II 4386:Nebuchadnezzar II 4209:Stratford Canning 4156:Société Asiatique 4023:Peter Paul Rubens 3739:Gabbu-ilani-eresh 3704:Sumerian language 3692:language isolates 3672:Hurrian languages 3481:Akkadian language 3108:Per estimates by 3014:(palace herald), 2461:Shamash-shum-ukin 2416:conquest of Egypt 2386:Arabian peninsula 2357:and his daughter 2269:Ashur-nadin-shumi 2026:Kingdom of Israel 1992:Chaldean warlord 1913:damnatio memoriae 1639:(near modern-day 1619:Marduk-bel-ushati 1531:botanical gardens 1434:Mediterranean Sea 1258:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 1085:Tiglath-Pileser I 1066:Tukulti-Ninurta I 1016:Lower Mesopotamia 984:ancient Near East 817:in the Bible and 724:ancient Near East 708: 707: 692: 691: 621: 611: 610: 607: 606: 603: 602: 569: 568: 456:Conquest of Egypt 117: 116: 84:was 20,000 words. 48:rendering support 16:(Redirected from 24952: 24860:Ancient Anatolia 24812: 24811: 24802: 24801: 24792: 24782: 24781: 24526: 24525: 24513: 24512: 24444: 24405: 24404: 24256: 24227: 24226: 24213:Sinjar Mountains 24203:Zagros Mountains 24143:Hamrin Mountains 24102: 24101: 24065:Mosul liberation 24038:Iraqi insurgency 23960:National Command 23949: 23785:Simurrum culture 23688: 23687: 23675: 23674: 23664: 23663: 23662: 23650: 23643: 23636: 23627: 23626: 23605: 23604: 23581: 23575: 23569: 23558: 23557: 23534: 23528: 23527: 23506:Thomas, Ariane; 23503: 23497: 23496: 23489: 23483: 23482: 23467: 23461: 23458: 23443: 23433: 23383:Palaestina Prima 23329:Byzantine Empire 23260:Palaestina Prima 23247:Byzantine Empire 23226:Syria Palaestina 23191:Palmyrene Empire 23177:Bahram VI Chobin 23040:Syria Palaestina 22828:Salome Alexandra 22811:Kingdom of Judea 22797:Diodotus Tryphon 22652:Cleopatra I Syra 22628:Ptolemy Keraunos 22396:Ashur-uballit II 22393:Sin-shumu-lishir 22387:Ashur-etil-ilani 22342:Sargonid dynasty 22235:Marduk-apla-usur 22216:Nabu-apla-iddina 22210:Shamash-mudammiq 22166:Ashurnasirpal II 22149:Kingdom of Judah 21993:Adad-apla-iddina 21984:Enlil-nadin-apli 21981:Nebuchadnezzar I 21905:Ashur-nirari III 21902:Ashur-nadin-apli 21740:Shutruk-Nakhunte 21625:Untash-Napirisha 21614:Kidinuid dynasty 21212:Shamshi-Adad III 20920:Dynasty of Larsa 20738: 20626: 20621: 20449: 20302:Shar-Kali-Sharri 20236:Neferkare Tereru 20224:Neferkare Khendu 20178: 20173: 20004: 19963:Kiku-siwe-tempti 19850: 19845: 19700: 19629:Kish III dynasty 19599: 19530: 19443: 19438: 19343:(2600–2340 BCE) 19308: 19271: 19266: 19256: 19251: 19195:(2700–2600 BCE) 19052:(2900–2700 BCE) 19046: 18963:(3100–2700 BCE) 18942:(3100–2900 BCE) 18696: 18683: 18671: 18647:(4000–2900 BCE) 18636: 18535: 18534: 18531: 18530: 18513: 18506: 18499: 18490: 18489: 18283: 18282: 17948:Austro-Hungarian 17648:Chagatai Khanate 17013: 17006: 16999: 16990: 16989: 16971: 16964: 16846: 16801: 16800: 16744: 16743:(stock exchange) 16736: 16701: 16700: 16614: 16607: 16598: 16596:regional command 16587: 16458: 16457: 16430:Fertile Crescent 16321: 16320: 16317: 16316: 16305: 16182:County of Edessa 16162:Mirdasid dynasty 16157:Hamdanid dynasty 16136: 16103:Palmyrene Empire 16088:Achaemenid Syria 15975:Natufian culture 15942: 15941: 15918: 15911: 15904: 15895: 15894: 15879: 15878: 15867: 15866: 15855: 15854: 15843: 15842: 15831: 15636: 15635: 15521:Cities and towns 15502:Turkish language 15457:Turkish Airlines 15273:Electoral system 15236:Council of State 15189: 15188: 15123:Waste management 15053:Black Sea Region 15031: 15022: 15021: 14976:Turkic migration 14922:One-party period 14791:Sultanate of Rum 14737: 14736: 14722: 14721: 14710: 14703: 14696: 14687: 14686: 14673: 14672: 14663: 14662: 14653: 14643: 14642: 14387: 14386: 14374: 14373: 14305: 14266: 14265: 14117: 14088: 14087: 14074:Sinjar Mountains 14064:Zagros Mountains 14004:Hamrin Mountains 13963: 13962: 13926:Mosul liberation 13899:Iraqi insurgency 13821:National Command 13810: 13646:Simurrum culture 13549: 13548: 13536: 13535: 13525: 13524: 13523: 13511: 13504: 13497: 13488: 13487: 13474: 13473: 13462: 13461: 13460: 13107: 13100: 13099: 13074:Post-Saddam Iraq 12900:Nestorian schism 12894:Christianization 12866:(132 BCE–244 CE) 12860:(247 BCE–224 CE) 12820:(609 BCE–240 CE) 12781: 12780: 12771: 12631:East Syriac Rite 12594:West Syriac Rite 12590: 12589: 12571: 12560: 12549: 12490: 12483: 12476: 12467: 12466: 12453: 12452: 12357:Timeline of the 12351: 12344: 12337: 12328: 12327: 12297:Byzantine Empire 12172:Middle Babylonia 12138:c. 1150–911 BCE 11931: 11930: 11914: 11907: 11900: 11891: 11890: 11882: 11567: 11560: 11553: 11544: 11543: 11389:Sumerian cuisine 11379:Warfare in Sumer 11374:Economy of Sumer 11027: 11026: 11017: 10901:Fertile Crescent 10885:Sinjar Mountains 10880:Hamrin Mountains 10875:Zagros Mountains 10853:Taurus Mountains 10818: 10817: 10798: 10791: 10784: 10775: 10774: 10762: 10761: 10706: 10705: 10679: 10678: 10658:Ashur-uballit II 10652:Sin-shumu-lishir 10641:Ashur-etil-ilani 10570:Ashurnasirpal II 10550: 10549: 10527: 10526: 10508: 10501: 10494: 10485: 10484: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10470: 10455: 10445: 10443: 10442: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10367: 10346: 10325: 10323: 10322: 10316: 10291: 10278: 10257: 10255: 10254: 10245:(101): 381–420. 10229: 10227: 10226: 10220: 10187: 10174: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10117: 10096: 10077: 10075: 10074: 10049: 10028: 10007: 10001: 9991: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9943: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9898: 9877: 9875: 9874: 9868: 9853: 9843: 9806: 9785: 9783: 9782: 9757:(1–2): 243–267. 9741: 9720: 9701: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9545: 9524: 9522: 9521: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9456: 9435: 9414: 9393: 9391: 9390: 9342: 9321: 9315: 9305: 9276: 9263:Brill Publishers 9251: 9249: 9248: 9238: 9213: 9192: 9171: 9150: 9129: 9110: 9108: 9107: 9076: 9057: 9037: 9016: 8995: 8974: 8953: 8912: 8891: 8870: 8849: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8807: 8782: 8780: 8779: 8773: 8766: 8754: 8733: 8731: 8730: 8697: 8676: 8637: 8618: 8597: 8576: 8555: 8526: 8505: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8406: 8400: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8308: 8302: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8229: 8223: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8124: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8085: 8079: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7841: 7835: 7824: 7818: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7737: 7731: 7722: 7716: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7639: 7633: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7585: 7579: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7306: 7300: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 6996: 6990: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6795: 6789: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6741: 6735: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6697: 6691: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6492: 6486: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6327: 6321: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6204: 6198: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6065: 6059: 6050: 6044: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5938: 5932: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5828: 5822: 5813: 5807: 5798: 5792: 5775: 5769: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5719: 5713: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5669: 5663: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5625: 5619: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5545: 5539: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5467: 5461: 5446: 5440: 5431: 5425: 5408: 5402: 5391: 5385: 5376: 5370: 5359: 5353: 5338: 5332: 5315: 5309: 5294: 5288: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5213: 5209: 5207: 5199: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5016: 5010: 5009: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4940: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4898: 4892: 4882: 4866: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4831: 4823: 4817: 4810: 4804: 4800:See the section 4798: 4792: 4785: 4779: 4771:Rarely also the 4769: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4751: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4647: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4626: 4619: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4443: 4437: 4427: 4422:'s 1862–67 work 4420:George Rawlinson 4404:Byzantine Empire 4393: 4355: 4340: 4332: 4315: 4286: 4278: 4246: 4226: 4220: 4213:Northwest Palace 4175: 4164:Paul-Émile Botta 4020: 3984: 3981: 3969: 3958: 3947: 3898: 3890: 3887: 3857: 3812: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3753:Civic technology 3711: 3602: 3600: 3580: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3502:Semitic language 3436: 3392:thus reduced to 3341: 3335: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3234: 3222: 3205: 3198: 3149: 3143: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3013: 3007: 2997: 2987: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2931:ana eššūti aṣbat 2927: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2730:name of the year 2698: 2687:Ashur-uballit II 2668:captured Nineveh 2644: 2597:Sin-shumu-lishir 2593:Ashur-etil-ilani 2586: 2584: 2578:Sin-shumu-lishir 2514: 2477: 2475: 2458: 2456: 2344: 2342: 2273:Southwest Palace 2213: 2211: 2190: 2188: 2179: 2177: 2124:in Anatolia and 2082:Sargonid dynasty 2074: 2062: 2060: 2047:Sargonid dynasty 2018: 2016: 1916: 1895: 1893: 1881:745–727 BC) 1880: 1878: 1834: 1832: 1823: 1821: 1812: 1810: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1733:783–773 BC) 1732: 1730: 1706: 1676: 1666:824–811 BC) 1665: 1663: 1610:Battle of Qarqar 1562:Taurus Mountains 1559: 1550: 1548: 1514:859–824 BC) 1513: 1511: 1500: 1489:883–859 BC) 1488: 1486: 1480:Ashurnasirpal II 1475: 1430: 1428: 1389:Zagros Mountains 1358: 1356: 1350:Ashurnasirpal II 1347: 1338:883–859 BC) 1337: 1335: 1329:Ashurnasirpal II 1290: 1287: 1266: 1264: 1227: 1225: 1209: 1207: 1198: 1196: 1187: 1181: 1166:890–884 BC) 1165: 1163: 1154: 1152: 1143: 1141: 1125: 1105: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1025: 1004: 1000: 997: 929:world domination 926: 908:as the regional 877: 875: 862: 860: 850:Sargonid dynasty 843: 841: 831: 829: 813:(later known as 803: 801: 795:Ashurnasirpal II 744:world domination 687: 663: 650: 637: 627: 626: 616: 613: 612: 599: 598: 585: 584: 573: 572: 560: 559: 546: 545: 539: 538: 523: 522: 366: 363:Ashur-uballit II 278:Ashurnasirpal II 155: 140: 134: 133: 132: 131: 119: 118: 112: 109: 103: 67: 66: 59: 42:cuneiform script 36: 35: 21: 24960: 24959: 24955: 24954: 24953: 24951: 24950: 24949: 24900:Bronze Age Asia 24865:Ancient Armenia 24840:11th century BC 24825: 24824: 24823: 24818: 24762: 24746:Public holidays 24669: 24520: 24503: 24442: 24412: 24395: 24254: 24234: 24217: 24148:Iraqi Kurdistan 24138:Euphrates river 24109: 24088: 24055:War (2014–2017) 24001:Operation Opera 23947: 23917: 23913:Arab Federation 23901:Kingdom of Iraq 23834: 23810:Fall of Babylon 23745:Akkadian Empire 23720:Samarra culture 23705:Hassuna culture 23682: 23669: 23657: 23656: 23654: 23624: 23619: 23618: 23609: 23608: 23601: 23582: 23578: 23570: 23561: 23554: 23535: 23531: 23524: 23504: 23500: 23491: 23490: 23486: 23468: 23464: 23459: 23455: 23392:Byzantine Syria 23378:Byzantine Egypt 23353:Farrukh Hormizd 23313: 23309: 23306:Sasanian Empire 23292: 23288: 23269:Byzantine Syria 23255:Byzantine Egypt 23194: 23086: 23082: 23079:Sasanian Empire 22999: 22904:Mithridates III 22884: 22881:Parthian Empire 22814: 22753:Seleucid Empire 22750: 22740: 22716: 22625:Ptolemy I Soter 22623: 22620:Ptolemaic Egypt 22592: 22586: 22546: 22528: 22524: 22522:Kings of Byblos 22513: 22485: 22459: 22430: 22424: 22398: 22378:Mushezib-Marduk 22348:Tiglath-Pileser 22346: 22337: 22314: 22300: 22284: 22280: 22276: 22272: 22268: 22264: 22263: 22255: 22253:Nabu-mukin-zeri 22247:Nabu-nadin-zeri 22232:Marduk-bel-zeri 22225:Baba-aha-iddina 22202: 22179:Adad-nirari III 22169:Shalmaneser III 22158: 22147: 22146: 22133: 22127: 22126: 22124:Menkheperre Ini 22101: 22094: 22093: 22057: 22043:Nabû-mukin-apli 22020: 22009:(1100–540 BCE) 22002:Nabu-shum-libur 21970: 21947:Ashur-nirari IV 21941:Ashurnasirpal I 21938:Shamshi-Adad IV 21884:Ashur-uballit I 21879: 21861: 21857: 21853: 21849: 21843: 21842: 21838: 21834: 21832:Kings of Byblos 21830: 21800: 21793: 21787: 21786: 21755: 21754: 21738: 21732: 21700: 21687: 21686: 21668:Neferneferuaten 21628: 21627: 21623: 21617: 21611: 21610:(1500–1100 BCE) 21602:Enlil-nadin-ahi 21590:Adad-shuma-usur 21578:Kashtiliashu IV 21566:Kadashman-Turgu 21551:Burnaburiash II 21530:Kashtiliash III 21522: 21499: 21493: 21463: 21462:(1600–1260 BCE) 21461: 21431: 21422: 21416: 21404: 21398: 21394: 21388: 21384: 21378: 21358: 21353:Peshgaldaramesh 21348: 21338: 21328: 21324:Sealand Dynasty 21321: 21318: 21317: 21311: 21310: 21273: 21266: 21264: 21239:Ashur-nirari II 21218:Puzur-Ashur III 21206:Shamshi-Adad II 21177: 21175: 21173:Adaside dynasty 21170: 21169: 21144: 21142: 21140: 21139: 21102: 21100: 21098: 21091: 21082: 21076: 21065: 21061: 21059:Kings of Byblos 21057: 21051: 21040: 21003: 20990: 20989: 20971:Uruk VI dynasty 20969: 20918: 20869:Dynasty of Isin 20859: 20853: 20842: 20838: 20834: 20830: 20826: 20822: 20818: 20814: 20810: 20785: 20779: 20772: 20768: 20767: 20766: 20764: 20760: 20756: 20739: 20733: 20729: 20723: 20720: 20690: 20684: 20666: 20627: 20615: 20606: 20602: 20598: 20594: 20577: 20567: 20553: 20537: 20529: 20525: 20521: 20510: 20503: 20499: 20485: 20481: 20472: 20468: 20467: 20465: 20454: 20450: 20444: 20440: 20431:(2150–2000 BCE) 20412: 20396: 20392: 20388: 20382: 20378: 20374: 20370: 20366: 20362: 20358: 20344: 20340: 20328: 20324: 20300: 20296: 20292: 20288: 20284: 20283: 20281: 20276: 20266: 20221:Djedkare Shemai 20210: 20204: 20198: 20184: 20155: 20151: 20147: 20143: 20130:Sargon of Akkad 20128: 20127: 20124:Akkadian Empire 20116:(2340–2150 BCE) 20114:Akkadian Period 20101: 20097: 20085: 20081: 20060: 20048: 20038: 20034: 20017: 20013: 19999: 19977: 19956: 19954: 19942: 19938: 19934: 19923: 19919: 19915: 19906: 19897: 19883: 19879: 19867: 19863: 19851: 19822: 19819: 19813: 19801: 19792: 19759: 19758: 19742: 19738: 19734: 19730: 19719: 19715: 19711: 19702: 19701: 19695: 19691: 19690: 19678: 19677: 19661: 19658: 19646: 19642: 19631: 19622: 19618: 19614: 19610: 19606: 19602: 19601: 19600: 19594: 19590: 19586: 19585: 19577:(2500-539 BCE) 19565: 19561: 19531: 19525: 19518: 19512: 19494: 19490: 19486: 19474: 19470: 19466: 19454: 19448: 19444: 19430: 19426: 19416: 19413: 19409: 19397: 19393: 19383: 19379: 19377: 19363: 19359: 19355: 19351: 19315: 19309: 19303: 19299: 19298: 19282: 19281: 19280:(2700–1500 BCE) 19279: 19227: 19216: 19179:("conqueror of 19165: 19149: 19142: 19132: 19118: 19099: 19095: 19090: 19081: 19072: 19064: 19061: 19041: 18977: 18976: 18962: 18956: 18950: 18941: 18883: 18869: 18856: 18797: 18728: 18717: 18711: 18697: 18691: 18684: 18678: 18672: 18666: 18665: 18664:(4000–3100 BCE) 18663: 18657: 18631: 18625: 18597: 18578: 18568: 18541: 18539: 18523: 18517: 18487: 18482: 18481: 18476: 18465:American Empire 18450: 18446:African empires 18398: 18281: 17973:Central African 17919: 17737:Romano-Germanic 17323: 17057:Middle Assyrian 17030: 17022: 17017: 16987: 16982: 16974: 16967: 16960: 16947: 16872: 16858:Public holidays 16844: 16786: 16748: 16742: 16734: 16686: 16641: 16610: 16603: 16590: 16583: 16439: 16408: 16357: 16306: 16293: 16283:Second Republic 16227: 16210: 16177:Crusader states 16142:Tulunid dynasty 16135:(Bilad al-Sham) 16134: 16132:Caliphal Syria 16126:Muslim conquest 16112: 16108:Byzantine Syria 16023:Akkadian Empire 16004: 15958: 15931: 15922: 15892: 15887: 15815: 15634: 15630:Women in Turkey 15598:Law enforcement 15552: 15548:Life expectancy 15514:Islam in Turkey 15468: 15357: 15319:National Police 15287: 15242: 15174: 15165:Turkish Riviera 15072: 15029: 15028: 15007: 14964: 14931: 14910:Language reform 14881: 14800: 14761: 14726: 14716: 14714: 14684: 14679: 14623: 14607:Public holidays 14530: 14381: 14364: 14303: 14273: 14256: 14115: 14095: 14078: 14009:Iraqi Kurdistan 13999:Euphrates river 13970: 13949: 13916:War (2014–2017) 13862:Operation Opera 13808: 13778: 13774:Arab Federation 13762:Kingdom of Iraq 13695: 13671:Fall of Babylon 13606:Akkadian