Natural resource management

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learned that the fishermen build trust through jokes and fabrications. He emphasizes social capital as a process because it is built and accumulated through practice of intricate social norms. Siegelman notes that playful joking is connected to masculinity and often excludes women. He stresses that both gender and social capital are performed. Furthermore, in San Evaristo, the gendered network of fishermen is simultaneously a social network. Nearly all fishermen in San Evaristo are men and most families have lived there for generations. Men form intimate relationships by spending 14 hour work days together, while women spend time with the family managing domestic caretaking. Siegelman observes three categories of lies amongst the fishermen: exaggerations, deceptions, and jokes. For example, a fisherman may exaggerate his success fishing at a particular spot to mislead friends, place his hand on the scale to turn a larger profit, or make a sexual joke to earn respect. As Siegelman puts it, "lies build trust." Siegelman saw that this division of labor was reproduced, at least in part, to do with the fact that the culture of lying and trust was a masculine activity unique to the fisherman. Similar to the ways in which the culture of lying excluded women from the social sphere of fishing, conservationists were also excluded from this social arrangement and, thus, were not able to obtain the trust needed to do their work of regulating fishing practices. As outsiders, conservationists, even male conservationists, were not able to fit the ideal of masculinity that was considered "trustable" by the fishermen and could convince them to implement or participate in conservation practices. In one instance, the researcher replied jokingly "in the sea" when a fisherman asked where the others were fishing that day. This vague response earned him trust. Women are excluded from this form of social capital because many of the jokes center around "masculine exploits". Siegelman finishes by asking: how can female conservationists act when they are excluded through social capital? What role should men play in this situation?

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profitability, risk aversion) as well as goals of the wider community (e.g., poverty alleviation, welfare of future generations, environmental conservation). It focuses on sustainability and at the same time tries to incorporate all possible stakeholders from the planning level itself, reducing possible future conflicts. The conceptual basis of INRM has evolved in recent years through the convergence of research in diverse areas such as sustainable land use, participatory planning, integrated watershed management, and adaptive management. INRM is being used extensively and been successful in regional and community based natural management.

698:) approach combines conservation objectives with the generation of economic benefits for rural communities. The three key assumptions being that: locals are better placed to conserve natural resources, people will conserve a resource only if benefits exceed the costs of conservation, and people will conserve a resource that is linked directly to their quality of life. When a local people's quality of life is enhanced, their efforts and commitment to ensure the future well-being of the resource are also enhanced. Regional and community based natural resource management is also based on the principle of 30: 2337: 710:

environmental management agendas with both direct and indirect benefits observed including a share of revenues, employment, diversification of livelihoods and increased pride and identity. Ecological and societal successes and failures of CBNRM projects have been documented. CBNRM has raised new challenges, as concepts of community, territory, conservation, and indigenous are worked into politically varied plans and programs in disparate sites. Warner and Jones address strategies for effectively managing conflict in CBNRM.

2840: 906:, putting a strain on the already stretched biological resources; forest deterioration and deforestation; the invasion of "alien species" and "climate change"( p. 2). Since these threats have received increasing attention from environmentalists and the public, the precautionary management of biodiversity becomes an important part of natural resources management. According to Cooney, there are material measures to carry out precautionary management of biodiversity in natural resource management. 3281: 561: 4799: 3675: 3101: 3665: 3132: 651:

may even be irreversible. Second, in addition to the complexity of the natural systems, managers also have to consider various stakeholders and their interests, policies, politics, geographical boundaries and economic implications. It is impossible to fully satisfy all aspects at the same time. Therefore, between the scientific complexity and the diverse stakeholders, natural resource management is typically contentious.

3144: 3120: 915:"activities" is regarded as a critical and "irreversible" endangerment, these "activities" should be forbidden. For example, since explosives and toxicants will have serious consequences to endanger human and natural environment, the South Africa Marine Living Resources Act promulgated a series of policies on completely forbidding to "catch fish" by using explosives and toxicants. 726:

Australian Government's environment and sustainable agriculture programs, which have traditionally been broadly referred to under the banner of 'natural resource management'. These programs have been delivered regionally, through 56 State government bodies, successfully allowing regional communities to decide the natural resource priorities for their regions.

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adopted. However, overall, program adoption seemed to mirror the relative advantage of CBNRM programs to local villagers and villager access to external technical assistance. There have been socioeconomic critiques of CBNRM in Africa, but ecological effectiveness of CBNRM measured by wildlife population densities has been shown repeatedly in Tanzania.

702:. The United Nations advocates CBNRM in the Convention on Biodiversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification. Unless clearly defined, decentralised NRM can result in an ambiguous socio-legal environment with local communities racing to exploit natural resources while they can, such as the forest communities in central Kalimantan (Indonesia). 563: 567: 566: 562: 706:

people-centred (active or participatory results that are truly empowering) or planner-centred (nominal and results in passive recipients). Understanding power relations is crucial to the success of community based NRM. Locals may be reluctant to challenge government recommendations for fear of losing promised benefits.

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Natural resource management issues are inherently complex and contentious. First, they involve the ecological cycles, hydrological cycles, climate, animals, plants and geography, etc. All these are dynamic and inter-related. A change in one of them may have far reaching and/or long-term impacts which

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More broadly, a research study based in Tanzania and the Pacific researched what motivates communities to adopt CBNRM's and found that aspects of the specific CBNRM program, of the community that has adopted the program, and of the broader social-ecological context together shape the why CBNRM's are

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sponsored body "pursues sustainable management of natural resources" and "applies the principles of sustainable management of natural resources" as stated in the Environment (Wales) Act 2016. NRW is responsible for more than 40 different types of regulatory regime across a wide range of activities.

