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697:"The project followed several key principles: North-south oriented housing for proper ventilation during summer; Use of 40 cm thick structural massive stone for better high thermal inertia and summer comfort; Unprocessed and unpainted materials: solid wood window frames and shutters left untreated to age naturally; walls without plaster. Constructed with a social housing budget of €1,150/sqm (m), this project demonstrated the modernity of stone construction, perfectly suited to today's housing demands. Massive stone allows for quick, relatively dry construction with minimal site disturbance and reduced assembly time. The stone's properties of thermal inertia, phase shift, and hygrothermal regulation make it a healthy and durable material. Recycling is limited to deconstruction and reuse of stones in their original form."
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500:(1912-1986), a French architect who was active in post-war reconstruction. Starting in the 1940s, his innovative approach to stone led to the development of numerous noteworthy projects, with a particular focus on apartment complexes. Throughout his long career, Pouillon played a crucial role in the development and popularization of massive precut stone construction techniques. His pioneering work laid the foundation for subsequent architects to build upon and innovate, leading to the resurgence and expansion of this construction method in modern architecture.
785:, they implemented a program of using precut local marés sandstone for construction. As of 2022, they had built hundreds of apartments from MP stone, and pioneered a number of novel techniques, including the implementation of stone barrel vaults for social housing, use of a fast-setting cement mixture that allows laying several courses per day, and cyclopean concrete blocks. Projects include the Salvador Espriu social-housing development in
615:(3500 units), that latter of which was "the backdrop of the concluding scenes of the 1966 film The Battle of Algiers". Although these projects utilized French stone, they demonstrated the adaptability of his technique to a different region. One notable building of this era was the Tower of Diar es-Saâda, a 20-storey unreinforced MP stone skyscraper, which has stood undamaged for 70 years in a seismically active region.
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228:. Developed by IBAVI in Mallorca, rough stones are placed in a mold and saturated with concrete. The concrete is sawn into massive ashlars for crane assembly. Enables reuse of rough plum stones from traditional stone masonry. The first documented architectural use of precut cyclopean concrete blocks was in a social housing project on Mallorca in the early 2020s.
539:'s firm and then through his own office—designed and completed MP-stone buildings that held tens of thousands of apartments, in France and Algeria. In post-war France, there was a huge demand for new urban housing, but cement and steel were relatively expensive; machine-cut limestone represented a plentiful, economical building material.
167:. The architect will design the building to specify each ashlar's dimensions. Blocks are to be designed to be as modular as possible, ideally with a handful of different shapes. Reducing the types of shape simplifies manufacture. Pouillon was able to build large housing projects faster and cheaper than the competition, in part due to his
147:. Using massive dimensions has three critical benefits: (1) minimizing cuts, which lowers cost and shortens production time, (2) increases the thermal mass of walls for temperature regulation in the building, and (3) makes use of crane construction, thereby lowering manual labor, shortening assembly time, reducing mortar, labor, and cost.
554:"This new technique consisted of adapting machines used to form steel and wood to cut stone. As a result of this technique it became possible to mine and shape the blocks of the Fontvielle quarry very finely, which allowed for a particular building technique, named ‘ready-made’ or ‘prefabricated’ stone by Pouillon."
408:, the quarry finishes on the blocks was opposed by a local councilmember due to claims about heritage style and aesthetics. Ironically the use of load-bearing rusticated stone is an ancient style and the use of limestone was specifically appropriate to the site, which was the site of a limestone Norman abbey.
153:. Precutting can be done at the quarry, or at a masonry workshop by sawyer and banker masons. The precision amounts to a form of prefabrication, such that the masons do not have to make adjustments onsite, and construction is an assembly process. Precise interfaces also reduce the amount of mortar required.