Empire 13581:Samarra culture 13566:Hassuna culture 13543: 13530: 13518: 13517: 13515: 13485: 13480: 13468: 13458: 13456: 13448: 13391: 13266: 13243:Mardin Province 13106: 13085: 13068:Simele massacre 13002: 12931: 12896:(1st to 3rd c.) 12878:(64 BCE–637 CE) 12872:(66 BCE–217 CE) 12858:Parthian Empire 12852:Seleucid Empire 12844: 12838: 12834:Assyrian tribes 12802:(2025–1364 BCE) 12796:(2600–2025 BCE) 12775: 12773: 12770: 12762: 12719: 12672: 12656: 12625: 12584: 12577: 12576: 12572: 12566: 12565: 12561: 12555: 12554: 12550: 12541: 12510: 12499: 12497:Assyrian people 12494: 12464: 12459: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12361: 12355: 12325: 12320: 12314:Sassanid Empire 12283:Parthian Empire 12278:Seleucid Empire 12268:Seleucid Empire 12187: 12181: 12158: 12149: 11978:Akkadian Empire 11924: 11918: 11888: 11883: 11874: 11576: 11571: 11541: 11536: 11495: 11449: 11423: 11332:Culture/society 11327: 11220: 11216:Muslim conquest 11186:Fall of Babylon 11117: 11018: 11005: 10889: 10807: 10802: 10767: 10759: 10754: 10737: 10723:Lachish Reliefs 10693: 10662: 10591:Adad-nirari III 10575:Shalmaneser III 10548: 10518: 10512: 10482: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10453: 10440: 10438: 10396: 10394: 10387: 10364: 10343: 10320: 10318: 10314: 10289: 10275: 10252: 10250: 10224: 10222: 10218: 10185: 10179:Taagepera, Rein 10156: 10154: 10093: 10072: 10070: 10046: 10025: 9999: 9988: 9962: 9960: 9921: 9919: 9895: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9851: 9803: 9780: 9778: 9738: 9717: 9679: 9677: 9670: 9644: 9642: 9617: 9615: 9590: 9588: 9564: 9562: 9542: 9519: 9517: 9485: 9483: 9453: 9432: 9411: 9388: 9386: 9363:10.2307/1359991 9313: 9273: 9246: 9244: 9210: 9189: 9168: 9147: 9126: 9105: 9103: 9096: 9073: 9054: 9034: 9013: 8992: 8971: 8942: 8909: 8888: 8867: 8846: 8823: 8821: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8764: 8751: 8728: 8726: 8694: 8657:10.2307/1359421 8634: 8615: 8594: 8573: 8552: 8523: 8502: 8483: 8478: 8470: 8466: 8458: 8454: 8446: 8442: 8434: 8430: 8422: 8409: 8401: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8362: 8358: 8350: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8326: 8311: 8303: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8272: 8268: 8260: 8256: 8248: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8224: 8217: 8209: 8205: 8197: 8193: 8185: 8181: 8173: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8125: 8112: 8104: 8100: 8092: 8088: 8080: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8053: 8046: 8038: 8034: 8026: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7942: 7938: 7930: 7926: 7918: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7894: 7885: 7877: 7873: 7865: 7861: 7853: 7844: 7836: 7827: 7819: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7790: 7775: 7767: 7763: 7755: 7740: 7732: 7725: 7717: 7710: 7702: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7678: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7649: 7642: 7634: 7627: 7619: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7551: 7547: 7539: 7528: 7520: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7496: 7492: 7484: 7480: 7472: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7316: 7309: 7301: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7250: 7246: 7238: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7214: 7207: 7199: 7195: 7187: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7163: 7156: 7148: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7066:Luckenbill 1927 7064: 7060: 7056:, pp. 6–7. 7052: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7016: 6999: 6991: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6925: 6917: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6893: 6889: 6881:, p. 192; 6877: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6817: 6813: 6805: 6798: 6790: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6751: 6744: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6700: 6692: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6623: 6619: 6611: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6330: 6322: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6259: 6250: 6244:Luckenbill 1924 6242: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6207: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6143: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6116: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6085: 6068: 6060: 6053: 6045: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5977: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5941: 5933: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5902: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5831: 5823: 5816: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5778: 5770: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5681: 5672: 5664: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5635: 5628: 5620: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5477: 5470: 5462: 5449: 5441: 5434: 5426: 5411: 5403: 5394: 5390:, Making speed. 5386: 5379: 5371: 5362: 5354: 5341: 5333: 5318: 5310: 5297: 5289: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5254: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5211: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5144:. Times Books. 5135: 5131: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5017: 5013: 5006: 4989: 4985: 4976: 4974: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4929: 4925: 4916: 4914: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4886:Rassam cylinder 4883: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4859: 4855: 4850:Assyrian tribes 4847: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4820: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4786: 4782: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4734: 4713: 4658:Rassam cylinder 4638: 4633:Sumero-Akkadian 4620: 4616: 4611: 4589: 4501: 4493: 4491: 4463: 4450: 4414:and eventually 4373:Cyrus the Great 4344:Dynasty of Isin 4302: 4273: 4230:Francis Egerton 4152:Julius von Mohl 4120:Sasanian Empire 4108:Assyrian people 4089: 4079: 3982: 3966:Story of Ahikar 3952: 3950:Cesare Saccaggi 3934:Deir Mar Mattai 3895:Story of Ahikar 3891:containing the 3888: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3782:("architect"), 3755: 3723: 3718: 3631: 3629:Other languages 3597: 3570: 3564: 3483: 3477: 3472: 3421: 3415: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3356: 3316:) and lancers ( 3242: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3162: 3156: 3117:East until the 3090: 3084: 3034:(chief judge), 2911: 2845: 2830: 2824: 2790: 2782: 2776: 2761: 2755: 2750: 2713: 2691:Ashur-uballit I 2642:Fall of Nineveh 2622:king of Babylon 2581: 2564: 2558: 2472: 2453: 2339: 2329: 2265:Mushezib-Marduk 2208: 2185: 2174: 2078:Adaside dynasty 2057: 2039: 2034: 2032:Imperial apogee 2013: 1994:Nabu-mukin-zeri 1890: 1875: 1864: 1829: 1818: 1807: 1787: 1755: 1752:Adad-nirari III 1740:Baba-aha-iddina 1727: 1682:Ashur-danin-pal 1660: 1649: 1545: 1542:Shalmaneser III 1519: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1508: 1505:Shalmaneser III 1501: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1448:cities such as 1425: 1387:in the eastern 1353: 1332: 1318: 1288: 1261: 1222: 1204: 1193: 1160: 1149: 1138: 1127: 1117: 1112: 1100: 1088: 1069: 1055: 1028:Sargon of Akkad 1020:Akkadian Empire 1002: 998: 961: 872: 857: 838: 826: 823:Shalmaneser III 798: 778:and modern-day 752:Neo-Babylonians 704: 596: 582: 557: 543: 510: 497: 495:Fall of Nineveh 484: 471: 458: 445: 431: 418: 408: 394: 361: 358: 346: 334: 322: 310: 298: 290:Shalmaneser III 286: 274: 261: 220: 199: 158: 141: 135: 129: 124: 113: 107: 104: 85: 68: 64: 57: 56: 55: 46:Without proper 37: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 24958: 24948: 24947: 24942: 24937: 24932: 24927: 24922: 24917: 24912: 24907: 24902: 24897: 24892: 24887: 24882: 24877: 24875:Ancient Levant 24872: 24867: 24862: 24857: 24852: 24847: 24842: 24837: 24820: 24819: 24817: 24816: 24806: 24796: 24786: 24775: 24772: 24771: 24768: 24767: 24764: 24763: 24761: 24760: 24759: 24758: 24753: 24743: 24738: 24733: 24728: 24723: 24718: 24713: 24708: 24703: 24698: 24693: 24688: 24683: 24677: 24675: 24671: 24670: 24668: 24667: 24666: 24665: 24660: 24655: 24650: 24645: 24635: 24630: 24629: 24628: 24623: 24617: 24612: 24607: 24602: 24597: 24592: 24587: 24582: 24572: 24571: 24570: 24565: 24560: 24555: 24550: 24540: 24534: 24532: 24522: 24521: 24509: 24508: 24505: 24504: 24502: 24501: 24496: 24491: 24486: 24484:Transportation 24481: 24476: 24474:Stock Exchange 24471: 24469:Reconstruction 24466: 24461: 24456: 24451: 24449:Infrastructure 24446: 24438: 24433: 24428: 24423: 24417: 24414: 24413: 24401: 24400: 24397: 24396: 24394: 24393: 24388: 24383: 24378: 24373: 24368: 24363: 24362: 24361: 24356: 24351: 24346: 24345: 24344: 24334: 24329: 24319: 24318: 24317: 24316: 24315: 24308:Prime Minister 24305: 24304: 24303: 24293: 24288: 24278: 24273: 24268: 24263: 24258: 24250: 24245: 24239: 24236: 24235: 24223: 24222: 24219: 24218: 24216: 24215: 24210: 24205: 24200: 24195: 24190: 24185: 24180: 24175: 24170: 24165: 24160: 24155: 24150: 24145: 24140: 24135: 24130: 24125: 24120: 24114: 24111: 24110: 24098: 24097: 24094: 24093: 24090: 24089: 24087: 24086: 24081: 24080: 24079: 24069: 24068: 24067: 24062: 24052: 24047: 24046: 24045: 24040: 24035: 24025: 24020: 24019: 24018: 24016:1991 uprisings 24008: 24003: 23998: 23993: 23988: 23983: 23978: 23973: 23968: 23966:Saddam Hussein 23963: 23952: 23951: 23943: 23938: 23933: 23927: 23925: 23919: 23918: 23916: 23915: 23910: 23909: 23908: 23898: 23896:Mandatory Iraq 23893: 23888: 23885:Mamluk dynasty 23878: 23873: 23868: 23863: 23858: 23853: 23848: 23842: 23840: 23836: 23835: 23833: 23832: 23827: 23822: 23817: 23812: 23807: 23802: 23797: 23792: 23787: 23782: 23777: 23772: 23767: 23762: 23757: 23752: 23750:Gutian dynasty 23747: 23742: 23737: 23732: 23727: 23722: 23717: 23712: 23707: 23702: 23696: 23694: 23684: 23683: 23671: 23670: 23653: 23652: 23645: 23638: 23630: 23621: 23620: 23615: 23614: 23611: 23610: 23607: 23606: 23599: 23576: 23559: 23552: 23529: 23522: 23508:Potts, Timothy 23498: 23484: 23462: 23452: 23451: 23448: 23447: 23437: 23426: 23425: 23418: 23411: 23404: 23400: 23399: 23394: 23389: 23380: 23374: 23373: 23332: 23325: 23321: 23320: 23302: 23281: 23277: 23276: 23271: 23266: 23257: 23251: 23250: 23243: 23239: 23238: 23233: 23228: 23223: 23217: 23216: 23209: 23205: 23204: 23187: 23183: 23182: 23075: 23071: 23070: 23047: 23042: 23037: 23033: 23032: 23027: 23018: 23014: 23013: 23008: 23003: 22991: 22990: 22983: 22982:30 BCE–116 CE 22979: 22978: 22916:Mithridates IV 22898:Mithridates II 22877: 22839: 22834:Aristobulus II 22807: 22803: 22802: 22727:Argead dynasty 22711: 22616:Argead dynasty 22612: 22608: 22607: 22599: 22598: 22578: 22577: 22569:Artaxerxes III 22532: 22530:Kings of Sidon 22519: 22506: 22502: 22501: 22478: 22473:Labashi-Marduk 22452: 22417: 22413: 22412: 22407: 22401: 22400: 22375:Nergal-ushezib 22330: 22311:Black Pharaohs 22293: 22289: 22288: 22256: 22229:Ninurta-apla-X 22190: 22188:Ashur-nirari V 22182:Shalmaneser IV 22172:Shamshi-Adad V 22160:Adad-nirari II 22151: 22141: 22050: 22046: 22045: 22015: 22011: 22010: 22004: 21961: 21944:Shalmaneser II 21932:Ashur-bel-kala 21920:Mutakkil-Nusku 21876:Middle Assyria 21872: 21865: 21840:Kings of Sidon 21823: 21747: 21746:1155–1025 BCE 21743: 21742: 21729:Elamite Empire 21725: 21692: 21691: 21683:Hittite Empire 21679: 21647: 21646: 21631: 21630: 21604: 21593:Meli-Shipak II 21563:Nazi-Maruttash 21527:Burnaburiash I 21506: 21478: 21477:1531–1155 BCE 21474: 21473: 21454: 21409: 21369: 21368: 21315: 21251: 21236:Enlil-Nasir II 21215:Ashur-nirari I 21209:Ishme-Dagan II 21200:Sharma-Adad II 21152:Ashur-apla-idi 21143:1735–1701 BCE) 21122:Ashur-apla-idi 21104:Shamshi-Adad I 21099:1808–1736 BCE) 21084: 21079:Yamhad dynasty 21069: 21067:Kings of Sidon 21046: 21033: 21032:1800–1595 BCE 21029: 21028: 20995: 20994: 20982: 20846: 20836:Puzur-Ashur II 20803: 20746: 20713: 20712: 20707:Mentuhotep III 20676: 20675: 20658: 20653: 20645: 20644:2025-1763 BCE 20641: 20640: 20612:Ur III dynasty 20608: 20589: 20586: 20582: 20581: 20569: 20558:Neferkare VIII 20546: 20542: 20541: 20534: 20533: 20505: 20491: 20489: 20476: 20462:Gutian dynasty 20458: 20434: 20433: 20425: 20420:Nebkaure Khety 20414:Meryibre Khety 20405: 20401: 20400: 20383: 20350: 20348: 20332: 20305: 20304: 20298: 20269: 20259: 20245:Neferkamin Anu 20218:Neferkare Neby 20191: 20187: 20186: 20182:Lugal-ushumgal 20179: 20164: 20160: 20159: 20138: 20119: 20118: 20110: 20108: 20104: 20103: 20089: 20076: 20074: 20070: 20069: 20064: 20055: 20050: 20042: 20029: 20024: 20020: 20019: 20015:Lugalannemundu 20005: 19970: 19966: 19965: 19960: 19946: 19929: 19910: 19901: 19892: 19887: 19871: 19858: 19854: 19853: 19836: 19831: 19827: 19826: 19815: 19806: 19805: 19796: 19787: 19782:Djedkare Isesi 19779:Menkauhor Kaiu 19751: 19747: 19746: 19723: 19706: 19682: 19680:Pabilgagaltuku 19669: 19664: 19650: 19639:Akshak dynasty 19635: 19626: 19578: 19572: 19568: 19567: 19554: 19505: 19501: 19500: 19498: 19479: 19464:Enun-dara-anna 19459: 19458: 19419: 19402: 19387: 19369: 19367: 19345: 19344: 19338: 19291: 19287: 19286: 19272: 19257: 19241: 19240: 19233: 19232: 19221: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19196: 19190: 19186: 19185: 19172: 19171: 19157: 19120: 19113: 19112: 19088:Kullassina-bel 19073: 19065: 19054: 19053: 19047: 18969: 18965: 18964: 18943: 18934: 18929: 18880:Narmer Palette 18862: 18861:3100–2900 BCE 18858: 18857: 18790: 18720: 18719: 18704: 18703:3200–3100 BCE 18700: 18699: 18686: 18654: 18653: 18648: 18642: 18637: 18618: 18617:4000–3200 BCE 18614: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18572: 18562: 18557: 18552: 18547: 18542: 18529: 18528: 18525: 18524: 18519:Rulers of the 18516: 18515: 18508: 18501: 18493: 18484: 18483: 18478: 18477: 18475: 18474: 18473: 18472: 18467: 18458: 18456: 18452: 18451: 18449: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18422: 18421: 18410: 18408: 18404: 18403: 18400: 18399: 18397: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18375: 18374: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18324: 18319: 18318: 18317: 18312: 18302: 18297: 18291: 18289: 18280: 18279: 18278: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18247: 18242: 18241: 18240: 18230: 18225: 18224: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18203: 18198: 18197: 18196: 18191: 18181: 18180: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18149: 18148: 18147: 18142: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18116: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18085: 18084: 18083: 18078: 18068: 18063: 18062: 18061: 18056: 18046: 18045: 18044: 18039: 18029: 18028: 18027: 18022: 18012: 18007: 18006: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17975: 17970: 17969: 17968: 17963: 17955: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17929: 17927: 17921: 17920: 17918: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17901: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17860: 17855: 17854: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17818: 17817: 17816: 17811: 17806: 17801: 17791: 17786: 17781: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17751: 17750: 17749: 17744: 17734: 17733: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17707: 17694: 17689: 17684: 17679: 17678: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17657: 17656: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17630: 17625: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17604: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17588: 17578: 17577: 17576: 17571: 17566: 17561: 17551: 17550: 17549: 17544: 17539: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17514: 17509: 17508: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17487: 17482: 17481: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17445: 17444: 17443: 17438: 17428: 17427: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17401: 17396: 17395: 17394: 17384: 17383: 17382: 17377: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17333: 17331: 17329:Post-classical 17325: 17324: 17322: 17321: 17320: 17319: 17309: 17304: 17303: 17302: 17297: 17287: 17286: 17285: 17275: 17274: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17227: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17201: 17200: 17199: 17194: 17184: 