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Hamilton, C and Attwater, R (1996) Usage of, and demand for Environmental Statistics in Australia, in Tracking Progress: Linking Environment and Economy Through Indicators and Accounting Systems Conference Papers, 1996 Australian Academy of Science Fenner Conference on the Environment, Institute of

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Furthermore, adopting a Marxist perspective centered on class struggle, some have criticized CBNRM as an empowerment tool, asserting that its focus on state-community alliances may limit its effectiveness, particularly for communities facing challenges from "vicious states," thereby restricting the

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Murray's findings revealed that, in the Uplands, CBNRM as a legal strategy imposed constraints on the communities. One significant limitation was the necessity for communities to fulfill discriminatory and enforceable prerequisites in order to obtain legal entitlements to resources. Murray contends

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Though presenting a transformative approach to resource management that recognizes and involves local communities rather than displacing them, Community-Based Natural Resource Management strategies have faced scrutiny from both scholars and advocates for indigenous communities. Tania Murray, in her

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Hybrid: Many ownership regimes governing natural resources will contain parts of more than one of the regimes described above, so natural resource managers need to consider the impact of hybrid regimes. An example of such a hybrid is native vegetation management in NSW, Australia, where legislation

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is a powerful analytical tool as it is capable of overlaying datasets to identify links. A bush regeneration scheme can be informed by the overlay of rainfall, cleared land and erosion. In Australia, Metadata Directories such as NDAR provide data on Australian natural resources such as vegetation,

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Program. Caring for our Country is an Australian Government initiative jointly administered by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. These Departments share responsibility for delivery of the

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Social capital and gender are factors that impact community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), including conservation strategies and collaborations between community members and staff. Through three months of participant observation in a fishing camp in San Evaristo, Mexico, Ben Siegelman

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A problem of CBNRM is the difficulty of reconciling and harmonising the objectives of socioeconomic development, biodiversity protection and sustainable resource utilisation. The concept and conflicting interests of CBNRM, show how the motives behind the participation are differentiated as either

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The issue of biodiversity conservation is regarded as an important element in natural resource management. What is biodiversity? Biodiversity is a comprehensive concept, which is a description of the extent of natural diversity. Gaston and Spicer (p. 3) point out that biodiversity is "the

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The NSW Government in Australia has published an audit framework for natural resource management, to assist the establishment of a performance audit role in the governance of regional natural resource management. This audit framework builds from other established audit methodologies, including

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This gives transparency and clarity to policy making allowing stakeholders to recognise conflicts of interest and facilitate resolutions. There are numerous stakeholder theories such as Mitchell et al. however Grimble created a framework of stages for a Stakeholder Analysis in natural resource

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Dale et al. (2000) study has shown that there are five fundamental and helpful ecological principles for the land manager and people who need them. The ecological principles relate to time, place, species, disturbance and the landscape and they interact in many ways. It is suggested that land

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Integrated natural resource management (INRM) is the process of managing natural resources in a systematic way, which includes multiple aspects of natural resource use (biophysical, socio-political, and economic) meet production goals of producers and other direct users (e.g., food security,

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CBNRM is based particularly on advocacy by nongovernmental organizations working with local groups and communities, on the one hand, and national and transnational organizations, on the other, to build and extend new versions of environmental and social advocacy that link social justice and

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Cooney claims that the policy making is dependent on "evidences", relating to "high standard of proof", the forbidding of special "activities" and "information and monitoring requirements". Before making the policy of precaution, categorical evidence is needed. When the potential menace of

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After the United Nations Conference for the Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, most nations subscribed to new principles for the integrated management of land, water, and forests. Although program names vary from nation to nation, all express similar aims.

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strategies had not been effective in halting the decline of natural resources. A more integrated approach was implemented recognising the intertwined social, cultural, economic and political aspects of resource management. A more holistic, national and even global form evolved, from the

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Dale, VH, Brown, S, Hawuber, RA, Hobbs, NT, Huntly, Nj Naiman, RJ, Riebsame, WE, Turner, MG & Valone, TJ 2000, "Ecological guidelines for land use and management", in Dale, VH & Hawuber, RA (eds), Applying ecological principles to land management, Springer-Verlag,

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variety of life" and relate to different kinds of "biodiversity organization". According to Gray (p. 154), the first widespread use of the definition of biodiversity, was put forward by the United Nations in 1992, involving different aspects of biological diversity.

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Non-property (open access): There is no definite owner of these properties. Each potential user has equal ability to use it as they wish. These areas are the most exploited. It is said that "Nobody's property is Everybody's property". An example is a lake fishery.

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State property: Ownership and control over the use of resources is in hands of the state. Individuals or groups may be able to make use of the resources, but only at the permission of the state. National forest, National parks and military reservations are some US

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Starik proposed that nature needs to be represented as stakeholder. However this has been rejected by many scholars as it would be difficult to find appropriate representation and this representation could also be disputed by other stakeholders causing further

931:" including "more risk-averse and precautionary management", where "given prevailing uncertainty regarding ecosystem structure, function, and inter-specific interactions, precaution demands an ecosystem rather than single-species approach to management". 750:

examination of CBNRM in Upland Southeast Asia, discovered certain limitations associated with the strategy, primarily stemming from her observation of an idealistic perspective of the communities held by external entities implementing CBNRM programs.