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The history of construction with stone goes back thousands of years, to before the age of the pyramids, however these constructions used muscle energy to cut stones, typically with considerable fixer stonemasonry on site. In modern architecture, stone had been used in a number of contexts, even prior
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Environmental
Benefits. The use of a material with lower embedded carbon contributes to a more sustainable building process, minimizing the environmental impact. Lower carbon emissions: load-bearing stone construction emits around 1/10th the carbon as a comparable concrete building. As 80% of energy
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architects in a contemporary interpretation of
Hausmannian style. Completed in 2017, the development was built using abundant limestone from the Paris Basin; 92 Rue Oberkampf demonstrated the feasibility of infill urban housing development with stone, and helped pave the way for the numerous French
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Unsuitability of MP stone for long spans, including floors. Due to its poor tensile strength, stone cannot be used for long spans, so (unlike reinforced concrete), architects and builders must switch modes during design and construction of horizontal and vertical components. MP stone can be used in
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Aesthetics. Compared to concrete and other materials, massive precut stone construction yields visually striking and distinctive buildings that showcase the natural beauty of stone. There is a trend away from artificial stone products due to their fake image. “People increasingly want the authentic
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Simplicity. Amin Taha compares a stone-clad concrete column with a stone column. The former demands multiple layers: steel, concrete, fireproofing, waterproofing, stone cladding, and the fixtures connecting them; all require the various specialized workers for installation. The latter is a block of
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1940s: Pouillon began experimenting with the use of machines to cut stone, adapting technologies initially designed for steel and wood processing. This new technique enabled the precise shaping of stone blocks from the
Fontvielle quarry. The signature development from this time was the design and
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A key technique of massive-precut stone ("MP stone") is to specify precut stone to precise dimensions that match the architect's plan for rapid construction, typically using a crane. The blocks may be numbered so that the masons can follow the plan procedurally. The use of massive stone blocks has
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Durability. Buildings constructed using massive precut stone maintain the inherent durability and longevity of stone construction, offering long-lasting and low-maintenance structures. Historically, load-bearing stone is the most durable construction method. An engineering analysis of a 20-storey
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exoskeleton design. Unlike the
Vauvert winery's triliths, the partially dimensioned blocks were left with quarry finishes except for critical contact points. The quarry-hewn approach yields a saving in dimension sawing, while facilitating precise, modular assembly with minimal or no modification
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is too expensive for non-luxury load-bearing construction. Depending on the context, this may be true if quarries are not developed for large precision blocks. However, in the early 2020s quarries in France and Italy were able to furnish cost-effective precision-cut stone. Amin Taha of
Groupwork
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The most recent MP stone housing typically uses a combination of materials, usually concrete plinths and internal structure, with load-bearing stone facades. Following the work by
Perraudin and Barrault Presacco, a range of French architects adopted this method and applied it to projects across
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1950s: Pouillon designed and constructed various housing projects in France using his prefabricated stone technique, such as the
Meissonier housing project in Aix-en-Provence, which showcased the speed and efficiency of his construction method. He worked in Paris, building several large housing
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In many nations, quarries produce aggregate, and/or dimension stone is only produced for cosmetic veneers, not structural purposes. This means that the most abundant natural construction resource is inaccessible to most of the world's population. This explains why the method has been used most
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designed an apartment building 'Le
Metropolitan' at 37 Rue de Lisbonne in Rosny-sous-Bois, France. This development consists of 270 housing units (including 43 social-housing units), 8 shops, and a parking facility. The building materials used for this project include cut stone from
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Build speed. The use of precisely cut and numbered ashlars, combined with crane-assisted assembly, significantly reduces construction time compared to traditional stone masonry techniques. Compared to concrete construction, MP stone is faster as there is only a limited setting wait
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2021. Architects Denis Eliet and
Laurent Lehmann completed an apartment building in MP stone. Located near the Chantiers station in Versailles, the development has 16 units, a floor space of 5,000 m and primarily features cut stone as its main construction
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in Paris' 15th district, comprising 9 social housing units. The design employs load-bearing massive stone on the building's periphery and an interior structure of concrete columns and slabs. The massive stone offers the advantage of total, non-destructive
800:' (Stone: Revealing the Resource, Exploring the Material), in which they describe the process of quarrying limestone, particularly in the Paris region, and describe the various mass-stone social-housing projects completed or ongoing in France at that time.
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in Paris' 6th district was cimpleted. The project features 8 social housing units and an extension of a nursery. With its vertical openings and limestone facade, the building subtly blends into the typical
Parisian street while maintaining a contemporary
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extensively in France, where the quarrymasters and other stonemasons are knowledgeable in load-bearing stone. The presence of heritage stonemasons in many regions suggests that there is the potential to restore structural stonemasonry in many countries.