17179: 17178: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17136: 17135: 17130: 17128:Middle Kingdom 17125: 17115: 17110: 17109: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17088: 17087: 17086: 17084:Neo-Babylonian 17081: 17076: 17074:Old Babylonian 17066: 17065: 17064: 17059: 17049: 17044: 17038: 17036: 17024: 17023: 17016: 17015: 17008: 17001: 16993: 16984: 16983: 16981: 16980: 16973: 16972: 16965: 16957: 16956: 16953: 16952: 16949: 16948: 16946: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16929: 16928: 16923: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16893: 16888: 16882: 16880: 16874: 16873: 16871: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16854: 16853: 16848: 16840: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16804: 16798: 16792: 16791: 16788: 16787: 16785: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16768: 16767: 16756: 16754: 16753:Infrastructure 16750: 16749: 16747: 16746: 16738: 16730: 16725: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16704: 16698: 16692: 16691: 16688: 16687: 16685: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16668: 16667: 16657: 16651: 16649: 16643: 16642: 16640: 16639: 16634: 16633: 16632: 16630:Syria (region) 16622: 16617: 16616: 16615: 16608: 16601: 16600: 16599: 16576: 16575: 16574: 16564: 16563: 16562: 16557: 16547: 16546: 16545: 16535: 16530: 16529: 16528: 16523: 16513: 16508: 16507: 16506: 16505: 16504: 16497:Prime Minister 16489: 16487:Vice President 16484: 16483: 16482: 16472: 16467: 16461: 16455: 16449: 16448: 16445: 16444: 16441: 16440: 16438: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16425:Southern Syria 16422: 16420:Syria (region) 16416: 16414: 16410: 16409: 16407: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16391: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16365: 16363: 16359: 16358: 16356: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16324: 16314: 16308: 16307: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16294: 16292: 16291: 16286: 16280: 16274: 16273: 16272: 16266: 16263:State of Syria 16260: 16252:French Mandate 16249: 16244: 16237: 16235: 16229: 16228: 16226: 16225: 16218: 16216: 16212: 16211: 16209: 16208: 16202: 16196: 16195: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16174: 16172:Saljuqid Syria 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16152:Zangid dynasty 16149: 16144: 16139: 16129: 16122: 16120: 16118:Medieval Syria 16114: 16113: 16111: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16093:Seleucid Syria 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16014: 16012: 16006: 16005: 16003: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15966: 15964: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15956: 15954:Years in Syria 15951: 15945: 15939: 15933: 15932: 15921: 15920: 15913: 15906: 15898: 15889: 15888: 15886: 15885: 15873: 15861: 15849: 15837: 15824: 15821: 15820: 15817: 15816: 15814: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15787: 15786: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15750: 15749: 15747:Radio stations 15744: 15739: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15693: 15692: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15666: 15665: 15660: 15650: 15644: 15642: 15633: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15616: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15595: 15590: 15589: 15588: 15578: 15573: 15572: 15571: 15560: 15558: 15554: 15553: 15551: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15539: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15518: 15517: 15516: 15506: 15505: 15504: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15482:Turkish people 15478: 15476: 15470: 15469: 15467: 15466: 15465: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15447:Transportation 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15423: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15371: 15369: 15363: 15362: 15359: 15358: 15356: 15355: 15354: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15333: 15328: 15327: 15326: 15321: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15295: 15293: 15289: 15288: 15286: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15269: 15268: 15263: 15252: 15250: 15244: 15243: 15241: 15240: 15239: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15213: 15212: 15211: 15201: 15195: 15193: 15186: 15180: 15179: 15176: 15175: 15173: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15155:National parks 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15126: 15125: 15120: 15110: 15109: 15108: 15103: 15093: 15092: 15091: 15089:Climate change 15080: 15078: 15074: 15073: 15071: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15038:Marmara Region 15034: 15032: 15030:(west to east) 15019: 15013: 15012: 15009: 15008: 15006: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14984: 14983: 14972: 14970: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14962: 14957: 14956: 14955: 14945: 14943:Constitutional 14939: 14937: 14933: 14932: 14930: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14918: 14917: 14912: 14902: 14897: 14891: 14889: 14883: 14882: 14880: 14879: 14878: 14877: 14867: 14866: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14845: 14844: 14843: 14833: 14831:Transformation 14828: 14827: 14826: 14816: 14810: 14808: 14806:Ottoman Empire 14802: 14801: 14799: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14787: 14786: 14775: 14773: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14743: 14741: 14734: 14728: 14727: 14713: 14712: 14705: 14698: 14690: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14677: 14667: 14657: 14647: 14636: 14633: 14632: 14629: 14628: 14625: 14624: 14622: 14621: 14620: 14619: 14614: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14538: 14536: 14532: 14531: 14529: 14528: 14527: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14496: 14491: 14490: 14489: 14484: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14433: 14432: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14401: 14395: 14393: 14383: 14382: 14370: 14369: 14366: 14365: 14363: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14345:Transportation 14342: 14337: 14335:Stock Exchange 14332: 14330:Reconstruction 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14310:Infrastructure 14307: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14278: 14275: 14274: 14262: 14261: 14258: 14257: 14255: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14223: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14206: 14205: 14195: 14190: 14180: 14179: 14178: 14177: 14176: 14169:Prime Minister 14166: 14165: 14164: 14154: 14149: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14111: 14106: 14100: 14097: 14096: 14084: 14083: 14080: 14079: 14077: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13975: 13972: 13971: 13959: 13958: 13955: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13947: 13942: 13941: 13940: 13930: 13929: 13928: 13923: 13913: 13908: 13907: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13886: 13881: 13880: 13879: 13877:1991 uprisings 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13827:Saddam Hussein 13824: 13813: 13812: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13788: 13786: 13780: 13779: 13777: 13776: 13771: 13770: 13769: 13759: 13757:Mandatory Iraq 13754: 13749: 13746:Mamluk dynasty 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13703: 13701: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13611:Gutian dynasty 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13557: 13555: 13545: 13544: 13532: 13531: 13514: 13513: 13506: 13499: 13491: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13478: 13466: 13453: 13450: 13449: 13447: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13405: 13403: 13397: 13396: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13389: 13384: 13383: 13382: 13372: 13370:United Kingdom 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13276: 13274: 13268: 13267: 13265: 13264: 13263: 13262: 13261: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13220: 13219: 13218: 13213: 13212: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13186: 13185: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13164: 13163: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13146: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13123:Nineveh Plains 13114: 13112: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13087: 13086: 13084: 13083: 13077: 13071: 13065: 13059: 13053: 13050:Adana massacre 13047: 13041: 13035: 13029: 13026:Schism of 1552 13023: 13020:Ottoman Empire 13017: 13014:Safavid Empire 13010: 13008: 13004: 13003: 13001: 13000: 12994: 12988: 12982: 12976: 12970: 12964: 12961:Emirs of Mosul 12958: 12952: 12946: 12939: 12937: 12933: 12932: 12930: 12929: 12923: 12917: 12903: 12897: 12891: 12885: 12879: 12873: 12867: 12861: 12855: 12848: 12846: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12815: 12809: 12808:(1363–912 BCE) 12803: 12797: 12790: 12788: 12778: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12729: 12727: 12721: 12720: 12718: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12676: 12674: 12662: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12654: 12648: 12642: 12635: 12633: 12627: 12626: 12624: 12623: 12617: 12611: 12605: 12598: 12596: 12587: 12579: 12578: 12544: 12542: 12540: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12518: 12516: 12512: 12511: 12504: 12501: 12500: 12493: 12492: 12485: 12478: 12470: 12461: 12460: 12458: 12457: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12354: 12353: 12346: 12339: 12331: 12322: 12321: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12307: 12306: 12290: 12289:63 BCE–224 CE 12286: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12271: 12270: 12265: 12261: 12260: 12252:Ancient Greeks 12244: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12230: 12229: 12217: 12213: 12212: 12210: 12208: 12204: 12203: 12198: 12194: 12193: 12174: 12169: 12162: 12153: 12144: 12139: 12135: 12134: 12127: 12111: 12107: 12106: 12104:Middle Assyria 12101: 12099: 12094: 12090: 12089: 12077: 12065: 12061: 12060: 12050: 12045: 12041: 12040: 12024: 12019: 12007: 12003: 12002: 11997: 11993: 11992: 11985: 11981: 11980: 11975: 11971: 11970: 11957: 11954: 11950: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11917: 11916: 11909: 11902: 11894: 11885: 11884: 11877: 11875: 11873: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11570: 11569: 11562: 11555: 11547: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11512:Assyriologists 11509: 11503: 11501: 11497: 11496: 11494: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11457: 11455: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11431: 11429: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11421: 11419:List of rulers 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11335: 11333: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11308:Proto-Armenian 11305: 11300: 11295: 11293:Middle Persian 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11234: 11232: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11181:Neo-Babylonian 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11161:Old Babylonian 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11131:Early Dynastic 11127: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11035: 11033: 11024: 11020: 11019: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10897: 10895: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10871: 10870: 10865: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10824: 10822: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10801: 10800: 10793: 10786: 10778: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10752: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10709: 10703: 10699: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10691: 10685: 10683: 10682:Infrastructure 10676: 10672: 10671: 10668: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10606:Ashur-nirari V 10603: 10598: 10596:Shalmaneser IV 10593: 10588: 10582: 10580:Shamshi-Adad V 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10560:Adad-nirari II 10556: 10554: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10520: 10519: 10517: articles 10511: 10510: 10503: 10496: 10488: 10481: 10480: 10446: 10402: 10385: 10368: 10362: 10347: 10341: 10326: 10302:(2): 222–223. 10283:Turchin, Peter 10279: 10273: 10258: 10230: 10175: 10162: 10139:10.1086/690911 10133:(1): 149–174. 10118: 10108:(2): 255–265. 10097: 10091: 10078: 10050: 10044: 10029: 10023: 10008: 9992: 9986: 9969: 9944: 9927: 9899: 9893: 9878: 9844: 9818:(3): 357–386. 9807: 9801: 9786: 9742: 9736: 9721: 9715: 9702: 9685: 9668: 9651: 9624: 9597: 9575:"Ashurbanipal" 9570: 9546: 9540: 9525: 9491: 9457: 9451: 9436: 9430: 9415: 9409: 9394: 9357:(1/2): 28–58. 9343: 9333:(3): 350–366. 9322: 9306: 9288:(1): 108–124. 9277: 9271: 9252: 9229:(1): 125–136. 9214: 9208: 9193: 9187: 9172: 9166: 9151: 9145: 9130: 9124: 9111: 9094: 9077: 9071: 9058: 9052: 9038: 9032: 9017: 9011: 8996: 8990: 8975: 8969: 8954: 8940: 8913: 8907: 8892: 8886: 8871: 8865: 8850: 8844: 8829: 8783: 8755: 8749: 8734: 8713:(2): 151–167. 8698: 8692: 8677: 8638: 8632: 8619: 8613: 8598: 8592: 8577: 8571: 8556: 8550: 8527: 8521: 8506: 8500: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8464: 8452: 8440: 8428: 8407: 8392: 8380: 8378:, p. 109. 8368: 8366:, p. 153. 8364:MacGinnis 2010 8356: 8344: 8342:, p. 552. 8332: 8330:, p. 535. 8309: 8307:, p. 534. 8290: 8288:, p. 191. 8286:Taagepera 1978 8278: 8276:, p. 223. 8266: 8254: 8242: 8230: 8215: 8213:, p. 584. 8203: 8191: 8179: 8177:, p. 556. 8167: 8165:, p. 559. 8155: 8153:, p. 558. 8143: 8141:, p. 560. 8131: 8129:, p. 195. 8110: 8098: 8096:, p. 209. 8086: 8071: 8069:, p. 214. 8059: 8057:, p. 241. 8044: 8032: 8020: 8018:, p. 514. 8008: 7996: 7994:, p. 511. 7984: 7982:, p. 379. 7972: 7960: 7948: 7946:, p. 378. 7936: 7934:, p. 368. 7924: 7912: 7910:, p. 361. 7900: 7898:, p. 319. 7883: 7881:, p. 178. 7871: 7869:, p. 168. 7859: 7857:, p. 320. 7842: 7840:, p. 318. 7825: 7823:, p. 321. 7808: 7806:, p. 317. 7796: 7794:, p. 149. 7773: 7771:, p. 148. 7761: 7759:, p. 147. 7738: 7736:, p. 314. 7723: 7721:, p. 313. 7708: 7704:Garfinkle 2007 7696: 7684: 7667: 7655: 7653:, p. 528. 7640: 7638:, p. 210. 7625: 7613: 7611:, p. 212. 7601: 7599:, p. 209. 7586: 7584:, p. 211. 7569: 7557: 7555:, p. 213. 7545: 7526: 7514: 7502: 7490: 7488:, p. 152. 7478: 7466: 7454: 7452:, p. 525. 7442: 7440:, p. 531. 7430: 7428:, p. 130. 7418: 7406: 7404:, p. 129. 7394: 7382: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7344:, p. 360. 7334: 7332:, p. 369. 7322: 7307: 7305:, p. 300. 7292: 7290:, p. 359. 7280: 7278:, p. 191. 7268: 7266:, p. 167. 7256: 7254:, p. 113. 7244: 7232: 7230:, p. 159. 7220: 7218:, p. 392. 7205: 7203:, p. 158. 7193: 7191:, p. 161. 7181: 7169: 7167:, p. 109. 7154: 7142: 7130: 7118: 7116:, p. 365. 7106: 7104:, p. 372. 7094: 7082: 7070: 7068:, p. 140. 7058: 7046: 7044:, p. 212. 7034: 7022: 7020:, p. 162. 6997: 6995:, p. 266. 6982: 6970: 6968:, p. 263. 6958: 6956:, p. 265. 6946: 6944:, p. 193. 6923: 6921:, p. 141. 6911: 6909:, p. 229. 6899: 6895:Lipschits 2005 6887: 6883:Lipschits 2005 6871: 6859: 6857:, p. 136. 6847: 6835: 6831:Lipschits 2005 6823: 6811: 6796: 6792:Lipschits 2005 6781: 6769: 6765:Lipschits 2005 6757: 6742: 6727: 6725:, p. 263. 6715: 6711:Lipschits 2005 6698: 6696:, p. 192. 6677: 6673:Lipschits 2005 6665: 6653: 6649:Lipschits 2005 6641: 6639:, p. 172. 6629: 6627:, p. 256. 6617: 6615:, p. 255. 6605: 6603:, p. 126. 6593: 6591:, p. 129. 6581: 6579:, p. 122. 6569: 6567:, p. 121. 6557: 6545: 6543:, p. 191. 6520: 6518:, p. 320. 6508: 6506:, p. 190. 6493: 6476: 6464: 6452: 6440: 6428: 6426:, p. 189. 6411: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6373:, p. 188. 6363: 6361:, p. 172. 6351: 6349:, p. 187. 6328: 6326:, p. 169. 6313: 6301: 6289: 6287:, p. 166. 6277: 6275:, p. 210. 6265: 6263:, p. 186. 6248: 6236: 6224: 6222:, p. 185. 6205: 6190: 6188:, p. 183. 6178: 6168: 6158: 6149: 6147:, p. 181. 6134: 6132:, p. 154. 6122: 6120:, p. 367. 6103: 6091: 6089:, p. 180. 6066: 6064:, p. 178. 6051: 6049:, p. 177. 6034: 6022: 6018:Davenport 2016 6007: 5995: 5983: 5981:, p. 176. 5966: 5954: 5952:, p. 277. 5939: 5937:, p. 175. 5920: 5918:, p. 228. 5908: 5893: 5881: 5879:, p. 174. 5860: 5858:, p. 200. 5848: 5846:, p. 173. 5829: 5827:, p. 172. 5814: 5812:, p. 171. 5799: 5797:, p. 170. 5776: 5747: 5735: 5720: 5718:, p. 169. 