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Natural resource management stakeholder analysis tends to include too many stakeholders which can create problems in of its self as suggested by Clarkson. "Stakeholder theory should not be used to weave a basket big enough to hold the world's

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There is no definitive definition of a stakeholder as illustrated in the table below. Especially in natural resource management as it is difficult to determine who has a stake and this will differ according to each potential stakeholder.

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This approach includes recognition that adaption occurs through a process of 'plan-do-review-act'. It also recognises seven key components that should be considered for quality natural resource management practice:

126:. It recognizes that people and their livelihoods rely on the health and productivity of our landscapes, and their actions as stewards of the land play a critical role in maintaining this health and productivity. 564: 344:

management in ever growing popularity. Stakeholder analysis in the context of natural resource management identifies distinctive interest groups affected in the utilisation and conservation of natural resources.

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are successful examples of how stakeholder analysis can be incorporated into the management of natural resources. This allowed the stakeholders to identify their needs and level of involvement with the forests.

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Common property: It is a private property of a group. The group may vary in size, nature and internal structure e.g. indigenous neighbours of village. Some examples of common property are community forests.

557:, a comprehensive stakeholder analysis would have been relevant and the Batwa people would have potentially been acknowledged as stakeholders preventing the loss of people's livelihoods and loss of life. 1543:

Grimble, R., Wellard, K. (1997) "Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management: a review of principles, contexts, experiences and opportunities". Agricultural Systems, vol. 55, Issue. 2, pp.

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In order to have a sustainable environment, understanding and using appropriate management strategies is important. In terms of understanding, Young emphasises some important points of land management:

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Gass, G., Biggs, S., Kelly, A. (1997) "Stakeholders, science and decision making for poverty-focused rural mechanization research and development", World Development, vol. 25, Issue. 1, pp. 115–126

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Private property: Any property owned by a defined individual or corporate entity. Both the benefit and duties to the resources fall to the owner(s). Private land is the most common example.

440:"... stakeholders (individuals, groups and organizations) who have an interest (stake) and the potential to influence the actions and aims of an organization, project or policy direction." 2588: 1251: 1739:

Prell, C., et al. (2007) Stakeholder Analysis and Social Network Analysis in Natural Resource Management. Leeds: Sustainability Research Institute, University of Leeds, pp. 1-21

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Buanes, A., et al. (2004) "In whose interest? An exploratory analysis of stakeholders in Norwegian coastal zone planning", Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 47, pp. 207–223

870:. Audits undertaken using this framework have provided confidence to stakeholders, identified areas for improvement and described policy expectations for the general public. 1762:

Ostrom, E, Schroeder, L and Wynne, S 1993. Institutional incentives and sustainable development: infrastructure policies in perspective. Westview Press. Oxford, UK. 266 pp.

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Holling C.S. and Meffe, G. K. 2002 'Command and control and the Pathology of Natural Resource Management. Conservation Biology. vol.10. issue 2. pages 328–337, April 1996

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The Australian Government is also currently preparing an audit framework for auditing water management, focussing on the implementation of the Murray Darling Basin Plan.

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that such legal practices, grounded in specific distinguishing identities or practices, pose a risk of perpetuating and strengthening discriminatory norms in the region.

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Twyman, C 2000. Participatory Conservation? Community-based Natural Resource Management in Botswana. The Geographical Journal, Vol 166, No.4, December 2000, pp 323-335

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Clarkson, M.B.E. (1995) "A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance", Academy of Management Review, vol. 20, Issue. 1, pp. 92–117

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Brosius, J.; Peter Tsing; Anna Lowenhaupt; Zerner, Charles (1998). "Representing communities: Histories and politics of community-based natural resource management".

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Bowie, N. (1988) The moral obligations of multinational corporations. In: Luper-Foy (Ed.), Problems of International Justice. Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 97–113.

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Therefore, it is dependent upon the circumstances of the stakeholders involved with natural resource as to which definition and subsequent theory is utilised.

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Identifying the relevant stakeholders for participatory processes is complex as certain stakeholder groups may have been excluded from previous decisions.

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Billgrena, C., Holme, H. (2008) "Approaching reality: Comparing stakeholder analysis and cultural theory in the context of natural resource management",

418:"... any individual, group and institution who would potentially be affected, whether positively or negatively, by a specified event, process or change." 2495:

ICARDA 2005, Sustainable agricultural development for marginal dry areas, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria

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Murray, Tania (2002). "Engaging Simplifications: Community-Based Resource Management, Market Processes and State Agendas in Upland Southeast Asia".

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Freeman, E.R. (1999) "The politics of stakeholder theory: some further research directions", Business Ethics Quartley, vol. 4, Issue. 4, pp. 409–421

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Grimble and Wellard established that Stakeholder analysis in natural resource management is most relevant where issued can be characterised as;

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Governance is seen as a key consideration for delivering community-based or regional natural resource management. In the State of NSW, the 13

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management. Grimble designed this framework to ensure that the analysis is specific to the essential aspects of natural resource management.

396:"... persons or groups that have, or claim, ownership, rights, or interests in a corporation and its activities, past, present, or future." 1226: 3736: 2595: 3175: 2504:

Harding R., 1998, Environmental Decision-Making: The Role of Scientists, Engineers and the Public, Federation Press, Leichhardt. pp366.

1248: 17: 3045: 1923:"How national context, project design, and local community characteristics influence success in community-based conservation projects" 1870:

Measham TG (2007) Building capacity for environmental management: local knowledge and rehabilitation on the Gippsland red gum plains,

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Thakadu, O. T. (2005). "Success factors in community based natural resources management in northern Botswana: Lessons from practice".

3050: 429:"... any group or individual who may directly or indirectly affect—or be affected—...planning to be at least potential stakeholders." 2630: 1446: 3703: 3698: 3124: 3770: 2038: 328:

recognises a public interest in the preservation of native vegetation, but where most native vegetation exists on private land.

1793: 4828: 3678: 3168: 1347: 1266:

San Francisco State University: Department of Geography: GEOG 657/ENVS 657: Natural Resource Management: Biotic Resources:

4823: 407:"...any group of people, organized or unorganized, who share a common interest or stake in a particular issue or system..." 2759: 1474:

Dandy, N. et al. (2009) "Who's in and why? A typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management",

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Devolution and community-based natural resource management: creating space for local people to participate and benefit?

1094: 948:"Protectionist approaches", which "most frequently links to" biodiversity conservation in natural resources management. 1714:

Clarkson, M.B.E. (1994) A risk based model of stakeholder theory. Toronto: Working Paper, University of Toronto, pp.10

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According to Cooney, there are four methods to manage the precaution of biodiversity in natural resources management;

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movement of the same time. This type of analysis coalesced in the 20th century with recognition that preservationist

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Bartley, T Andersson, K, Jager P and Van Laerhoven 2008 The contribution of Institutional Theories for explaining

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Investigate patterns of inter-action and dependence (e.g. conflicts and compatibilities, trade-offs and synergies)

4838: 3729: 3447: 3076: 942: 741:(NRC), responsible for undertaking audits of the effectiveness of regional natural resource management programs. 2442:

Lovell, C.; Mandondo A.; Moriarty P. (2002). "The question of scale in integrated natural resource management".

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TOWARD A THEORY OF STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION AND SALIENCE: DEFINING THE PRINCIPLE OF WHO AND WHAT REALLY COUNTS

3568: 3105: 2752: 2403:""Lies Build Trust": Social capital, masculinity, and community-based resource management in a Mexican fishery" 2226: 2194:"Austere Conservation: Understanding Conflicts over Resource Governance in Tanzanian Wildlife Management Areas" 1372: 1328:

NSW Government 2005, Standard for Quality Natural Resource Management, NSW Natural Resources Commission, Sydney

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Cooperation between scientists who have knowledge and resources and local people who have knowledge and skills

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Natural resource management specifically focuses on a scientific and technical understanding of resources and

3793: 3688: 3593: 3040: 2099:"PROGRESS TOWARDS HEALTHY RESILIENT LANDSCAPES IMPLEMENTING THE STANDARD, TARGETS AND CATCHMENT ACTION PLANS" 1267: 165:

The emphasis on a sustainability can be traced back to early attempts to understand the ecological nature of

2135:"When conservation goes viral: The diffusion of innovative biodiversity conservation policies and practices" 998:

Implement land-use and land-management practices that are compatible with the natural potential of the area.

4345: 4180: 3191: 2674: 1723:

Starik, M. (1995) "Should trees have managerial standing? Toward stakeholder status for non-human nature",

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fisheries, soils and water. These are limited by the potential for subjective input and data manipulation.

42: 3230: 1084: 161:, totaling approximately 264 million acres (1,070,000 km2) or one-eighth of the landmass of the country. 4802: 4686: 4630: 3722: 3563: 3215: 2896: 2829: 2105: 945:" and exposure ratings decrease the "uncertainties" of precaution, even though it has deficiencies, and 928: 597: 2619:

Gaston, KJ & Spicer, JI 2004, Biodiversity: An Introduction, Blackwell Publishing Company, Malden.

149: 4217: 3543: 2994: 2886: 154: 2531: 938:" is "a management approach that expressly tackles the uncertainty and dynamism of complex systems". 4202: 3523: 3245: 2969: 2918: 2913: 2908: 1089: 874: 134: 1750:"United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-14 June 1992" 837:

There are various frameworks and computer models developed to assist natural resource management.

4377: 4266: 3358: 3250: 3225: 3205: 2881: 2804: 1169: 634: 624:

On-going conflicts and lack of trust between stakeholders can prevent compromise and resolutions.

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Stakeholder analysis can be used exploited and abused in order to marginalise other stakeholders.

585: 302: 186: 34: 2282:"Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania" 1990:"Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania" 463:

Billgrena and Holme identified the aims of stakeholder analysis in natural resource management:

4780: 4623: 4495: 3613: 3538: 3518: 3467: 3462: 3240: 2938: 1174: 1079: 977:

Examine impacts of local decisions in a regional context, and the effects on natural resources.

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Natural resource management approaches can be categorised according to the kind and right of

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and energy reporting, which closely follows Australian Standards for Assurance Engagements.

721:, to conserve natural resources has been acknowledged by the Australian Government with the 4771: 4743: 4708: 4635: 4435: 4372: 4190: 4011: 3648: 3588: 3558: 3427: 3388: 3363: 3328: 3305: 3210: 2891: 2876: 2871: 2238: 2146: 1934: 1829: 1298: 1109: 1064: 1029: 810: 679: 639: 337: 232: 228: 220: 208: 177: 103: 29: 8: 4766: 4674: 4662: 4552: 4505: 4313: 4236: 3962: 3753: 3220: 2964: 2789: 2639: 2227:"Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area" 1450: 1129: 1114: 935: 863: 780: 668: 212: 201: 2667:

The Precautionary Principle in Biodiversity Conservation and Natural Resource Management

2242: 2150: 1938: 1833: 1749: 1302: 4776: 4761: 4691: 4647: 4537: 4123: 4028: 3783: 3668: 3422: 3136: 3019: 2469: 2424: 2314: 2281: 2262: 2014: 1989: 1965: 1922: 1859: 1249:

Geog 175: Topics in the History of Natural Resource Management: Spring 2006: Rangelands

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may exist without ownership, in which case in the UK it is vested in a local authority.