5699: 5687: 5685:, p. 168. 5670: 5668:, p. 144. 5653: 5651:, p. 145. 5641: 5639:, p. 136. 5626: 5624:, p. 167. 5609: 5607:, p. 136. 5597: 5585: 5583:, p. 125. 5573: 5561: 5546: 5531: 5529:, p. 360. 5519: 5507: 5505:, p. 120. 5495: 5483: 5481:, p. 565. 5468: 5466:, p. 196. 5447: 5432: 5409: 5392: 5377: 5360: 5358:, p. 536. 5339: 5337:, p. 161. 5316: 5314:, p. 133. 5295: 5272: 5270:, p. 165. 5260: 5245: 5243:, p. 187. 5241:Taagepera 1978 5233: 5231:, p. 148. 5221: 5184: 5177: 5157: 5150: 5129: 5122: 5102: 5073: 5038: 5031: 5011: 5004: 4983: 4963:"rinap/rinap4" 4954: 4943:Chisholm, Hugh 4923: 4893: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4853: 4841: 4832: 4818: 4805: 4793: 4780: 4764: 4761: 1340 BC 4648:; the same in 4613: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4588: 4585: 4530:Ottoman Empire 4497: 883–859 4489: 4462: 4459: 4449: 4446: 4382:Book of Daniel 4301: 4298: 4272: 4269: 4257:Hormuzd Rassam 4242:Hormuzd Rassam 4182:Eugène Flandin 4148:British Museum 4097:Eugène Flandin 4078: 4075: 3978:in Egypt from 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3754: 3751: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3630: 3627: 3611:(on the base). 3566:Main article: 3563: 3560: 3479:Main article: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3464:Timurid Empire 3417:Main article: 3414: 3411: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3355: 3352: 3348:battering rams 3336:) and guides ( 3236: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3158:Main article: 3155: 3152: 3123:Ottoman Empire 3086:Main article: 3083: 3080: 2910: 2907: 2849: 783–773 2842:Shalmaneser IV 2826:Main article: 2823: 2820: 2786: 705–681 2774: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2742:personal union 2712: 2709: 2557: 2554: 2355:Esharra-hammat 2328: 2325: 2305:Nergal-ushezib 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 1863: 1860: 1826:Ashur-nirari V 1804:Shalmaneser IV 1724:Shalmaneser IV 1657:Shamshi-Adad V 1648: 1645: 1604:, the king of 1502: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1477: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1422:Ashur-bel-kala 1317: 1314: 1289: 1000 BC 1284:and destroyed 1190:Adad-nirari II 1146:Adad-nirari II 1126: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1003: 2350 BC 960: 957: 917:universal rule 740:largest empire 720:Adad-nirari II 706: 705: 697: 694: 693: 690: 689: 682: 676: 675: 672: 666: 665: 659: 653: 652: 646: 640: 639: 633: 623: 622: 609: 608: 605: 604: 601: 600: 593: 587: 586: 579: 570: 567: 566: 561: 553: 552: 547: 535: 534: 529: 519: 518: 515: 514: 511: 508:Fall of Harran 505: 502: 501: 498: 492: 489: 488: 485: 479: 476: 475: 472: 466: 463: 462: 459: 453: 450: 449: 446: 439: 436: 435: 432: 426: 423: 422: 419: 416: 413: 412: 409: 402: 399: 398: 395: 392:Adad-nirari II 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 376: 375:Historical era 372: 371: 368: 367: 359: 356: 353: 352: 347: 344: 341: 340: 335: 332: 329: 328: 323: 320: 317: 316: 311: 308: 305: 304: 299: 296: 293: 292: 287: 284: 281: 280: 275: 272: 269: 268: 265:Adad-nirari II 262: 259: 256: 255: 252: 251: 248: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221: 219: 218: 213: 207: 205: 201: 200: 198: 197: 191: 185: 179: 173: 166: 164: 160: 159: 156: 148: 147: 143: 142: 125: 122: 115: 114: 94:it, or adding 71: 69: 62: 50:, you may see 38: 31: 30: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24957: 24946: 24943: 24941: 24938: 24936: 24933: 24931: 24928: 24926: 24923: 24921: 24918: 24916: 24913: 24911: 24908: 24906: 24903: 24901: 24898: 24896: 24893: 24891: 24888: 24886: 24883: 24881: 24878: 24876: 24873: 24871: 24870:Ancient Egypt 24868: 24866: 24863: 24861: 24858: 24856: 24853: 24851: 24848: 24846: 24843: 24841: 24838: 24836: 24833: 24832: 24830: 24815: 24807: 24805: 24797: 24795: 24791: 24787: 24785: 24777: 24776: 24773: 24757: 24754: 24752: 24749: 24748: 24747: 24744: 24742: 24739: 24737: 24734: 24732: 24729: 24727: 24724: 24722: 24719: 24717: 24714: 24712: 24709: 24707: 24704: 24702: 24699: 24697: 24694: 24692: 24689: 24687: 24684: 24682: 24679: 24678: 24676: 24672: 24664: 24661: 24659: 24656: 24654: 24651: 24649: 24646: 24644: 24641: 24640: 24639: 24636: 24634: 24631: 24627: 24624: 24621: 24620:Iraqi Turkmen 24618: 24616: 24613: 24611: 24608: 24606: 24603: 24601: 24598: 24596: 24593: 24591: 24588: 24586: 24583: 24581: 24578: 24577: 24576: 24573: 24569: 24566: 24564: 24561: 24559: 24556: 24554: 24551: 24549: 24546: 24545: 24544: 24541: 24539: 24536: 24535: 24533: 24531: 24527: 24523: 24519: 24514: 24510: 24500: 24497: 24495: 24492: 24490: 24487: 24485: 24482: 24480: 24477: 24475: 24472: 24470: 24467: 24465: 24462: 24460: 24457: 24455: 24452: 24450: 24447: 24445: 24439: 24437: 24434: 24432: 24429: 24427: 24424: 24422: 24419: 24418: 24415: 24411: 24406: 24402: 24392: 24389: 24387: 24384: 24382: 24379: 24377: 24374: 24372: 24369: 24367: 24364: 24360: 24357: 24355: 24352: 24350: 24347: 24343: 24340: 24339: 24338: 24335: 24333: 24330: 24328: 24325: 24324: 24323: 24320: 24314: 24311: 24310: 24309: 24306: 24302: 24299: 24298: 24297: 24294: 24292: 24289: 24287: 24284: 24283: 24282: 24279: 24277: 24274: 24272: 24269: 24267: 24264: 24262: 24259: 24257: 24255:(legislative) 24251: 24249: 24246: 24244: 24241: 24240: 24237: 24233: 24228: 24224: 24214: 24211: 24209: 24206: 24204: 24201: 24199: 24196: 24194: 24191: 24189: 24188:Syrian Desert 24186: 24184: 24183:Shatt al-Arab 24181: 24179: 24176: 24174: 24171: 24169: 24166: 24164: 24161: 24159: 24156: 24154: 24151: 24149: 24146: 24144: 24141: 24139: 24136: 24134: 24131: 24129: 24126: 24124: 24121: 24119: 24118:Faw peninsula 24116: 24115: 24112: 24108: 24103: 24099: 24085: 24082: 24078: 24075: 24074: 24073: 24070: 24066: 24063: 24061: 24060:Fall of Mosul 24058: 24057: 24056: 24053: 24051: 24048: 24044: 24041: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24033:U.S. invasion 24031: 24030: 24029: 24026: 24024: 24021: 24017: 24014: 24013: 24012: 24009: 24007: 24004: 24002: 23999: 23997: 23996:Iran–Iraq War 23994: 23992: 23989: 23987: 23984: 23982: 23979: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23967: 23964: 23961: 23957: 23954: 23953: 23950: 23944: 23942: 23939: 23937: 23934: 23932: 23929: 23928: 23926: 23924: 23920: 23914: 23911: 23907: 23904: 23903: 23902: 23899: 23897: 23894: 23892: 23889: 23886: 23882: 23879: 23877: 23874: 23872: 23869: 23867: 23864: 23862: 23861:Buyid dynasty 23859: 23857: 23854: 23852: 23849: 23847: 23844: 23843: 23841: 23837: 23831: 23828: 23826: 23823: 23821: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23811: 23808: 23806: 23803: 23801: 23798: 23796: 23793: 23791: 23788: 23786: 23783: 23781: 23778: 23776: 23773: 23771: 23768: 23766: 23763: 23761: 23758: 23756: 23753: 23751: 23748: 23746: 23743: 23741: 23738: 23736: 23733: 23731: 23728: 23726: 23723: 23721: 23718: 23716: 23713: 23711: 23710:Halaf culture 23708: 23706: 23703: 23701: 23698: 23697: 23695: 23693: 23689: 23685: 23681: 23676: 23672: 23667: 23661: 23651: 23646: 23644: 23639: 23637: 23632: 23631: 23628: 23602: 23596: 23592: 23591: 23586: 23580: 23574: 23568: 23566: 23564: 23555: 23549: 23545: 23544: 23539: 23538:Roux, Georges 23533: 23525: 23519: 23515: 23514: 23509: 23502: 23494: 23488: 23480: 23476: 23472: 23466: 23457: 23453: 23449: 23446: 23442: 23436: 23432: 23427: 23424: 23423: 23417: 23416: 23410: 23409: 23402: 23401: 23398: 23393: 23388: 23384: 23379: 23375: 23372: 23369: 23366: 23365:Yazdegerd III 23363: 23360: 23357: 23354: 23351: 23348: 23345: 23342: 23339: 23336: 23331: 23330: 23322: 23319: 23316: 23312: 23308: 23307: 23301: 23298: 23297:Sahralanyozan 23295: 23291: 23286: 23279: 23278: 23275: 23270: 23265: 23261: 23256: 23252: 23249: 23248: 23240: 23237: 23232: 23227: 23222: 23218: 23215: 23214: 23206: 23203: 23200: 23197: 23193: 23192: 23185: 23184: 23181: 23178: 23175: 23172: 23169: 23166: 23163: 23160: 23157: 23154: 23151: 23148: 23145: 23142: 23139: 23136: 23133: 23130: 23127: 23124: 23121: 23118: 23115: 23112: 23109: 23106: 23103: 23100: 23097: 23090: 23085: 23081: 23080: 23073: 23072: 23069: 23066: 23063: 23060: 23057: 23054: 23053:Mithridates V 23051: 23050:Sinatruces II 23046: 23041: 23035: 23034: 23031: 23026: 23022: 23015: 23012: 23007: 23002: 22997: 22992: 22989: 22988: 22980: 22977: 22974: 22973:Artabanus III 22971: 22968: 22965: 22962: 22959: 22956: 22953: 22950: 22947: 22944: 22943:Tiridates III 22941: 22938: 22935: 22932: 22929: 22926: 22923: 22920: 22917: 22914: 22911: 22908: 22905: 22902: 22899: 22896: 22893: 22890: 22887: 22886:Mithridates I 22883: 22882: 22876: 22873: 22870: 22867: 22864: 22861: 22858: 22855: 22852: 22849: 22846: 22843: 22838: 22835: 22832: 22829: 22826: 22823: 22822:Aristobulus I 22820: 22819:John Hyrcanus 22817: 22813: 22812: 22805: 22804: 22801: 22798: 22795: 22792: 22789: 22788:Alexander III 22786: 22783: 22780: 22777: 22774: 22773:Antiochus III 22771: 22768: 22765: 22762: 22759: 22755: 22754: 22749: 22745: 22744: 22739: 22736: 22733: 22732:Alexander III 22729: 22728: 22720: 22715: 22710: 22707: 22704: 22701: 22698: 22695: 22692: 22689: 22686: 22683: 22680: 22677: 22674: 22671: 22668: 22667:Cleopatra III 22665: 22662: 22659: 22656: 22653: 22650: 22647: 22644: 22641: 22638: 22635: 22632: 22629: 22626: 22622: 22621: 22617: 22610: 22609: 22606: 22605: 22600: 22597: 22596: 22591: 22590: 22585: 22584: 22579: 22576: 22573: 22572:Artaxerxes IV 22570: 22567: 22566:Artaxerxes II 22564: 22561: 22558: 22555: 22552: 22549: 22545: 22544: 22537: 22531: 22527: 22526:Kings of Tyre 22523: 22517: 22512: 22511: 22503: 22500: 22497: 22494: 22491: 22488: 22484: 22483: 22482:Median Empire 22477: 22474: 22471: 22468: 22465: 22462: 22458: 22457: 22451: 22448: 22445: 22442: 22439: 22436: 22433: 22429: 22428: 22423: 22422: 22415: 22414: 22411: 22406: 22402: 22399: 22397: 22394: 22391: 22390:Sinsharishkun 22388: 22385: 22382: 22379: 22376: 22373: 22370: 22367: 22364: 22361: 22358: 22355: 22352: 22349: 22345: 22343: 22336: 22335: 22329: 22326: 22323: 22320: 22317: 22312: 22304: 22299: 22298: 22290: 22287: 22283: 22279: 22275: 22271: 22267: 22262: 22261: 22254: 22251: 22248: 22245: 22242: 22239: 22236: 22233: 22230: 22227:(five kings) 22226: 22223: 22220: 22217: 22214: 22211: 22208: 22205: 22201: 22195: 22189: 22186: 22185:Ashur-Dan III 22183: 22180: 22176: 22173: 22170: 22167: 22164: 22161: 22157: 22156: 22150: 22145: 22140: 22139: 22136: 22132: 22131: 22125: 22122: 22119: 22116: 22113: 22110: 22107: 22104: 22100: 22099: 22092: 22089: 22088: 22084: 22081: 22078: 22075: 22072: 22069: 22066: 22063: 22060: 22056: 22055: 22048: 22047: 22044: 22041: 22038: 22035: 22032: 22029: 22026: 22025:Ea-mukin-zeri 22023: 22022:Simbar-shipak 22019: 22014:1025–934 BCE 22013: 22012: 22008: 22003: 22000: 21997: 21994: 21991: 21988: 21985: 21982: 21979: 21976: 21973: 21969: 21967: 21960: 21957: 21954: 21951: 21950:Ashur-rabi II 21948: 21945: 21942: 21939: 21936: 21935:Eriba-Adad II 21933: 21930: 21927: 21924: 21921: 21918: 21915: 21912: 21909: 21906: 21903: 21900: 21897: 21896:Shalmaneser I 21894: 21893:Adad-nirari I 21891: 21888: 21885: 21882: 21878: 21877: 21871: 21870: 21864: 21860: 21856: 21852: 21848: 21847: 21841: 21837: 21836:Kings of Tyre 21833: 21829: 21828: 21822: 21821: 21818: 21815: 21812: 21809: 21806: 21803: 21799: 21798: 21792: 21791: 21785: 21782: 21779: 21776: 21775:Ramesses VIII 21773: 21770: 21767: 21764: 21761: 21758: 21753: 21752: 21745: 21744: 21741: 21737: 21736: 21731: 21730: 21724: 21721: 21718: 21715: 21712: 21709: 21706: 21703: 21699: 21698: 21693: 21690: 21685: 21684: 21678: 21675: 21672: 21669: 21666: 21665: 21661: 21658: 21657:Amenhotep III 21655: 21652: 21648: 21645: 21642: 21639: 21636: 21632: 21629: 21626: 21622: 21621: 21616: 21615: 21608: 21603: 21600: 21597: 21594: 21591: 21588: 21585: 21582: 21579: 21576: 21573: 21570: 21567: 21564: 21561: 21558: 21555: 21552: 21549: 21546: 21543: 21540: 21537: 21534: 21531: 21528: 21525: 21521: 21519: 21511: 21505: 21502: 21498: 21497: 21492: 21491: 21483: 21475: 21472: 21469: 21466: 21460: 21459: 21453: 21450: 21447: 21444: 21441: 21440: 21436: 21435: 21426: 21420: 21415: 21414: 21408: 21407: 21403: 21402: 21397: 21393: 21392: 21387: 21383: 21382: 21377: 21376: 21370: 21367: 21364: 21363:Melamkurkurra 21361: 21357: 21356:Ayadaragalama 21354: 21351: 21347: 21344: 21341: 21337: 21334: 21333:Itti-ili-nibi 21331: 21327: 21325: 21314: 21309: 21306: 21303: 21300: 21297: 21294: 21291: 21288: 21285: 21282: 21279: 21276: 21272: 21270: 21263: 21256: 21250: 21249: 21246: 21243: 21240: 21237: 21234: 21231: 21228: 21227:Ashur-shaduni 21225: 21222: 21221:Enlil-nasir I 21219: 21216: 21213: 21210: 21207: 21204: 21201: 21198: 21195: 21192: 21189: 21186: 21185:Sharma-Adad I 21183: 21180: 21176:1700–722 BCE) 21174: 21168: 21165: 21162: 21159: 21156: 21153: 21150: 21147: 21138: 21135: 21132: 21129: 21126: 21123: 21120: 21117: 21114: 21111: 21108: 21107:Ishme-Dagan I 21105: 21096: 21090: 21089: 21080: 21075: 21074: 21068: 21064: 21063:Kings of Tyre 21060: 21055: 21050: 21045: 21044: 21039: 21038: 21030: 21027: 21024: 21021: 21020:Amenemhat III 21018: 21015: 21012: 21009: 21006: 21002: 21001: 20996: 20993: 20988: 20987: 20980: 20976: 20972: 20968: 20964: 20961: 20958: 20955: 20952: 20949: 20946: 20943: 20940: 20937: 20934: 20931: 20928: 20925: 20921: 20917: 20914: 20911: 20908: 20905: 20902: 20899: 20896: 20893: 20890: 20887: 20884: 20881: 20878: 20875: 20871: 20870: 20863: 20857: 20852: 20851: 20845: 20841: 20837: 20833: 20829: 20825: 20821: 20817: 20813: 20812:Puzur-Ashur I 20809: 20808: 20801: 20797: 20794: 20791: 20788: 20783: 20778: 20777: 20771: 20763: 20759: 20754: 20751: 20745: 20742: 20737: 20732: 20727: 20722: 20719: 20718:Third Eblaite 20714: 20711: 20710:Mentuhotep IV 20708: 20705: 20704:Mentuhotep II 20702: 20699: 20696: 20693: 20689: 20688: 20683: 20682: 20677: 20673: 20669: 20665: 20663: 20657: 20652: 20650: 20642: 20639: 20636: 20633: 20630: 20625: 20620: 20614: 20613: 20605: 20601: 20597: 20593: 20584: 20583: 20580: 20576: 20574: 20568: 20565: 20562: 20561:Wahkare Khety 20559: 20556: 20552: 20551: 20544: 20543: 20540: 20535: 20532: 20528: 20524: 20517: 20513: 20509: 20502: 20498: 20496: 20488: 20484: 20480: 20475: 20471: 20464: 20463: 20457: 20453: 20448: 20443: 20439: 20435: 20432: 20430: 20429:Ur III period 20424: 20421: 20418: 20417:Neferkare VII 20415: 20411: 20410: 20402: 20399: 20395: 20391: 20387: 20381: 20377: 20373: 20369: 20365: 20364:Ur-Ningirsu I 20361: 20357: 20355: 20347: 20343: 20339: 20337: 20331: 20327: 20322: 20318: 20314: 20310: 20306: 20303: 20295: 20291: 20287: 20280: 20275: 20274: 20268: 20265: 20258: 20255: 20252: 20249: 20246: 20243: 20240: 20237: 20234: 20231: 20228: 20225: 20222: 20219: 20216: 20213: 20209: 20208: 20203: 20202: 20197: 20196: 20188: 20183: 20177: 20172: 20168: 20162: 20161: 20158: 20154: 20150: 20146: 20142: 20137: 20134: 20131: 20126: 20125: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20109: 20105: 20100: 20096: 20094: 20088: 20084: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20072: 20071: 20068: 20063: 20059: 20054: 20047: 20041: 20037: 20033: 20028: 20022: 20021: 20016: 20012: 20010: 20003: 19998: 19995: 19992: 19989: 19986: 19983: 19980: 19976: 19975: 19968: 19967: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19953: 19951: 19947: 19945: 19941: 19937: 19933: 19930: 19927: 19922: 19918: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19899:Lugal-kisalsi 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19882: 19878: 19876: 19872: 19870: 19866: 19862: 19859: 19856: 19855: 19849: 19844: 19840: 19835: 19832: 19829: 19828: 19825: 19821: 19811: 19808: 19807: 19804: 19800: 19795: 19791: 19786: 19783: 19780: 19777: 19774: 19771: 19768: 19765: 19762: 19757: 19756: 19748: 19745: 19741: 19737: 19733: 19729: 19728: 19722: 19718: 19714: 19710: 19705: 19699: 19694: 19689: 19687: 19681: 19676: 19674: 19668: 19663: 19657: 19655: 19649: 19645: 19641: 19640: 19634: 19630: 19625: 19621: 19617: 19613: 19609: 19605: 19598: 19593: 19589: 19584: 19583: 19576: 19570: 19569: 19564: 19560: 19559: 19553: 19552: 19548: 19545: 19542: 19541: 19537: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19521: 19517: 19516: 19511: 19510: 19503: 19502: 19497: 19493: 19489: 19485: 19484: 19478: 19477: 19473: 19469: 19465: 19460: 19457: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19437: 19433: 19429: 19425: 19424: 19418: 19412: 19408: 19407: 19401: 19400: 19396: 19392: 19386: 19382: 19376: 19374: 19366: 19362: 19358: 19354: 19350: 19346: 19342: 19337: 19334: 19333: 19329: 19326: 19325: 19321: 19318: 19313: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19296: 19288: 19285: 19278: 19277: 19270: 19265: 19261: 19255: 19250: 19246: 19242: 19238: 19234: 19231: 19230: 19226: 19220: 19219: 19215: 19211: 19207: 19198: 19194: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19178: 19173: 19170: 19169: 19164: 19162: 19156: 19155: 19152: 19148: 19145: 19141: 19138: 19135: 19131: 19128: 19125: 19119: 19114: 19111: 19110: 19106: 19102: 19098: 19093: 19092:Nangishlishma 19089: 19085: 19080: 19078: 19071: 19070: 19063: 19060: 19059:First Eblaite 19055: 19051: 19045: 19040: 19037: 19036: 19032: 19031: 19027: 19026: 19022: 19019: 19018:Seth-Peribsen 19016: 19015: 19011: 19010: 19006: 19005: 19001: 19000: 18996: 18995: 18991: 18990: 18986: 18983: 18980: 18979:Hotepsekhemwy 18975: 18974: 18966: 18960: 18955: 18954: 18949: 18948: 18947:Proto-Elamite 18940: 18939: 18933: 18928: 18927: 18923: 18922: 18918: 18915: 18912: 18909: 18905: 18902: 18899: 18896: 18892: 18889: 18886: 18878: 18874: 18873: 18868: 18867: 18859: 18855: 18854: 18850: 18849:Double Falcon 18847: 18846: 18842: 18841: 18837: 18836: 18832: 18831: 18827: 18826: 18822: 18821: 18817: 18816: 18812: 18811: 18807: 18806: 18802: 18801: 18796: 18795: 18789: 18785: 18782: 18781: 18777: 18774: 18771: 18770: 18766: 18765: 18761: 18760: 18756: 18755: 18751: 18750: 18746: 18743: 18742: 18738: 18737: 18733: 18732: 18727: 18726: 18721: 18715: 18710: 18709: 18701: 18695: 18690: 18682: 18676: 18670: 18662: 18661: 18655: 18652: 18646: 18641: 18635: 18630: 18629: 18624: 18623: 18615: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18537: 18536: 18533: 18532: 18526: 18522: 18514: 18509: 18507: 18502: 18500: 18495: 18494: 18491: 18471: 18470:Soviet empire 18468: 18466: 18463: 18462: 18460: 18459: 18457: 18455:Miscellaneous 18453: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18420: 18417: 18416: 18415: 18412: 18411: 18409: 18405: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18373: 18370: 18369: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18316: 18313: 18311: 18308: 18307: 18306: 18303: 18301: 18298: 18296: 18293: 18292: 18290: 18288: 18284: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18252: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18239: 18236: 18235: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18208: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18186: 18185: 18182: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18154: 18153: 18150: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18137: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18090: 18089: 18086: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18073: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18054:German Empire 18052: 18051: 18050: 18047: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18034: 18033: 18030: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18017: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17980: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17958: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17930: 17928: 17926: 17922: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17865: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17823: 17822: 17819: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17796: 17795: 17794:Turco-Persian 17792: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17752: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17739: 17738: 17735: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17702: 17701: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17662: 17661: 17658: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17635: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17584: 17583: 17582: 17579: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17556: 17555: 17552: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17534: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17492: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17450: 17449: 17446: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17433: 17432: 17429: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17406: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17393: 17390: 17389: 17388: 17385: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17372: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17334: 17332: 17330: 17326: 17318: 17315: 17314: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17292: 17291: 17288: 17284: 17281: 17280: 17279: 17276: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17243: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17206: 17205: 17202: 17198: 17195: 17193: 17190: 17189: 17188: 17185: 17183: 17180: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17152: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17120: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17093: 17092: 17089: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17071: 17070: 17067: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17054: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17029: 17025: 17021: 17014: 17009: 17007: 17002: 17000: 16995: 16994: 16991: 16979: 16976: 16975: 16970: 16966: 16963: 16959: 16958: 16954: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16918: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16901: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16883: 16881: 16879: 16875: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16835: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16805: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16793: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16766: 16763: 16762: 16761: 16758: 16757: 16755: 16751: 16745: 16739: 16737: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16705: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16693: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16666: 16663: 16662: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16652: 16650: 16648: 16644: 16638: 16635: 16631: 16628: 16627: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16613: 16609: 16606: 16602: 16597: 16593: 16589: 16588: 16586: 16582: 16581: 16580: 16577: 16573: 16570: 16569: 16568: 16565: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16552: 16551: 16548: 16544: 16541: 16540: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16503: 16500: 16499: 16498: 16495: 16494: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16481: 16478: 16477: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16462: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16450: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16417: 16415: 16411: 16405: 16404:Syrian Desert 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16384:Golan Heights 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16366: 16364: 16360: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16325: 16322: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16309: 16304: 16290: 16287: 16284: 16281: 16278: 16275: 16270: 16267: 16264: 16261: 16258: 16255: 16254: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16242: 16239: 16238: 16236: 16234: 16230: 16223: 16222:Ottoman Syria 16220: 16219: 16217: 16213: 16206: 16203: 16200: 16199:Ayyubid Syria 16197: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16179: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16167:Fatimid Syria 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16137: 16130: 16127: 16124: 16123: 16121: 16119: 16115: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16068:Aram-Damascus 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16015: 16013: 16011: 16010:Ancient Syria 16007: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15980:Halaf culture 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15967: 15965: 15961: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15946: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15934: 15930: 15926: 15919: 15914: 15912: 15907: 15905: 15900: 15899: 15896: 15884: 15883: 15874: 15872: 15871: 15862: 15860: 15859: 15850: 15848: 15847: 15838: 15836: 15835: 15830: 15826: 15825: 15822: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15785: 15782: 15781: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15734: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15691: 15688: 15687: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15655: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15645: 15643: 15641: 15637: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15600: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15587: 15584: 15583: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15570: 15567: 15566: 15565: 15562: 15561: 15559: 15555: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15523: 15522: 15519: 15515: 15512: 15511: 15510: 15507: 15503: 15500: 15499: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15479: 15477: 15475: 15471: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15402: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15372: 15370: 15368: 15364: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15338: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15316: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15296: 15294: 15290: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15258: 15257: 15254: 15253: 15251: 15249: 15245: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15218: 15217: 15214: 15210: 15207: 15206: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15196: 15194: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15181: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15118:Air pollution 15116: 15115: 15114: 15111: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15097: 15094: 15090: 15087: 15086: 15085: 15082: 15081: 15079: 15075: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15043:Aegean Region 15041: 15039: 15036: 15035: 15033: 15027: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15014: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14988:Turkification 14986: 14982: 14979: 14978: 14977: 14974: 14973: 14971: 14967: 14961: 14958: 14954: 14951: 14950: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14940: 14938: 14934: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14907: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14892: 14890: 14888: 14884: 14876: 14873: 14872: 14871: 14868: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14850: 14849: 14846: 14842: 14839: 14838: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14825: 14822: 14821: 14820: 14819:Classical Age 14817: 14815: 14812: 14811: 14809: 14807: 14803: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14785: 14782: 14781: 14780: 14779:Seljuk Empire 14777: 14776: 14774: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14744: 14742: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14729: 14725: 14720: 14711: 14706: 14704: 14699: 14697: 14692: 14691: 14688: 14676: 14668: 14666: 14658: 14656: 14652: 14648: 14646: 14638: 14637: 14634: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14539: 14537: 14533: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14501: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14488: 14485: 14482: 14481:Iraqi Turkmen 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14438: 14437: 14434: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14406: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14396: 14394: 14392: 14388: 14384: 14380: 14375: 14371: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14279: 14276: 14272: 14267: 14263: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14204: 14201: 14200: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14185: 14184: 14181: 14175: 14172: 14171: 14170: 14167: 14163: 14160: 14159: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14144: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14116:(legislative) 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14101: 14098: 14094: 14089: 14085: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14049:Syrian Desert 14047: 14045: 14044:Shatt al-Arab 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13979:Faw peninsula 13977: 13976: 13973: 13969: 13964: 13960: 13946: 13943: 13939: 13936: 13935: 13934: 13931: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13921:Fall of Mosul 13919: 13918: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13894:U.S. invasion 13892: 13891: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13857:Iran–Iraq War 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13822: 13818: 13815: 13814: 13811: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13785: 13781: 13775: 13772: 13768: 13765: 13764: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13722:Buyid dynasty 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13704: 13702: 13698: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13571:Halaf culture 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13554: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13537: 13533: 13528: 13522: 13512: 13507: 13505: 13500: 13498: 13493: 13492: 13489: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13465: 13455: 13454: 13451: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13406: 13404: 13402: 13398: 13388: 13385: 13381: 13378: 13377: 13376: 13375:United States 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13275: 13273: 13269: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13245: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13225: 13224: 13221: 13217: 13214: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13196: 13195: 13192: 13191: 13190: 13187: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13169: 13168: 13165: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13125: 13124: 13121: 13120: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13105: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13092: 13081: 13078: 13075: 13072: 13069: 13066: 13063: 13060: 13057: 13054: 13051: 13048: 13045: 13042: 13039: 13036: 13033: 13030: 13027: 13024: 13021: 13018: 13015: 13012: 13011: 13009: 13005: 12998: 12995: 12992: 12989: 12986: 12983: 12980: 12977: 12974: 12971: 12968: 12967:Buyid amirate 12965: 12962: 12959: 12956: 12953: 12950: 12947: 12944: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12934: 12927: 12924: 12921: 12918: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12904: 12901: 12898: 12895: 12892: 12889: 12888:Roman Assyria 12886: 12883: 12880: 12877: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12865: 12862: 12859: 12856: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12847: 12841: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12819: 12816: 12814:(911–609 BCE) 12813: 12810: 12807: 12804: 12801: 12798: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12782: 12779: 12769: 12765: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12722: 12716: 12715:Syriac script 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12677: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12663: 12652: 12649: 12646: 12643: 12640: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12632: 12628: 12621: 12618: 12615: 12612: 12609: 12606: 12603: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12580: 12575: 12574:Chaldean flag 12570: 12564: 12559: 12553: 12552:Assyrian flag 12548: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12519: 12517: 12513: 12508: 12502: 12498: 12491: 12486: 12484: 12479: 12477: 12472: 12471: 12468: 12456: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12364: 12360: 12352: 12347: 12345: 12340: 12338: 12333: 12332: 12329: 12315: 12308: 12304: 12303: 12298: 12294: 12287: 12284: 12279: 12272: 12269: 12262: 12258: 12257: 12253: 12248: 12242: 12241: 12238: 12232: 12231: 12227: 12226: 12221: 12215: 12214: 12206: 12205: 12202: 12196: 12195: 12192: 12191: 12186: 12185: 12180: 12179: 12173: 12168: 12167: 12161: 12157: 12152: 12148: 12143: 12137: 12136: 12133: 12132: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12117: 12116: 12109: 12108: 12105: 12100: 12098: 12092: 12091: 12087: 12086: 12081: 12075: 12074: 12069: 12063: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12049: 12043: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12032: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12016: 12011: 12005: 12004: 12001: 11995: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11983: 11982: 11979: 11973: 11972: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11952: 11951: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11932: 