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Young, A 1998, Land resources: now and for the future, Cambridge University Press, UK

2428: 2319: 2301: 2254: 2174: 2019: 1970: 1952: 1653:

Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management, Socioeconomic Methodologies

1595: 1393: 1368: 1343: 1310: 859: 224: 2473: 2266: 2047: 1921:

Brooks, Jeremy S.; Waylen, Kerry A.; Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff (26 December 2012).

1819: 1651: 1195:"Resilient landscapes and communities managing natural resources in New South Wales" 94:

Natural resource management deals with managing the way in which people and natural

4698: 4657: 4640: 4527: 4425: 3957: 3861: 3745: 3628: 3603: 3492: 3343: 3270: 3024: 3014: 3009: 2999: 2984: 2712: 2459: 2451: 2419: 2414: 2402: 2381: 2373: 2309: 2293: 2246: 2205: 2164: 2154: 2009: 2001: 1960: 1942: 1877: 1855: 1837: 1776: 1772: 1585: 1431: 1426: 1414: 1306: 1154: 1139: 1134: 1069: 589: 574: 341: 99: 60: 56: 2040:

Assessing the need to manage conflict in community-based natural resource projects

4715: 4681: 4567: 4547: 4457: 4106: 4072: 4006: 3803: 3788: 3487: 3474: 3452: 3437: 3348: 3260: 2943: 2864: 2794: 1274: 1255: 1124: 805: 533: 193: 138: 80: 2839: 2073:"Caring for Country Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts" 1892: 1615:"Guidance note on how to do stakeholder analysis of aid projects and programmes" 1415:"Property Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis Revisited" 4756: 4703: 4613: 4532: 4517: 4512: 4464: 4352: 4148: 4096: 4079: 3913: 3633: 3160: 3086: 3081: 1104: 867: 521: 451:"... persons, groups or institutions with interests in a project or programme." 374:"can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization's objectives" 207:

In the United States, the most active areas of natural resource management are

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originated from business management practices and has been incorporated into

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Bettinger, Pete; Boston, Kevin; Siry, Jacek; Grebner, Donald, eds. (2017).

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Avoid or compensate for the effects of development on ecological processes.

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of Natural Resource Governance. Society and Natural Resources, 21:160-174

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Retain large contiguous or connected areas that contain critical habitats.

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Bluwstein, Jevgeniy; Moyo, Francis; Kicheleri, Rose Peter (1 July 2016).

1342:(Third ed.). Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. p. 736. 1164: 1014: 1009: 530: 321: 158: 107: 88: 2744: 4725: 4542: 4500: 4442: 4411: 4050: 3982: 3920: 3893: 3856: 3442: 3315: 2250: 2159: 2134: 2076: 962:

Comprehending the processes of nature including ecosystem, water, soils

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The various approaches applied to natural resource management include:

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is closely related to, but distinct from, natural resource management.

95: 2464: 2386: 4608: 4490: 4298: 4293: 4271: 4160: 4153: 3972: 3967: 3874: 3851: 2989: 2859: 2819: 2814: 2525:"Framework for Auditing the Implementation of Catchment Action Plans" 1893:

Shackleton, S; Campbell, B; Wollenberg, E; Edmunds, D. (March 2002).

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Community natural resource management: promise, rhetoric, and reality

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Using appropriate and adapting management systems in local situations

169: 137:

is similar to natural resource management. In academic contexts, the

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Environmental Studies, UNSW, Sydney, 30 September to 3 October 1996.

1620:. Overseas Development Administration, Social Development Department 4735: 4303: 4229: 4170: 4165: 4113: 4023: 3994: 3987: 3977: 3908: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3417: 1099: 873:

The Australian Government has established a framework for auditing

123: 4603: 4399: 4394: 4340: 4246: 4175: 4018: 3819: 2928: 2923: 2854: 2799: 1059: 541: 130: 115: 2441: 779:(CMAs) for regional natural resource management in Australia is 467:

Identify and categorise the stakeholders that may have influence

4452: 4417: 4241: 4197: 4045: 3843: 1682:. Vol. 22. Academy of Management Review. pp. 853–886. 1449:. NSW Environment & Heritage. 27 March 2014. Archived from 1144: 111: 76: 38: 1367:(5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. p. 634. 685: 4485: 4325: 4251: 4038: 2632:

Marine biodiversity: patterns, threats and conservation needs

581: 385:"without whose support the organization would cease to exist" 72: 64: 238: 4430: 4286: 4281: 4261: 4135: 4086: 3930: 2557:"MURRAY CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY : Audit Report" 2435: 1227:"Bachelor of Applied Science (Natural Resource Management)" 992:

Minimize the introduction and spread of non-native species.

761: 573:

Short video on Natural Resource Management in Wales by the

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Here are some ways to prevent changes in land and sea use:

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Kellert, S; Mehta, J; Ebbin, S; Litchtenfeld, L. (2000).