11927: 11923: 11915: 11910: 11908: 11903: 11901: 11896: 11895: 11892: 11881: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11860:Upper Turtanu 11858: 11856: 11855:Lower Turtanu 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11579: 11575: 11568: 11563: 11561: 11556: 11554: 11549: 11548: 11545: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11498: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11426: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11330: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11227: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11126: 11124: 11120: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11028: 11025: 11021: 11016: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10892: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10860: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10848:Syrian Desert 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10799: 10794: 10792: 10787: 10785: 10780: 10779: 10776: 10770: 10763: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10744: 10734: 10733:Balawat Gates 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10649: 10647: 10646:Sinsharishkun 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10616:Shalmaneser V 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10601:Ashur-Dan III 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10528: 10525: 10521: 10516: 10509: 10504: 10502: 10497: 10495: 10490: 10489: 10486: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10452: 10447: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10403: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10369: 10365: 10359: 10355: 10354: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10334: 10333: 10327: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10296: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10270: 10266: 10265: 10259: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10231: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10192: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10163: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10098: 10094: 10088: 10084: 10079: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10051: 10047: 10041: 10037: 10036: 10030: 10026: 10020: 10016: 10015: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9993: 9989: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9970: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9928: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9900: 9896: 9890: 9886: 9885: 9879: 9869:on 2020-11-19 9865: 9861: 9857: 9850: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9808: 9804: 9798: 9794: 9793: 9787: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9743: 9739: 9733: 9729: 9728: 9722: 9718: 9712: 9708: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9686: 9675: 9671: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9652: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9613: 9609: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9586: 9582: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9547: 9543: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9526: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9498: 9492: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9464: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9444: 9443: 9437: 9433: 9427: 9424:. Routledge. 9423: 9422: 9416: 9412: 9406: 9402: 9401: 9395: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9323: 9319: 9312: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9278: 9274: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9259: 9253: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9228: 9225:(in German). 9224: 9220: 9215: 9211: 9205: 9201: 9200: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9180: 9179: 9173: 9169: 9163: 9159: 9158: 9152: 9148: 9142: 9138: 9137: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9117: 9112: 9101: 9097: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9064: 9059: 9055: 9049: 9045: 9039: 9035: 9029: 9025: 9024: 9018: 9014: 9008: 9004: 9003: 8997: 8993: 8987: 8983: 8982: 8976: 8972: 8966: 8962: 8961: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8910: 8904: 8900: 8899: 8893: 8889: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8872: 8868: 8862: 8859:. SBL Press. 8858: 8857: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8830: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8784: 8770: 8763: 8762: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8742: 8741: 8735: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8699: 8695: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8645: 8639: 8635: 8629: 8625: 8620: 8616: 8610: 8606: 8605: 8599: 8595: 8589: 8585: 8584: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8493: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8474:, p. 71. 8473: 8468: 8462:, p. 58. 8461: 8456: 8450:, p. 22. 8449: 8444: 8438:, p. 71. 8437: 8432: 8426:, p. 57. 8425: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8404: 8399: 8397: 8389: 8384: 8377: 8372: 8365: 8360: 8353: 8348: 8341: 8340:Beaulieu 2017 8336: 8329: 8328:Liverani 2017 8324: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8306: 8305:Liverani 2017 8301: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8287: 8282: 8275: 8270: 8263: 8258: 8251: 8246: 8239: 8234: 8227: 8222: 8220: 8212: 8207: 8201:, p. 19. 8200: 8195: 8188: 8183: 8176: 8171: 8164: 8159: 8152: 8147: 8140: 8135: 8128: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8107: 8102: 8095: 8090: 8083: 8078: 8076: 8068: 8063: 8056: 8051: 8049: 8041: 8036: 8029: 8024: 8017: 8012: 8005: 8000: 7993: 7988: 7981: 7976: 7969: 7964: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7940: 7933: 7928: 7921: 7916: 7909: 7904: 7897: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7880: 7875: 7868: 7863: 7856: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7839: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7822: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7805: 7800: 7793: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7770: 7765: 7758: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7735: 7730: 7728: 7720: 7715: 7713: 7706:, p. 54. 7705: 7700: 7694:, p. 39. 7693: 7688: 7681: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7664: 7659: 7652: 7647: 7645: 7637: 7632: 7630: 7623:, p. 33. 7622: 7617: 7610: 7605: 7598: 7593: 7591: 7583: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7567:, p. 38. 7566: 7561: 7554: 7549: 7543:, p. 36. 7542: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7523: 7518: 7511: 7506: 7499: 7494: 7487: 7482: 7475: 7470: 7463: 7458: 7451: 7446: 7439: 7434: 7427: 7422: 7415: 7410: 7403: 7398: 7392:, p. 65. 7391: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7319: 7314: 7312: 7304: 7299: 7297: 7289: 7284: 7277: 7272: 7265: 7260: 7253: 7248: 7241: 7236: 7229: 7224: 7217: 7212: 7210: 7202: 7197: 7190: 7185: 7178: 7177:Spurrier 2017 7173: 7166: 7161: 7159: 7151: 7146: 7140:, p. 29. 7139: 7134: 7128:, p. 22. 7127: 7122: 7115: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7091: 7086: 7079: 7074: 7067: 7062: 7055: 7050: 7043: 7038: 7032:, p. 90. 7031: 7030:Brinkman 1973 7026: 7019: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6994: 6989: 6987: 6980:, p. 21. 6979: 6978:Melville 2011 6974: 6967: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6943: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6920: 6915: 6908: 6903: 6897:, p. 20. 6896: 6891: 6885:, p. 19. 6884: 6880: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6856: 6851: 6844: 6839: 6833:, p. 18. 6832: 6827: 6821:, p. 13. 6820: 6819:Melville 2011 6815: 6809:, p. 18. 6808: 6807:Melville 2011 6803: 6801: 6794:, p. 17. 6793: 6788: 6786: 6778: 6777:Melville 2011 6773: 6767:, p. 16. 6766: 6761: 6755:, p. 27. 6754: 6753:Melville 2011 6749: 6747: 6740:, p. 17. 6739: 6738:Melville 2011 6734: 6732: 6724: 6719: 6713:, p. 15. 6712: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6695: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6675:, p. 14. 6674: 6669: 6662: 6657: 6651:, p. 13. 6650: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6626: 6621: 6614: 6609: 6602: 6597: 6590: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6542: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6517: 6516:Watanabe 1999 6512: 6505: 6500: 6498: 6490: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6473: 6468: 6462:, p. 90. 6461: 6456: 6450:, p. 80. 6449: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6408: 6407:Melville 2012 6403: 6396: 6391: 6385:, p. 63. 6384: 6379: 6372: 6367: 6360: 6355: 6348: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6325: 6320: 6318: 6310: 6305: 6298: 6293: 6286: 6281: 6274: 6269: 6262: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6246:, p. 15. 6245: 6240: 6234:, p. 41. 6233: 6228: 6221: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6202: 6197: 6195: 6187: 6182: 6172: 6162: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6131: 6126: 6119: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6100: 6095: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6063: 6058: 6056: 6048: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6032:, p. 47. 6031: 6026: 6020:, p. 36. 6019: 6014: 6012: 6005:, p. 53. 6004: 6003:Zawadzki 1994 5999: 5992: 5987: 5980: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5964:, p. 52. 5963: 5958: 5951: 5946: 5944: 5936: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5917: 5916:Melville 2014 5912: 5905: 5900: 5898: 5890: 5889:Beaulieu 2018 5885: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5826: 5821: 5819: 5811: 5806: 5804: 5796: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5773: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5744: 5739: 5733:, p. 60. 5732: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5696: 5691: 5684: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5667: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5650: 5645: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5623: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5606: 5601: 5595:, p. 46. 5594: 5589: 5582: 5577: 5571:, p. 45. 5570: 5565: 5559:, p. 43. 5558: 5553: 5551: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5528: 5523: 5516: 5515:Liverani 2013 5511: 5504: 5503:Liverani 2013 5499: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5465: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5445:, p. 37. 5444: 5439: 5437: 5429: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5407:, p. 64. 5406: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5389: 5384: 5382: 5374: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5357: 5356:Liverani 2017 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5292: 5291:Aberbach 2003 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5269: 5264: 5258:, p. 30. 5257: 5252: 5250: 5242: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5217: 5205: 5197: 5196: 5188: 5180: 5178:9781317562108 5174: 5170: 5169: 5161: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5133: 5125: 5123:9780195219210 5119: 5115: 5114: 5106: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5015: 5007: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4987: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4912: 4908: 4907:cdli.ucla.edu 4904: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4865:regulation!". 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4755: 4750: 4729: 4708: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4670:KUR AN-ŠAR₂ᴷᴵ 4659: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4645:KUR AN-ŠAR₂ᴷᴵ 4634: 4630: 4625: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4571: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4488: 4480: 4475: 4467: 4458: 4456: 4445: 4442: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4331: 4330: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4306: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4282: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4189: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4160:French consul 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4144:Claudius Rich 4135: 4131: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4101:Dur-Sharrukin 4098: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4047:Abrahamic god 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3983: 500 BC 3977: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3926:Saint Matthew 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3889: 500 BC 3883: 3878: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3764: 3759: 3750: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3732: 3727: 3713: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3606: 3595: 3594:Shalmaneser V 3591: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3569: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3456:lingua franca 3451: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3420: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3376: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3324:shock cavalry 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3233: 3221: 3212: 3210: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3175:siege warfare 3166: 3161: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3079: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3012: 3008:(treasurer), 3006: 2999: 2996: 2995:ša bēt-kūdini 2991: 2986: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2745: 2743: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2725: 2717: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:Median Empire 2648: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2604: 2602: 2601:Sinsharishkun 2598: 2594: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2378:Dasht-e Kavir 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2347:victory stele 2337: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2183: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2131:Dur-Sharrukin 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2101:Dur-Sharrukin 2097: 2093: 2091: 2090:Ḫuban‐nikaš I 2087: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2055: 2048: 2043: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2011: 2010:Shalmaneser V 2006: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1888: 1873: 1868: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1827: 1816: 1815:Ashur-dan III 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1788: 787 BC 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1741: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1658: 1653: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1606:Aram-Damascus 1603: 1599: 1595: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1506: 1499: 1481: 1474: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444:, as well as 1443: 1439: 1435: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1378:decapitations 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1351: 1346: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1297:Dur-Kurigalzu 1292: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1202: 1191: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1158: 1147: 1136: 1131: 1124: 1107: 1098: 1086: 1081: 1067: 1053: 1052:Adad-nirari I 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 970: 965: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 924: 918: 913: 911: 910:lingua franca 907: 903: 899: 894: 893:siege warfare 888: 886: 882: 870: 866: 855: 851: 847: 836: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 726:and parts of 725: 721: 717: 713: 703: 702: 696: 695: 683: 681: 678: 677: 673: 671: 668: 667: 660: 658: 655: 654: 647: 645: 642: 641: 634: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 620: 615: 614: 594: 592: 591:Median Empire 589: 588: 580: 578: 575: 574: 571: 565: 562: 555: 554: 551: 548: 541: 540: 537: 536: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 520: 516: 512: 509: 503: 499: 496: 490: 486: 483: 482:Fall of Assur 477: 473: 470: 464: 460: 457: 451: 447: 444:made capital 443: 437: 433: 430: 424: 420: 414: 410: 407:made capital 406: 400: 396: 393: 387: 383: 380: 377: 373: 369: 364: 360: 354: 351: 348: 342: 339: 336: 330: 327: 324: 318: 315: 312: 306: 303: 300: 294: 291: 288: 282: 279: 276: 270: 266: 263: 257: 253: 249: 247: 246:Notable kings 243: 240: 237: 233: 230: 227: 223: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 206: 202: 195: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182:Dur-Sharrukin 180: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 165: 161: 154: 149: 146:911 BC–609 BC 144: 139: 120: 111: 101: 97: 93: 89: 83: 79: 77: 72:This article 70: 61: 60: 53: 49: 45: 43: 19: 24648:Christianity 24530:Demographics 24464:Oil reserves 24459:Oil Industry 24426:Central Bank 24322:Human rights 24248:Constitution 24193:Tigris river 24173:Persian Gulf 23881:Ottoman Iraq 23866:Qara Qoyunlu 23799: 23700:Ubaid period 23589: 23579: 23543:Ancient Iraq 23542: 23532: 23512: 23501: 23487: 23478: 23465: 23456: 23420: 23413: 23406: 23335:Ardashir III 23327: 23304: 23245: 23213:Roman Empire 23211: 23189: 23147:Yazdegerd II 23077: 23068:Artabanus IV 23065:Vologases VI 23056:Vologases IV 22987:Roman Empire 22985: 22970:Vologases II 22946:Artabanus II 22940:Artabanus II 22925:Tiridates II 22913:Phraates III 22879: 22816:Simon Thassi 22809: 22791:Demetrius II 22779:Antiochus IV 22770:Seleucus III 22764:Antiochus II 22751: 22741: 22738:Alexander IV 22725: 22713: 22697:Ptolemy XIII 22679:Berenice III 22673:Cleopatra IV 22614: 22611:331–141 BCE 22602: 22593: 22587: 22581: 22560:Artaxerxes I 22541: 22508: 22505:539–331 BCE 22480: 22461:Nabopolassar 22454: 22425: 22419: 22416:626–539 BCE 22384:Ashurbanipal 22339: 22338: 22333: 22332: 22295: 22292:745–609 BCE 22258: 22238:Eriba-Marduk 22199: 22154: 22153: 22128: 22096: 22095: 22085: 22074:Shoshenq III 22052: 22049:911–745 BCE 22017: 21999:Marduk-zer-X 21963: 21959:Ashur-dan II 21890:Arik-den-ili 21887:Enlil-nirari 21881:Eriba-Adad I 21874: 21867: 21844: 21825: 21820:Psusennes II 21795: 21794: 21788: 21772:Ramesses VII 21760:Ramesses III 21749: 21733: 21727: 21695: 21681: 21662: 21651:Amenhotep II 21644:Thutmose III 21618: 21612: 21609: 21560:Kurigalzu II 21554:Kara-hardash 21524:Agum-Kakrime 21515: 21494: 21488: 21456: 21439:'Aper-'Anati 21437: 21432: 21411: 21405: 21399: 21395: 21389: 21385: 21379: 21373: 21372: 21336:Damqi-ilishu 21319: 21308:Samsu-Ditana 21290:Sin-muballit 21281:Sin-muballit 21260: 21230:Ashur-rabi I 21095:Shamshi-Adad 21092: 21086: 21071: 21041: 21035: 21023:Amenemhat IV 21017:Senusret III 21011:Amenemhat II 20998: 20984: 20970: 20919: 20916:Damiq-ilishu 20886:Lipit-Eshtar 20867: 20848: 20805: 20773: 20769: 20753:Shakkanakkus 20716: 20692:Mentuhotep I 20685: 20679: 20660: 20647: 20610: 20604:Puzur-Ishtar 20571: 20566: 20548: 20501:Lugalannatum 20493: 20460: 20427: 20407: 20386:Hishep-Ratep 20352: 20334: 20271: 20261: 20215:Neferkare II 20205: 20199: 20193: 20140: 20122: 20112: 20091: 20044:Invasion by 20007: 19972: 19948: 19940:Enannatum II 19904:E-iginimpa'e 19873: 19865:Igrish-Halam 19776:Nyuserre Ini 19753: 19727:Awan dynasty 19725: 19684: 19671: 19652: 19637: 19628: 19612:Ishtup-Ishar 19592:Iku-Shamagan 19588:Ikun-Shamash 19580: 19558:Ur I dynasty 19556: 19549: 19538: 19513: 19507: 19481: 19462: 19421: 19404: 19389: 19371: 19330: 19322: 19293: 19274: 19237:Enmebaragesi 19223: 19204: 19175: 19166: 19159: 19122: 19117: 19097:En-tarah-ana 19082: 19075: 19067: 19057: 19033: 19030:Neferkasokar 19028: 19023: 19012: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18987: 18971: 18951: 18945: 18936: 18924: 18919: 18870: 18864: 18851: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18798: 18792: 18778: 18767: 18762: 18757: 18752: 18747: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18731:Finger Snail 18729: 18723: 18706: 18675:Anu Ziggurat 18658: 18626: 18620: 18538:Territories/ 18221:Contemporary 18071:Indo-Persian 18059:Nazi Germany 18003:Contemporary 17905:Vijayanagara 17804:Great Seljuk 17715:Thessalonica 17643:Golden Horde 17283:Carthaginian 17062:Neo-Assyrian 17061: 17047:Neo-Sumerian 16891:Coat of arms 16813:Demographics 16713:Central Bank 16594: / 16555:High council 16538:Human rights 16465:Constitution 16343:Governorates 16241:Arab kingdom 16233:Modern Syria 16205:Mamluk Syria 16133: 16077: 15880: 15868: 15856: 15844: 15832: 15717:Illumination 15653:Architecture 15581:Human rights 15569:Universities 15487:Ethnic Kurds 15474:Demographics 15385:Construction 14509:Christianity 14391:Demographics 14325:Oil reserves 14320:Oil Industry 14287:Central Bank 14183:Human rights 14109:Constitution 14054:Tigris river 14034:Persian Gulf 13742:Ottoman Iraq 13727:Qara Qoyunlu 13660: 13561:Ubaid period 12991:Qara Qoyunlu 12854:(312–63 BCE) 12811: 12585:Christianity 12300: 12293:Ancient Rome 12264:311–129 BCE 12250: 12243:336–301 BCE 12233:539–331 BCE 12223: 12216:626–539 BCE 12207:729–609 BCE 12200: 12197:911–729 BCE 12188: 12182: 12176: 12164: 12129: 12119: 12113: 12083: 12071: 12056: 12033: 12012: 11987: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11920:Timeline of 11650:Halzi-atbari 11630:Dur-Sarrukku 11625:Dur-Sarrukin 11573: 11414:Royal titles 11339:Architecture 11176:Neo-Assyrian 11175: 11023:(Pre)history 10843:Persian Gulf 10650: 10636:Ashurbanipal 10514: 10473:. Retrieved 10461: 10457: 10439:. Retrieved 10414: 10410: 10395:. Retrieved 10376: 10352: 10331: 10319:. Retrieved 10299: 10293: 10263: 10251:. Retrieved 10242: 10238: 10223:. Retrieved 10195: 10189: 10170: 10166: 10155:. Retrieved 10130: 10126: 10105: 10101: 10082: 10071:. Retrieved 10062: 10058: 10034: 10013: 10003: 9973: 9961:. Retrieved 9952: 9935: 9920:. Retrieved 9911: 9907: 9883: 9871:. Retrieved 9864:the original 9859: 9855: 9815: 9811: 9791: 9779:. Retrieved 9754: 9750: 9726: 9706: 9689: 9678:. Retrieved 9659: 9643:. Retrieved 9632: 9616:. Retrieved 9605: 9589:. Retrieved 9578: 9563:. Retrieved 9554: 9530: 9518:. Retrieved 9496: 9484:. Retrieved 9462: 9441: 9420: 9399: 9387:. Retrieved 9354: 9350: 9330: 9326: 9318:Assyria 1995 9317: 9285: 9281: 9257: 9245:. Retrieved 9226: 9222: 9198: 9177: 9156: 9135: 9115: 9104:. Retrieved 9085: 9062: 9043: 9022: 9001: 8980: 8959: 8922: 8897: 8876: 8855: 8834: 8822:. Retrieved 8798:(2): 67–81. 8795: 8791: 8776:. Retrieved 8760: 8739: 8727:. Retrieved 8710: 8706: 8682: 8651:(2): 89–95. 8648: 8642: 8623: 8603: 8582: 8561: 8532: 8511: 8490: 8481:Bibliography 8467: 8455: 8443: 8431: 8405:, p. 3. 8383: 8371: 8359: 8347: 8335: 8281: 8269: 8257: 8245: 8233: 8206: 8194: 8182: 8170: 8158: 8146: 8134: 8108:, p. 7. 8101: 8089: 8084:, p. 5. 8062: 8035: 8023: 8011: 7999: 7987: 7975: 7963: 7951: 7939: 7927: 7915: 7903: 7874: 7862: 7799: 7764: 7699: 7687: 7682:, p. 2. 7658: 7621:Bedford 2009 7616: 7604: 7565:Bedford 2009 7560: 7548: 7541:Bedford 2009 7517: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7457: 7445: 7433: 7426:Kessler 1997 7421: 7409: 7402:Kessler 1997 7397: 7390:Radner 2015b 7385: 7373: 7361: 7349: 7337: 7325: 7283: 7271: 7259: 7247: 7235: 7223: 7201:Gansell 2018 7196: 7189:Gansell 2018 7184: 7172: 7145: 7138:Bedford 2009 7133: 7126:Bedford 2009 7121: 7109: 7097: 7085: 7073: 7061: 7049: 7037: 7025: 6993:Na'aman 1991 6973: 6961: 6954:Na'aman 1991 6949: 6914: 6902: 6890: 6874: 6862: 6850: 6838: 6826: 6814: 6772: 6760: 6723:Na'aman 1991 6718: 6668: 6656: 6644: 6632: 6625:Na'aman 1991 6620: 6613:Na'aman 1991 6608: 6596: 6584: 6572: 6560: 6548: 6511: 6467: 6455: 6443: 6438:, p. 8. 6431: 6402: 6390: 6378: 6366: 6354: 6304: 6292: 6280: 6268: 6239: 6227: 6181: 6171: 6161: 6152: 6125: 6094: 6025: 5998: 5991:Grayson 1982 5986: 5957: 5950:Grayson 1982 5911: 5884: 5856:Grayson 2002 5851: 5738: 5690: 5644: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5564: 5544:, p. 1. 5522: 5510: 5498: 5486: 5405:Radner 2015b 5375:, p. 2. 5293:, p. 4. 5263: 5236: 5224: 5194: 5187: 5167: 5160: 5140: 5132: 5112: 5105: 5094:. Retrieved 5085: 5076: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5021: 5014: 4994: 4986: 4975:. Retrieved 4966: 4957: 4946: 4926: 4915:. Retrieved 4906: 4896: 4890:Ashurbanipal 4880: 4856: 4844: 4835: 4828:Ashurbanipal 4821: 4808: 4796: 4789:Ashur-dan II 4783: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4696:Ashurbanipal 4635:cuneiforms: 4624:mat Aš-šurᴷᴵ 4617: 4576: 4539: 4522: 4518: 4485: 4451: 4399:Roman Empire 4396: 4358: 4323: 4318:early modern 4294: 4289:world empire 4274: 4253:Victor Place 4250: 4194: 4140: 4128: 4105: 4059: 4027: 4007:Sardanapalus 3961: 3914:Christianity 3901: 3848: 3832:watercourses 3830:and natural 3816: 3796: 3768: 3743: 3735: 3632: 3622:lion weights 3618: 3614: 3571: 3556: 3540:ancient Rome 3499: 3452: 3448: 3430: 3407: 3398: 3394:debt bondage 3390: 3381: 3344:siege towers 3329: 3297: 3243: 3191:Sin-ahu-usur 3183: 3179:fire signals 3171: 3128: 3110:Karen Radner 3107: 3103: 3057:nāgir ekalli 3011:nāgir ekalli 3000: 2980: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2887: 2854: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2763: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2683: 2651: 2626: 2614:Nabopolassar 2605: 2590: 2542: 2521: 2481: 2450:Ashurbanipal 2437: 2413: 2367: 2359:Serua-eterat 2351: 2317:Arda-Mulissu 2314: 2296: 2262: 2258: 2225: 2217: 2163: 2147: 2105: 2051: 2007: 1990: 1930: 1907: 1903:Hebrew Bible 1884: 1801: 1781:Nergal-eresh 1768:Nergal‐ila'i 1749: 1736: 1695: 1686:Shamshi-Adad 1678:Dayyan-Assur 1669: 1590: 1576:in Assyria. 1539: 1520: 1382: 1341: 1293: 1252:(modern-day 1231: 1169: 1135:Ashur-dan II 1097:Ashur-dan II 1032: 1012:Lugalzaggesi 974: 945:Christianity 939:and beyond. 914: 889: 788: 748:world empire 732:North Africa 711: 709: 698: 669: 651:2025–1364 BC 638:2600–2025 BC 532:Succeeded by 531: 526: 350:Ashurbanipal 196:(612–609 BC) 190:(705–612 BC) 184:(706–705 BC) 178:(879–706 BC) 172:(911–879 BC) 105: 73: 39: 24804:WikiProject 24605:Marsh Arabs 24590:Circassians 24271:Foreign aid 24163:Mesopotamia 23725:Uruk period 23475:Simpson, W. 23403:639–651 CE 23350:Azarmidokht 23341:Khosrow III 23324:628–641 CE 23280:618–628 CE 23242:395–618 CE 23208:273–395 CE 23196:Vaballathus 23186:270–273 CE 23150:Hormizd III 23135:Yazdegerd I 23126:Ardashir II 23120:Adur Narseh 23074:224–270 CE 23062:Vologases V 23036:117–224 CE 23017:116–117 CE 22964:Vardanes II 22961:Vologases I 22952:Gotarzes II 22922:Phraates IV 22892:Hyspaosines 22831:Hyrcanus II 22806:141–30 BCE 22785:Demetrius I 22782:Antiochus V 22776:Seleucus IV 22767:Seleucus II 22761:Antiochus I 22748:Antigonus I 22700:Ptolemy XIV 22688:Cleopatra V 22470:Neriglissar 22467:Amel-Marduk 22450:Psamtik III 22421:Late Period 22360:Sennacherib 22351:Shalmaneser 22278:Tammaritu I 22175:Shammuramat 22118:Takelot III 22115:Osorkon III 22112:Shoshenq VI 22087:Pedubast II 22077:Shoshenq IV 22065:Shoshenq II 21914:Ashur-dan I 21855:Ish-bosheth 21808:Psusennes I 21784:Ramesses XI 21778:Ramesses IX 21769:Ramesses VI 21763:Ramesses IV 21708:Ramesses II 21671:Tutankhamun 21654:Thutmose IV 21638:Thutmose II 21572:Kudur-Enlil 21557:Nazi-Bugash 21545:Kurigalzu I 21533:Ulamburiash 21504:Amenhotep I 21485:Tutankhamun 21471:Parshatatar 21468:Shuttarna I 21401:Seventeenth 21330:Ilum-ma-ili 21305:Ammi-saduqa 21302:Ammi-ditana 21296:Samsu-iluna 21203:Erishum III 21164:Adad-salulu 21161:Ipqi-Ishtar 21149:Ashur-dugul 21134:Adad-salulu 21131:Ipqi-Ishtar 21119:Ashur-dugul 21088:Old Assyria 21083:(Amorites) 21026:Sobekneferu 21014:Senusret II 21005:Amenemhat I 20977:Sîn-iribam 20954:Sin-Iqisham 20948:Sin-Iddinam 20898:Erra-imitti 20895:Lipit-Enlil 20883:Ishme-Dagan 20880:Iddin-Dagan 20816:Shalim-ahum 20807:Old Assyria 20793:Yasmah-Adad 20770:Lim Dynasty 20762:Hanun-Dagan 20758:Hitial-Erra 20523:Ur-Ningirsu 20479:Kuda (Uruk) 20452:Ishgum-Addu 20442:Ishtup-Ilum 20294:Ishma-Dagan 20279:Shakkanakku 20257:Neferirkare 20254:Neferkauhor 20157:Ili-ishmani 20136:Manishtushu 20099:Lugalzagesi 20095:III dynasty 20079:Puzur-Nirah 19794:Ishar-Malik 19773:Shepseskare 19563:Mesannepada 19488:Nin-kisalsi 19476:Lugal-kitun 19446:Meskalamdug 19432:Ur-Pabilsag 19245:Aga of Kish 19154:Barsal-nuna 19039:Khasekhemwy 19025:Neferkara I 19004:Weneg-Nebty 18982:Nebra/Raneb 18794:Lower Egypt 18780:Scorpion II 18725:Upper Egypt 18677:, 4000 BCE) 18660:Uruk period 17809:Khwarezmian 17742:Carolingian 17547:Rashtrakuta 17251:Shaishunaga 17150:Hellenistic 17133:New Kingdom 17123:Old Kingdom 16708:Agriculture 16665:air defense 16625:Nationalism 16285:(1950–1963) 16224:(1516–1918) 16207:(1260–1516) 16201:(1174–1260) 16098:Roman Syria 15990:Abu Hureyra 15985:Uruk period 15870:WikiProject 15801:Video games 15593:Individuals 15586:LGBT rights 15576:Health care 15543:Immigration 15324:Gendarmerie 15283:Referendums 15199:Legislative 15096:Earthquakes 14981:Oghuz Turks 14870:Dissolution 14665:WikiProject 14466:Marsh Arabs 14451:Circassians 14132:Foreign aid 14024:Mesopotamia 13586:Uruk period 13350:New Zealand 13345:Netherlands 13109:Settlements 13022:(1555–1917) 12999:(1453–1501) 12993:(1375–1468) 12987:(1335–1432) 12981:(1258–1335) 12975:(1098–1268) 12936:Middle ages 12876:Roman Syria 12870:Syrian Wars 12507:Middle East 12310:224–mid 7C 12274:129–63 BCE 12256:Macedonians 12151:city-states 12147:Neo-Hittite 12122:Sea Peoples 12038:city-states 12017:city-states 11960:Uruk period 11922:Mesopotamia 11800:Samas-nasir 11755:Nemed Istar 11517:Hittitology 11507:Assyriology 11428:Archaeology 11298:Old Persian 11108:Jemdet Nasr 10626:Sennacherib 10585:Shammuramat 10417:: 247–268. 10065:: 135–142. 9963:26 November 9914:: 165–183. 9591:28 November 9557:: 153–163. 9500:. Chicago: 9466:. Chicago: 8376:Düring 2020 8199:Radner 2015 8175:Frahm 2017b 8163:Frahm 2017b 8151:Frahm 2017b 8139:Frahm 2017b 8106:Radner 2015 8055:Hauser 2017 7980:Fincke 2017 7968:Fincke 2017 7956:Fincke 2017 7944:Fincke 2017 7932:Heeßel 2017 7908:Parker 2011 7879:Radner 2021 7867:Radner 2021 7792:Radner 2021 7769:Radner 2021 7757:Radner 2021 7692:Düring 2020 7680:Radner 2015 7663:Radner 2017 7651:Dalley 2017 7636:Radner 2017 7609:Radner 2017 7597:Radner 2017 7582:Radner 2017 7553:Radner 2017 7522:Dalley 2017 7510:Dalley 2017 7498:Dalley 2017 7486:Jakob 2017b 7474:Dalley 2017 7462:Dalley 2017 7450:Dalley 2017 7438:Dalley 2017 7414:Radner 2012 7378:Radner 2012 7366:Radner 2012 7354:Parker 2011 7342:Parker 2011 7330:Parker 2011 7318:Parker 2011 7303:Yamada 2000 7288:Parker 2011 7252:Kertai 2013 7165:Kertai 2013 7150:Parker 2011 7114:Parker 2011 7102:Parker 2011 7090:Parker 2011 7078:Parker 2011 6919:Radner 2019 6907:Hauser 2017 6867:Radner 2019 6855:Radner 2019 6843:Radner 2013 6359:Radner 2003 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12957:(750–1258) 12772:(including 12748:Folk dance 12034:and other 12013:and other 11845:Til-Barsip 11481:Divination 11191:Achaemenid 11156:Isin-Larsa 11049:Trialetian 11044:Mousterian 11031:Prehistory 10631:Esarhaddon 10475:2022-01-28 10441:2022-01-28 10397:2022-01-28 10321:2020-07-07 10253:2022-01-28 10225:2020-07-07 10198:(2): 111. 10173:: 157–171. 10157:2022-01-28 10073:2021-11-02 9976:. Oxford: 9922:2022-01-28 9873:2022-01-28 9781:2022-01-28 9680:2022-01-28 9645:22 January 9618:13 January 9565:2022-01-28 9520:2022-01-28 9486:2022-01-28 9389:2022-01-28 9261:. Leiden: 9247:2022-01-28 9106:2022-01-28 8824:2022-01-28 8778:2022-01-28 8729:2022-01-28 8448:Elayi 2018 8436:Dewar 2021 8403:Elayi 2017 8352:Frahm 2017 8127:Frahm 2017 8094:Payne 2012 8067:Payne 2012 7276:Frahm 2014 7264:Svärd 2015 7240:Svärd 2015 7228:Svärd 2015 7216:Teppo 2007 7042:Frahm 2014 7018:Frahm 2017 6966:Reade 1998 6942:Frahm 2017 6879:Frahm 2017 6694:Frahm 2017 6661:Jursa 2007 6637:Oates 1992 6601:Ahmed 2018 6589:Ahmed 2018 6577:Ahmed 2018 6565:Ahmed 2018 6553:Ahmed 2018 6541:Frahm 2017 6504:Frahm 2017 6472:Frahm 2017 6460:Ahmed 2018 6448:Ahmed 2018 6436:Ahmed 2018 6424:Frahm 2017 6395:Frahm 2017 6383:Ahmed 2018 6371:Frahm 2017 6347:Frahm 2017 6297:Frahm 2017 6273:Frahm 2014 6261:Frahm 2017 6220:Frahm 2017 6201:Frahm 2017 6186:Frahm 2017 6145:Frahm 2017 6130:Cogan 2017 6087:Frahm 2017 6062:Frahm 2017 6047:Frahm 2017 5979:Frahm 2017 5935:Frahm 2017 5877:Frahm 2017 5844:Frahm 2017 5825:Frahm 2017 5810:Frahm 2017 5795:Frahm 2017 5716:Frahm 2017 5695:Frahm 2017 5683:Frahm 2017 5622:Frahm 2017 5605:Jakob 2017 5581:Jakob 2017 5542:Elayi 2017 5527:Levin 2002 5464:Frahm 2017 5428:Frahm 2017 5373:Elayi 2017 5335:Frahm 2017 5268:Frahm 2017 5096:2020-06-19 5054:(4): 554. 