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Criticisms of Community-Based Natural Resource Management

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Preserve rare landscape elements and associated species.

79:, with a particular focus on how management affects the 1572:

Brugha, Ruairí; Varvasovszky, Zsuzsa (September 2000).

2673:. IUCN Policy and Global Change Series. Archived from 2191: 1686: 902:

The "threats" wreaking havoc on biodiversity include;

200:, to improve the consistency of practice, based on an 2480: 1659:. Chatham: Natural Resources Institute. pp. 1–12 1413:

Sikor, Thomas; He, Jun; Lestrelin, Guillaume (2017).

1268:

Natural Resource Management and Environmental History

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and the Life-supporting capacity of those resources.

2046:. ODI Natural Resource Perspectives. Archived from 1363:Bolen, Eric G.; Robinson, William L., eds. (2002). 106:, and the future sustainability of industries like 1920: 1571: 1338:Hubert, Wayne A.; Quist, Michael C., eds. (2010). 2280:Lee, Derek E; Bond, Monica L (26 February 2018). 2036: 1694:"Environment (Wales) Act 2016. Part 1, Section 5" 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 102:management, land use planning, water management, 4815: 3190: 1412: 1392:(Second ed.). Academic Press. p. 362. 980:Plan for long-term change and unexpected events. 198:Standard for Quality Natural Resource Management 1988:Lee, Derek E.; Bond, Monica L. (3 April 2018). 1927:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1677: 986:Avoid land uses that deplete natural resources. 775:The primary methodological approach adopted by 515:Cross-cutting systems and stakeholder interests 1530: 1247:Berkeley University of California: Geography: 645: 629:Alternatives/ Complementary forms of analysis: 3730: 3176: 2760: 1362: 1284: 1282: 853:Natural Resources Management Audit Frameworks 499:Investigate stakeholder interests and agendas 470:Develop an understanding of why changes occur 353:Different approaches to who is a stakeholder: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1340:Inland Fisheries Management in North America 1324: 1322: 1320: 2132: 1801:. Society and Natural Resources, 13:705-715 1337: 832: 692:community-based natural resource management 686:Community-based natural resource management 665:Community-based natural resource management 227:. In Australia, water sharing, such as the 3737: 3723: 3183: 3169: 2767: 2753: 2489: 2133:Mascia, Michael B.; Mills, Morena (2018). 1649: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1279: 2774: 2663: 2463: 2418: 2400: 2385: 2313: 2209: 2168: 2158: 2013: 1964: 1946: 1589: 1481: 1430: 1317: 496:Identify decision-makers and stakeholders 239:How to prevent natural resource depletion 2628: 1735: 1733: 1470: 1468: 973:managers could follow these guidelines: 762:Gender-based natural resource management 559: 518:Multiple uses and users of the resource. 148: 28: 2701:"Seven pillars of ecosystem management" 2279: 2075:. Australian Government. Archived from 1987: 1632: 1288: 758:empowerment potential of the programs. 526:Subtractability and temporal trade-offs 332: 283:Reforestation and landscape restoration 157:in the United States manages America's 14: 4816: 2698: 2363: 824:Integrated natural resource management 770: 676:Integrated natural resource management 3744: 3718: 3164: 2748: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2128: 2126: 1730: 1678:Mitchell, R. K.; et al. (1997). 1465: 898:Precautionary Biodiversity Management 473:Establish who can make changes happen 3119: 2401:Siegelman, Ben; et al. (2019). 1902:. ODI, Natural Resource Perspectives 841:Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 476:How to best manage natural resources 296: 3143: 2224: 1612: 1476:Journal of Environmental Management 24: 2352: 2231:The Journal of Wildlife Management 2123: 1860:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2000.tb00034.x 1095:Environmental resources management 490:Clarify objectives of the analysis 172:in the late 19th century, and the 25: 4850: 2037:Warner, M; Jones, P (July 1998). 883: 555:Bwindi Impenetrable National Park 493:Place issues in a systems context 4798: 4797: 3674: 3673: 3663: 3279: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3100: 3099: 2838: 2594:. Nrc.nsw.gov.au. Archived from 2562:. Nrc.nsw.gov.au. Archived from 2530:. Nrc.nsw.gov.au. Archived from 2225:Lee, Derek E. (10 August 2018). 2104:. Nrc.nsw.gov.au. Archived from 1574:"Stakeholder analysis: a review" 1311:10.1111/j.1477-8947.2005.00130.x 1200:. Nrc.nsw.gov.au. Archived from 777:catchment management authorities 735:catchment management authorities 3448:Science, technology and society 3077:Human impact on the environment 2732: 2723: 2692: 2657: 2622: 2613: 2581: 2549: 2517: 2507: 2498: 2394: 2330: 2273: 2218: 2185: 2091: 2065: 2030: 1981: 1914: 1886: 1864: 1848: 1822:Society & Natural Resources 1813: 1785: 1765: 1756: 1742: 1717: 1708: 1671: 1606: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1521: 1512: 1503: 1439: 1406: 1365:Wildlife Ecology and Management 943:Environmental impact assessment 794:Collection and use of knowledge 485:Stages in Stakeholder analysis: 2985:Public transport encouragement 2420:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.031 1432:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.032 1390:Forest Management and Planning 1381: 1356: 1331: 1260: 1241: 1219: 1187: 662:Top-down (command and control) 538:Untraded products and services 139:sociology of natural resources 13: 1: 2717:10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00095-9 2378:10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00103-6 1876:, Vol 38 issue 2, pp 145–159 1181: 919:Administration and guidelines 596:Nepal, Indonesia and Koreas' 286:Establish new protected areas 280:Secure Indigenous land rights 98:interact. It brings together 4829:Environmental social science 3763:Pollution / quality 3192:Environmental social science 2705:Landscape and Urban Planning 1447:"Native Vegetation Act 2003" 1120:List of environmental issues 1045:Cultural resource management 1040:Conservation reliant species 739:Natural Resources Commission 432:Natural resource management 421:Natural resource management 410:Natural resource management 265:Use long-lasting light bulbs 43:United States Forest Service 7: 4824:Natural resource management 3231:Environmental communication 2975:Natural resource management 1085:Environmental organizations 1002: 737:(CMAs) are overseen by the 646:Management of the resources 49:Natural resource management 10: 4855: 3216:Environmental anthropology 1725:Journal of Business Ethics 1578:Health Policy and Planning 929:Ecosystem-based management 247:Reduce, reuse, and recycle 196:, Australia established a 192:In 2005 the government of 144: 104:bio-diversity conservation 18:Natural resource sociology 4793: 4734: 4599: 4592: 4473: 4334:Types / location 4333: 4324: 4134: 3929: 3842: 3812: 3761: 3752: 3659: 3508: 3288: 3277: 3198: 3095: 3069: 3033: 2957: 2887:Environmental engineering 2847: 2836: 2782: 1882:10.1080/00049180701392758 1842:10.1080/08941929809381069 1781:10.1080/08941920701617973 889:Biodiversity Conservation 802:Monitoring and evaluation 229:Murray Darling Basin Plan 155:Bureau of Land Management 3246:Environmental psychology 2970:Environmental technology 2919:Environmental toxicology 2914:Environmental statistics 2909:Environmental humanities 2340:. Legislation.nsw.gov.au 2211:10.4103/0972-4923.191156 2198:Conservation and Society 1478:, vol. 90, pp. 1933–1949 1273:17 December 2008 at the 1090:Environmental protection 833:Frameworks and modelling 544:and under-representation 277:Prevent invasive species 215:, often associated with 135:Environmental management 4834:Sustainable development 3251:Environmental sociology 3226:Environmental economics 3206:Ecological anthropology 2882:Environmental economics 2805:Environmental chemistry 2699:Lackey, Robert (1998). 2456:10.5751/ES-00347-050225 1948:10.1073/pnas.1207141110 1696:. The National Archives 1591:10.1093/heapol/15.3.239 1291:Natural Resources Forum 1170:Sustainable agriculture 910:Concrete "policy tools" 635:Social network analysis 586:Natural Resources Wales 437:Brugha and Varvasovszky 187:sustainable development 55:) is the management of 35:Tongass National Forest 4839:Environmental planning 3241:Environmental politics 2939:Sustainability science 2298:10.1093/jmammal/gyy014 2006:10.1093/jmammal/gyy014 1727:, vol. 14, pp. 207–217 1500:, vol. 25, pp. 550–562 1175:Sustainable management 1080:Environmental movement 798:Information management 791:Determination of scale 719:traditional custodians 673:Precautionary approach 577: 235:are also significant. 162: 45: 3336:Ecological humanities 3236:Environmental history 2904:Environmental studies 2776:Environmental science 1873:Australian Geographer 1035:Conservation movement 904:habitat fragmentation 572: 305:, natural resources: 292:Use finance as a tool 289:Redesign food systems 183:Brundtland Commission 174:resource conservation 152: 83:for both present and 32: 4709:remnant natural area 4346:storage and recovery 4012:habitat conservation 3830:Deforestation (REDD) 3428:Integrated geography 3306:Behavioral geography 3211:Ecological economics 2892:Environmental health 2877:Environmental design 2872:Ecological economics 2444:Conservation Ecology 2286:Journal of Mammalogy 2139:Conservation Letters 2079:on 28 September 2011 1994:Journal of Mammalogy 1254:11 June 2007 at the 1110:Habitat conservation 1065:Ecosystem management 1030:Conservation biology 875:greenhouse emissions 811:Community engagement 717:communities, led by 680:Ecosystem management 640:Common pool resource 399:Business Management 388:Business Management 377:Business Management 363:Who is a stakeholder 338:Stakeholder analysis 333:Stakeholder analysis 233:catchment management 221:rangeland management 209:fisheries management 185:and the advocacy of 4663:Earth Overshoot Day 4237:Marine conservation 4218:non-timber products 3699:Research institutes 3221:Environmental crime 3061:Environment by year 3051:Research institutes 2965:Energy conservation 2790:Atmospheric science 2601:on 27 February 2015 2243:2018JWMan..82.1767L 2151:2018ConL...11E2442M 2111:on 17 February 2011 1939:2012PNAS..10921265B 1933:(52): 21265–21270. 1834:1998SNatR..11..157B 1650:Grimble, R (1998). 1303:2005NRF....29..199T 1229:. Massey University 1130:Natural environment 1115:Holistic management 936:Adaptive management 864:environmental audit 781:adaptive management 771:Adaptive Management 669:Adaptive management 553:In the case of the 404:Grimble and Wellard 213:wildlife management 202:adaptive management 4648:Ecosystem services 3771:Ambient standards 3669:Environment portal 3423:Industrial ecology 3137:Environment portal 3020:Water purification 2664:Cooney, R (2004). 2251:10.1002/jwmg.21549 2160:10.1111/conl.12442 2053:on 5 December 2009 1453:on 27 October 2014 1207:on 8 February 2012 1160:Renewable resource 815:Opportunities for 723:Caring for Country 598:community forestry 578: 259:Choose sustainable 163: 85:future generations 46: 41:is managed by the 4811: 4810: 4789: 4788: 4588: 4587: 4267:genetic resources 4203:genetic resources 3838: 3837: 3746:Natural resources 3712: 3711: 3551:Green criminology 3311:Community studies 3266:Political ecology 3158: 3157: 2980:Pollution control 2629:Gray, JS (1997). 2407:World Development 2366:World Development 2338:"NSW Legislation" 1613:ODA (July 1995). 