4977:2023-06-19 4917:2020-06-18 4873:References 4814:monotheism 4756:dating to 4749:mat ᵈa-šur 4731:(Sumerian 4707:mat aš-šur 4551:impalement 4416:Holy Roman 4081:See also: 4067:monotheism 3844:wastewater 3773:šitimgallu 3721:Literature 3636:Phoenician 3544:vernacular 3514:Babylonian 3365:Population 3358:See also: 3339:rādi kibsi 3333:targumannu 3319:ṣāb kabābi 3253:ša qurubte 2992:officers ( 2943:bēl pīhāti 2757:See also: 2748:Government 2645:(1829) by 2560:See also: 2515:(1876) by 2370:Cimmerians 2363:depression 2336:Esarhaddon 2182:Esarhaddon 1933:Nabonassar 1856:Sarduri II 1838:Argishti I 1446:Phoenician 1438:Carchemish 1238:Babylonian 1234:Little Zab 1217:Annals of 1022:, founded 1001: – c. 959:Background 869:Esarhaddon 867:and under 758:, and the 699:See also: 674:911–609 BC 474:626–609 BC 421:823–745 BC 338:Esarhaddon 235:Government 92:condensing 24741:Squatting 24706:Education 24653:Mandaeism 24622:/Turkoman 24600:Mandaeans 24585:Assyrians 24580:Armenians 24543:Languages 24431:Companies 24386:Judiciary 24296:President 24266:Elections 24261:Democracy 24107:Geography 24023:Sanctions 23941:2003–2011 23936:1968–2003 23931:1958–1968 23790:Babylonia 23471:Hallo, W. 23368:Peroz III 23202:Antiochus 23168:Khosrow I 23138:Shapur IV 23132:Bahram IV 23123:Shapur II 23108:Bahram II 23102:Hormizd I 23059:Osroes II 22937:Vonones I 22919:Orodes II 22895:Artabanus 22563:Darius II 22490:Phraortes 22476:Nabonidus 22447:Ahmose II 22435:Psamtik I 22328:Tanutamun 22177:(regent) 22068:Takelot I 22062:Osorkon I 21827:Phoenicia 21811:Amenemope 21757:Setnakhte 21711:Merneptah 21660:Akhenaten 21443:Sakir-Har 21381:Sixteenth 21360:Akurduana 21346:Gulkishar 21343:Shushushi 21299:Abi-eshuh 21293:Hammurabi 21275:Sumu-abum 21197:Shu-Ninua 21188:Iptar-Sin 21158:Sin-namir 21155:Nasir-Sin 21146:Puzur-Sin 21128:Sin-namir 21125:Nasir-Sin 20979:Sîn-gāmil 20975:Sîn-kāšid 20963:Rim-Sin I 20960:Warad-Sin 20840:Naram-Sin 20824:Erishum I 20820:Ilu-shuma 20796:Zimri-Lim 20744:Indilimma 20731:Ibbit-Lim 20701:Intef III 20664:invasions 20651:invasions 20596:Ili-Ishar 20592:Iddi-ilum 20585:2100 BCE 20575:V dynasty 20545:2125 BCE 20483:Puzur-ili 20470:La-erabum 20404:2150 BCE 20330:Shu-turul 20323:(3 years) 20290:Shu-Dagan 20190:2200 BCE 20167:Naram-Sin 20163:2250 BCE 20107:2340 BCE 20073:2350 BCE 20067:Luh-ishan 20062:Urukagina 20058:Lugalanda 20027:Isar-Damu 20023:2370 BCE 19969:2380 BCE 19944:Enentarzi 19932:Enannatum 19921:Gishakidu 19885:Ur-Zababa 19861:Adub-Damu 19857:2400 BCE 19830:2425 BCE 19824:Napilhush 19812:invasions 19790:Enar-Damu 19770:Neferefre 19750:2450 BCE 19693:Ur-Nanshe 19688:I dynasty 19675:I dynasty 19616:Ikun-Mari 19575:Phoenicia 19571:2500 BCE 19504:2575 BCE 19472:Melamanna 19456:Akalamdug 19428:A-Imdugud 19391:Ur-Nungal 19378:(5 kings) 19365:Baba-Damu 19361:Ibbi-Damu 19290:2600 BCE 19260:Gilgamesh 19218:Iltasadum 19189:2700 BCE 19163:I dynasty 19116:2800 BCE 19079:I dynasty 19035:Hudjefa I 18968:2900 BCE 18914:Semerkhet 18906:(regent) 18893:(regent) 18800:Hedju Hor 18628:Naqada II 18372:Couronian 18010:Ethiopian 17998:Manchukuo 17953:Brazilian 17799:Ghaznavid 17769:Srivijaya 17720:Trebizond 17705:Byzantine 17687:North Sea 17682:Norwegian 17670:Almoravid 17653:Ilkhanate 17623:Majapahit 17596:Muromachi 17505:Solomonic 17490:Ethiopian 17404:Caliphate 17337:Aragonese 17165:Ptolemaic 16868:Squatting 16843:refugees 16818:Education 16777:Transport 16718:Companies 16660:Air force 16637:Terrorism 16550:Judiciary 16511:Elections 16475:President 16379:Euphrates 16369:Al-Jazira 16353:Volcanoes 16338:Districts 16312:Geography 16289:Civil war 16279:(1946–50) 16271:(1930–46) 16265:(1925–30) 16259:(1922–25) 15796:TV series 15754:Miniature 15697:Festivals 15613:Terrorism 15564:Education 15497:Languages 15341:Air Force 15256:Elections 15204:Executive 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9698:785860275 9510:926853184 9379:163170919 9302:163392326 8950:224979097 8814:245632242 8673:163623620 8472:Bagg 2016 8460:Bagg 2016 8424:Bagg 2016 8388:Mark 2014 8040:Bagg 2017 8028:Bagg 2017 8016:Bagg 2017 8004:Bagg 2017 7992:Bagg 2017 7054:Zaia 2019 6489:Mark 2009 5904:Fink 2020 5772:Mark 2020 5743:Bagg 2016 5731:Bagg 2016 5491:Bagg 2016 5214:ignored ( 5204:cite book 5060:1240-3032 4692:god Aššur 4564:Holocaust 4361:Herodotus 4168:Khorsabad 4116:Parthians 4112:Seleucids 4003:Semiramis 3932:, called 3880:Egyptian 3828:aqueducts 3779:šellapajū 3763:aqueducts 3709:targumānu 3470:Languages 3460:Ilkhanate 3313:ṣāb qašti 3147:hūl šarri 3119:telegraph 2961:rab ālāni 2916:Prussians 2546:Psamtik I 2529:Kandalanu 2485:Tantamani 2380:, in the 2238:Jerusalem 2167:Dur-Yakin 2155:Khorsabad 2113:Yau-bi'di 2054:Sargon II 1942:Hatarikka 1718:Stele of 1655:Stele of 1623:Chaldeans 1602:Hadadezer 1598:Israelite 1570:Arzashkun 1414:Bit Adini 1306:Hubushkia 1080:Babylonia 846:Babylonia 760:Seleucids 684:609 BC – 429:Babylonia 314:Sargon II 225:Religion 138:māt Aššur 108:June 2023 100:talk page 88:splitting 86:Consider 24784:Category 24633:Religion 24610:Persians 24494:Railways 24489:Airlines 24371:Military 24232:Politics 24208:Wildlife 24198:Umm Qasr 24028:Iraq War 24011:Gulf War 23923:Republic 23876:Safavids 23839:638–1958 23587:(2014). 23540:(1992). 23510:(2020). 23477:(1971). 23318:Kavad II 23144:Bahram V 23105:Bahram I 23099:Shapur I 22976:Osroes I 22907:Orodes I 22901:Gotarzes 22889:Phraates 22554:Darius I 22551:Cambyses 22499:Astyages 22496:Cyaxares 22438:Necho II 22369:Bel-ibni 22319:Shebitku 22282:Indabibi 22135:Tefnakht 21677:Horemheb 21536:Agum III 21518:Kassites 21501:Ahmose I 21366:Ea-gamil 21350:DIŠ+U-EN 21340:Ishkibal 21287:Apil-Sin 21269:Amorites 21179:Bel-bani 21054:Biblical 20945:Nur-Adad 20936:Gungunum 20924:Naplanum 20892:Bur-Suen 20856:Amorites 20832:Sargon I 20782:Amorites 20726:Amorites 20698:Intef II 20668:Kindattu 20656:Ibbi-Sin 20635:Amar-Sin 20629:Ur-Nammu 20564:Merykare 20456:Apil-kin 20368:Pirig-me 20346:Ur-gigir 20342:Ur-nigin 20282:dynasty) 20227:Merenhor 20153:Epirmupi 19982:Userkare 19936:Entemena 19913:Ur-Lumma 19908:Meskigal 19839:Eannatum 19834:Kun-Damu 19818:Shushun- 19803:Enakalle 19662:kushanna 19648:Undalulu 19620:Iblul-Il 19544:Menkaure 19540:Bikheris 19533:Djedefre 19492:Me-durba 19417:shaengur 19411:En-hegal 19399:Labashum 19357:Agur-lim 19353:Abur-lim 19332:Qahedjet 19177:Enmerkar 19009:Wadjenes 18999:Horus Sa 18994:Nubnefer 18985:Nynetjer 18959:Susa III 18921:Sneferka 18904:Merneith 18622:Naqada I 18352:Japanese 18315:Scottish 18295:American 18287:Colonial 18216:Imperial 18184:Moroccan 18120:Japanese 18098:Afsharid 17957:Burmese 17943:Austrian 17898:Later Le 17873:Early Le 17858:Venetian 17784:Tiwanaku 17697:Hellenic 17660:Moroccan 17591:Kamakura 17581:Japanese 17564:Saffarid 17517:Georgian 17431:Chalukya 17409:Rashidun 17399:Calakmul 17367:Bruneian 17246:Haryanka 17224:Sasanian 17219:Parthian 17170:Bactrian 17160:Seleucid 17140:Goguryeo 17118:Egyptian 17052:Assyrian 17042:Akkadian 17033:Colonies 16978:Category 16938:Religion 16863:Scouting 16838:diaspora 16723:Industry 16647:Military 16592:national 16572:Speakers 16453:Politics 16362:Features 16028:Arameans 16018:Amorites 15949:Timeline 15929:articles 15846:Category 15784:Football 15769:Painting 15712:Folklore 15620:Marriage 15526:Istanbul 15509:Religion 15462:Railways 15452:Aviation 15390:Currency 15248:Politics 15216:Judicial 15192:Branches 15170:Wildlife 14960:Military 14948:Economic 14853:Tanzimat 14645:Category 14494:Religion 14471:Persians 14355:Railways 14350:Airlines 14232:Military 14093:Politics 14069:Wildlife 14059:Umm Qasr 13889:Iraq War 13872:Gulf War 13784:Republic 13737:Safavids 13700:638–1958 13401:Politics 13272:Diaspora 13253:Mazıdağı 13209:Qamishli 13182:Sanandaj 13155:Shaqlawa 13143:Bartella 13128:Qaraqosh 13104:Homeland 12902:(5th c.) 12884:(15–116) 12882:Adiabene 12829:Arameans 12784:Ancient 12758:Clothing 12700:Hertevin 12515:Identity 12455:Category 12166:Arameans 12160:Damascus 12131:Arameans 12085:Kassites 12073:Hurrians 11790:Sam'alla 11775:Raqamatu 11730:Mansuate 11705:Kullania 11700:Kulimmen 11690:Karkemis 11615:Barhalzi 11600:Arzuhina 11500:Academia 11454:Religion 11323:Urartian 11318:Sumerian 11303:Parthian 11238:Akkadian 11211:Sasanian 11201:Parthian 11196:Seleucid 11146:Simurrum 11136:Akkadian 11069:Khiamian 11059:Natufian 10971:Simurrum 10956:Kassites 10951:Hittites 10906:Adiabene 10750:Category 10534:Military 10523:Politics 10466:Archived 10435:Archived 10391:Archived 10312:Archived 10247:Archived 10216:Archived 10181:(1978). 10151:Archived 10114:43076393 10067:Archived 9957:Archived 9916:Archived 9832:41303323 9775:Archived 9674:Archived 9639:Archived 9612:Archived 9585:Archived 9559:Archived 9514:Archived 9480:Archived 9383:Archived 9241:Archived 9100:Archived 8818:Archived 8769:Archived 8723:Archived 8719:26740626 6176:429–449. 6166:429–449. 5090:Archived 5068:44100170 4971:Archived 4935:(1911). 4911:Archived 4743:𒆳𒀭𒀀𒋩 4728:aš-šurᵏⁱ 4664:𒆳𒀭𒊹𒆠 4639:𒆳𒀭𒊹𒆠 4587:See also 4562:and the 4490:— 4430:Chaldaea 4412:Frankish 3987:Inaros I 3922:Sinharib 3905:Sasanian 3840:drainage 3805:A giant 3688:Egyptian 3680:Shuprian 3676:Urartian 3648:Ugaritic 3605:Akkadian 3577:de facto 3531:aššurāyu 3495:synonyms 3493:listing 3475:Akkadian 3154:Military 3063:rab šāqê 3037:sukkallu 3031:sartinnu 3018:rab šāqê 2899:chariots 2895:infantry 2836:Seal of 2775:— 2659:Cyaxares 2538:Persians 2392:(modern 2242:Hezekiah 2240:. Since 2229:Bel-ibni 1926:Damascus 1901:and the 1628:Damascus 1418:suzerain 1120:Initial 1007:Sumerian 772:Anatolia 728:Caucasus 716:Assyrian 379:Iron Age 239:Monarchy 211:Akkadian 130:𒆳𒀭𒊹𒆠 76:too long 24814:Commons 24731:Smoking 24696:Culture 24691:Cuisine 24674:General 24658:Yazidis 24615:Solluba 24568:Persian 24558:Kurdish 24553:Aramaic 24518:Society 24499:Tourism 24410:Economy 24158:Islands 24133:Borders 23958: ( 23948:present 23883:(incl. 23795:Assyria 23740:Subartu 23680:History 23371:Narsieh 23199:Zenobia 23180:Vistahm 23165:Kavad I 23159:Kavad I 23153:Peroz I 23141:Khosrow 22487:Deioces 22444:Wahibre 22432:Necho I 22325:Taharqa 22322:Shabaka 22306:Taharqa 22270:Teumman 22121:Rudamun 21863:Solomon 21802:Smendes 21723:Twosret 21717:Seti II 21458:Mitanni 21452:Khamudi 21406:Dynasty 21396:Dynasty 21386:Dynasty 21224:Nur-ili 21194:Lullaya 21097:dynasty 21049:Abraham 20939:Abisare 20904:Zambiya 20798:(Queen 20750:Amorite 20721:Kingdom 20695:Intef I 20662:Elamite 20649:Amorite 20638:Shu-Sin 20539:Tirigan 20508:Ur-Baba 20438:Nûr-Mêr 20376:Lu-gula 20372:Lu-Baba 20286:Ididish 20267:Kingdom 20264:Eblaite 20262:Second 20212:Menkare 20087:Shu-Sin 20083:Ishu-Il 20011:dynasty 19991:Pepi II 19924:(Queen 19810:Elamite 19761:Userkaf 19704:Akurgal 19633:Ku-Baba 19449:(Queen 19385:Mesilim 19320:Sanakht 19310:(First 19127:Zuqaqip 19124:Kalumum 19109:Kalibum 19105:Puannum 19062:Kingdom 18911:Anedjib 18895:Hor-Aha 18840:Nat-Hor 18773:Iry-Hor 18769:Shendjw 18741:Pen-Abu 18689:Susa II 18419:largest 18414:Empires 18394:Swedish 18389:Spanish 18384:Russian 18347:Italian 18322:Chinese 18310:English 18305:British 18300:Belgian 18275:Vietnam 18265:Tay son 18211:Tsarist 18206:Russian 18201:Ottoman 18167:Dzungar 18162:Khoshut 18135:Mexican 18130:Maratha 18113:Pahlavi 18093:Safavid 18088:Iranian 18015:Haitian 17978:Chinese 17938:Ashanti 17910:Wagadou 17836:Eastern 17831:Western 17814:Timurid 17774:Tibetan 17764:Songhai 17754:Serbian 17675:Almohad 17665:Idrisid 17569:Samanid 17559:Tahirid 17554:Iranian 17532:Kannauj 17512:Genoese 17448:Chinese 17441:Eastern 17436:Western 17424:Fatimid 17419:Abbasid 17414:Umayyad 17387:Burmese 17347:Ayyubid 17342:Angevin 17312:Xianbei 17300:Eastern 17295:Western 17241:Magadha 17204:Iranian 17197:Xiongnu 17182:Hittite 17091:Chinese 17079:Kassite 17028:Ancient 17020:Empires 16962:Outline 16943:Smoking 16896:Cuisine 16878:Culture 16796:Society 16696:Economy 16413:Related 16399:Orontes 16328:Borders 15937:History 15882:Outline 15858:Commons 15791:Theater 15774:Pottery 15690:Ottoman 15685:Cuisine 15663:Ottoman 15640:Culture 15625:Poverty 15557:Society 15442:Tourism 15395:Defense 15367:Economy 15209:Cabinet 15140:Geology 15084:Climate 15026:Regions 14953:Ottoman 14771:Beyliks 14767:Seljuks 14732:History 14675:Commons 14592:Smoking 14557:Culture 14552:Cuisine 14535:General 14519:Yazidis 14476:Solluba 14429:Persian 14419:Kurdish 14414:Aramaic 14379:Society 14360:Tourism 14271:Economy 14019:Islands 13994:Borders 13819: ( 13809:present 13744:(incl. 13656:Assyria 13601:Subartu 13541:History 13387:Uruguay 13380:Detroit 13335:Lebanon 13315:Germany 13310:Georgia 13300:Finland 13290:Belgium 13280:Armenia 13228:Hakkari 13082:(2014–) 13076:(2003–) 13064:(1919–) 13034:(1840s) 12864:Osroene 12786:Assyria 12774:related 12768:History 12753:Cuisine 12725:Culture 12666:Aramaic 12653:(1968–) 12647:(1692–) 12641:(1552–) 12622:(1940–) 12616:(1870–) 12610:(1662–) 12068:Mitanni 12036:Amorite 12015:Amorite 11989:Gutians 11865:Tu'ammu 11840:Tamnuna 11835:Talmusa 11815:Simirra 11805:Si'imma 11795:Samaria 11785:Sahuppa 11780:Rasappa 11760:Ninevah 11745:Megiddo 11740:Mazamua 11735:Marqusa 11670:Hindanu 11665:Haurina 11660:Hatallu 11640:Habruri 11635:Guzaana 11595:Arrapha 11590:Arbaiil 11585:Amadiya 11486:Prayers 11471:Deities 11435:Looting 11278:Kassite 11273:Hurrian 11268:Hittite 11258:Elamite 11253:Eblaite 11248:Aramaic 11243:Amorite 11166:Kassite 11141:Gutians 11123:History 11088:Samarra 11084:Hassuna 11054:Zarzian 10976:Subartu 10966:Mitanni 10931:Chaldea 10921:Assyria 10894:Ancient 10702:Culture 10675:Economy 9371:1359991 8665:1359421 4945:(ed.). 4739:) Also 4679:, then 4514:Teumman 4510:Elamite 4479:Elamite 4408:Russian 4365:Ctesias 4261:Baghdad 4173:lamassu 3991:Amazons 3972:papyrus 3882:papyrus 3854:lamassu 3809:lamassu 3791:gugallu 3700:Elamite 3696:Mannean 3690:), and 3656:Edomite 3652:Moabite 3609:Aramaic 3601: 3568:Aramaic 3562:Aramaic 3519:akkadûm 3385:eunuchs 3354:Society 3293:phalanx 3277:raksūte 3203:turtanu 3196:turtanu 3098:eunuchs 3069:turtanu 3051:masennu 3044:turtanu 3005:masennu 2882:šarratu 2876:šarratu 2864:sēgallu 2663:Arrapha 2587:626 BC) 2585: 2575:usurper 2497:Teumman 2476: 2457: 2428:Memphis 2424:Taharqa 2405:Memphis 2394:Dhahran 2390:Diḫranu 2343: 2253:Nineveh 2212: 2189: 2178: 2159:Larnaca 2151:Danaans 2126:Mannaya 2122:Šinuḫtu 2061: 2022:Samaria 2017: 1974:Galilee 1894: 1879: 1841:herald 1833: 1822: 1811: 1793:turtanu 1764:turtanu 1759: 1731: 1674:turtanu 1664: 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20527:Ur-gar 20487:Ur-Utu 20354:Lagash 20233:Nikare 20145:Eshpum 20133:Rimush 19985:Pepi I 19820:tarana 19764:Sahure 19744:Hishur 19721:Balulu 19686:Lagash 19667:Mug-si 19660:Ensha- 19608:Sa'umu 19536:Khafre 19520:Snefru 19468:Mes-he 19415:Lugal- 19406:Lagash 19349:Sagisu 19301:Djoser 19210:Tizqar 19181:Aratta 19137:Arwium 19134:Mashda 19084:Jushur 19014:Senedj 18953:period 18885:Narmer 18835:Wazner 18810:Hsekiu 18805:Ny-Hor 18784:Narmer 18754:Canide 18745:Animal 18651:Susa I 18601:Lagash 18575:Akshak 18550:Canaan 18357:Mongol 18342:German 18337:French 18327:Danish 18270:Dainam 18245:Tongan 18233:Somali 18228:Sokoto 18194:'Alawi 18172:Kalmyk 18152:Mongol 18145:Second 18125:Korean 18076:Mughal 18066:Indian 18049:German 18042:Second 18032:French 18025:Second 17961:Second 17933:Afghan 17925:Modern 17851:Kyrgyz 17846:Uighur 17841:Second 17821:Turkic 17789:Toltec 17725:Epirus 17710:Nicaea 17633:Mongol 17586:Yamato 17522:Huetar 17380:Second 17317:Rouran 17266:Shunga 17261:Maurya 17236:Kushan 17209:Median 17187:Hunnic 17145:Harsha 16886:Anthem 16833:People 16828:Hunger 16823:Health 16733:Pound 16435:Levant 16394:Hermon 16389:Hauran 16348:Rivers 16333:Cities 16243:(1920) 16063:Ugarit 16048:Yamhad 15927: 15834:Portal 15779:Sports 15680:Cinema 15675:Carpet 15658:Seljuk 15648:Anthem 15531:Ankara 15400:Energy 15292:Topics 15160:Rivers 15077:Topics 14969:Topics 14724:Turkey 14655:Portal 14597:Sports 14572:Health 14547:Cinema 14399:Iraqis 14302:Dinar 14237:Police 14039:Places 13529:topics 13444:Sutoro 13365:Sweden 13360:Russia 13340:Mexico 13330:Jordan 13325:Israel 13320:Greece 13305:France 13295:Canada 13248:Mardin 13238:Elazığ 13223:Turkey 13216:Khabur 13177:Salmas 13150:Ankawa 13133:Alqosh 13070:(1933) 13052:(1909) 13040:(1895) 12951:(630s) 12945:(630s) 12710:Mlaḥsô 12705:Senaya 12690:Turoyo 12670:Syriac 12604:(518–) 12583:Syriac 11825:Suburu 11765:Qamina 11715:Lahiru 11710:Kurbal 11695:Kilizi 11655:Harran 11620:Birtum 11605:Ashdod 11313:Sutean 11288:Median 11283:Luwian 11263:Gutian 11151:Ur III 11064:Nemrik 11001:Cities 10996:Urartu 10946:Hamazi 10941:Gutium 10916:Armani 10868:Tigris 10821:Modern 10553:Rulers 10544:Queens 10429: 10383: 10360: 10339: 10306: 10271: 10210: 10145: 10112: 10089: 10042: 10021: 9984: 9891: 9838: 9830: 9799: 9769: 9734: 9713: 9696: 9666: 9538: 9508: 9476:506728 9474: 9449: 9428: 9407: 9377: 9369: 9300: 9269: 9206: 9185: 9164: 9143: 9122: 9092: 9069: 9050: 9030: 9009: 8988: 8967: 8948: 8938: 8905: 8884: 8863: 8842: 8812: 8747: 8717: 8690: 8671: 8663: 8630: 8611: 8590: 8569: 8548: 8519: 8498: 5175: 5148: 5120: 5066: 5058: 5029: 5002: 4735:𒀸𒋩𒆠 4722:𒀸𒋩𒆠 4714:𒆳𒀸𒋩 4701:𒆳𒀸𒋩 4558:, the 4178:Louvre 4085:, and 4063:Yahweh 4055:Joseph 4039:Jewish 4032:. 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