1419:World Development 1349:978-1-934874-16-5 860:performance audit 570: 458: 457: 366:Kind of research 297:Ownership regimes 225:forest management 57:natural resources 16:(Redirected from 4846: 4801: 4800: 4752: 4699:Natural heritage 4658:overexploitation 4597: 4596: 4331: 4330: 4277:herbal medicines 4257:FAO Plant Treaty 3797: 3774: 3759: 3758: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3677: 3676: 3667: 3599:natural resource 3283: 3271:Regional science 3185: 3178: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3146: 3145: 3134: 3122: 3121: 3103: 3102: 3025:Waste management 3015:Urban metabolism 3010:Sewage treatment 3000:Renewable energy 2842: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2679: 2672: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2644: 2638:. Archived from 2637: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2600: 2593: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2568: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2536: 2529: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2467: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2422: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2361: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2237:(8): 1767–1774. 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2172: 2162: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2110: 2103: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2052: 2045: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2017: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1968: 1950: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1901: 1890: 1884: 1868: 1862: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1800: 1789: 1783: 1773:Decentralization 1769: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1728: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1658: 1647: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1619: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1593: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1541: 1528: 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2795:Biogeochemistry 2778: 2773: 2743: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2645:on 21 July 2011 2642: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2569:on 21 June 2014 2566: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2537:on 21 June 2014 2534: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2440: 2436: 2399: 2395: 2362: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2278: 2274: 2223: 2219: 2190: 2186: 2131: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2035: 2031: 1986: 1982: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1869: 1865: 1853: 1849: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1786: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1676: 1672: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1542: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1498:Land Use Policy 1495: 1482: 1473: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1386: 1382: 1375: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1318: 1287: 1280: 1275:Wayback Machine 1265: 1261: 1256:Wayback Machine 1246: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1125:Natural capital 1005: 953:Land management 886: 835: 826: 806:Risk management 773: 764: 747: 688: 648: 560: 534:property rights 335: 299: 274:Control hunting 241: 194:New South Wales 147: 81:quality of life 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4852: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4751:(perpetuation) 4746: 4740: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4704:Nature reserve 4701: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4580: 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3200: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3140: 3128: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3087:Technogaianism 3084: 3082:Sustainability 3079: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2857: 2851: 2849: 2848:Related fields 2845: 2844: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2757: 2749: 2742: 2741: 2731: 2722: 2711:(1–3): 21–30. 2691: 2656: 2621: 2612: 2589:"Nature Audit" 2580: 2548: 2516: 2506: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2434: 2393: 2372:(2): 265–283. 2351: 2329: 2292:(2): 459–464. 2272: 2217: 2184: 2122: 2090: 2064: 2029: 2000:(2): 459–464. 1980: 1913: 1885: 1863: 1847: 1828:(2): 157–168. 1812: 1784: 1764: 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449: 445: 444: 443:Health policy 441: 438: 434: 433: 430: 427: 423: 422: 419: 416: 412: 411: 408: 405: 401: 400: 397: 394: 390: 389: 386: 383: 379: 378: 375: 372: 368: 367: 364: 361: 334: 331: 330: 329: 325: 317: 314: 311: 298: 295: 294: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 272: 271:Stop pollution 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 256:Conserve water 254: 251: 248: 240: 237: 167:North American 146: 143: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4851: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4804: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4782: 4781:Non-renewable 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4721:Urban ecology 4719: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4579: 4576: 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1600:11012397 1271:Archived 1252:Archived 1100:Forestry 1003:See also 611:misery." 393:Clarkson 371:Freeman. 124:forestry 59:such as 4604:Commons 4593:Related 4558:Quality 4474:Aspects 4400:glacial 4341:Aquifer 4247:Pasture 4198:Forests 4124:reserve 3899:Nuclear 3869: ( 3825:Trading 3820:Airshed 3689:Degrees 3640:Policy 3629:spatial 3555:Health 3509:Applied 3498:studies 3483:ecology 3468:studies 3463:science 3411:zoology 3406:ecology 3384:justice 3379:studies 3374:science 3320:Design 3289:Related 3125:Commons 3041:Degrees 2929:Physics 2924:Geodesy 2855:Biology 2800:Ecology 2315:5965405 2239:Bibcode 2147:Bibcode 2015:5965405 1966:3535631 1935:Bibcode 1830:Bibcode 1544:173–193 1299:Bibcode 1060:Ecology 615:issues. 542:Poverty 253:Educate 145:History 131:ecology 116:tourism 77:animals 4614:global 4578:policy 4523:Supply 4486:Floods 4453:Sewage 4426:Marine 4418:huerta 4252:Plants 4242:Meadow 4102:health 4080:rights 4068:copper 4046:mining 3944:arable 3844:Energy 3784:Indoor 3644:energy 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