103:" construction, "massive stone", or simply "mass stone". However these terms have various namespace conflicts with other stonemasonry techniques like synthetic stone, cosmetic (non-loadbearing) precut stone, and/or older methods of massive handworked
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MP stone is typically used in conjunction with other materials, notably for floors, as unreinforced stone is unsuitable for tensile spans. It has most often been used together with reinforced concrete floors, but plans are in place to use it with
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Throughout the 70s, 80s and much of the 90s, mass stone was largely forgotten. In these post-Pouillon years, there were no practicing architects constructing modernist stone buildings, with the notable exception of Utzon's second stone house
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2021. In Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland, 68 apartments completed. Designed by the Perraudin Archiplein Consortium, planning started in 2016 for 8,000 m of floor space over eight floors in two towers, costing €24,000,000 excl. VAT (€3,000 per
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There is the perception that stone quarries are destructive to the environment. This position ignores the fact that concrete and steel each require multiple quarries and mines, along with intensive carbon release due to extraction and
679:. Eventually this building, Perraudin's other MP stone projects, and the architect's hands-on course in stone architecture would inspire renewed interest in massive precut stone construction, with a particular focus on social housing.
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is non-grid fossil fuel, and construction is respoinsible for 8% of carbon emissions, the replacement of coal-burning concrete production with lower-energy dimension-stone production could have a substantial impact on net-zero goals.
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1077:"An examination of the three districts in Algiers by Fernand Pouillon as Moorish architecture: Research on dwelling practice around the "bidonville (shantytown)" project in Algiers during the Late Colonial Period, Part 2"
961:, with a proposal that includes a low-carbon 30-storey tower from MP stone and wood. If completed, it would become the tallest massive-stone skyscraper, exceeding Pouillon's 20-storey 1953 tower in Diar es-Saâda, Algeria.
314:"Imagine: we currently crush, burn and chemically mix limestone to make cement for concrete that then has 40 per cent of the strength of its original strength, needing steel to reinforce it. Why do we use concrete then?"
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built his house Can Lis on Mallorca from local limestone. The use of quarry-precut stone in standardized, large ashlars for a modern design is considered a masterpiece, and can be said to be a major work built in MP
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Thermal Performance. As with traditional stone construction, massive precut stone buildings benefit from excellent thermal mass, helping to regulate indoor temperatures and reduce energy consumption for heating and
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Cost reduction. Compared to brick masonry or smaller ashlars, using larger stone blocks (and thereby minimizing sawing and fixer-masonry costs,) means that the overall expense of constructing a building can be
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Stone beams and columns can be strengthened by drilling a duct that is threaded with a tension cable. After assembly with grout, the cables are tensioned using standard pre-stressing jacks. Both pre- and post
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points out that using stone directly obviates the use of fireproofing, waterproofing, stone (or other) cladding, associated fixtures, and cuts labor costs, while simplifying design and design iterations.
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The mainstream modernists, who were focused on concrete, steel, and other new materials, disliked the continuity with the old world that MP stone represented. This disregard for stone in fact violated
951:, London is a collaboration between architect Amin Taha of Groupwork and engineer Steve Webb. The building will use massive Sicilian basalt stones with precut ends for post-and-lintel construction.
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Algeria, 1950s-1970s: Pouillon was invited by the colonial government to bring his work to Algeria, to address their housing crisis. He designed several major housing projects in Algiers, such as
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Since 1948, MP stone buildings have been constructed in France, Algeria, Iran, Switzerland, Palestine, United Kingdom, Spain, and India. The re-adoption of MP stone inspired architecture critic
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in postwar period who referred to the method as "pierre de taille" or "pré-taille" stone. It became possible through innovations by Pouillon and Paul Marcerou, a masonry engineer at a quarry in
864:, titled "Construire en Pierre Naturelle au XXIe Siècle" (Building with Natural Stone in the 21st Century) awarded prizes exclusively to projects using load-bearing stone construction.
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approach and modularity. The three quarry finishes (sawn, drilled, and ripped) caused controversy in the neighbourhood for years, but conversely was given city and national awards by
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and the other mainstream modernists left the focus on reinforced concrete. In the modern context, stone became associated with heritage buildings and decorative cladding of concrete.
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beauty and inconsistencies of natural stone; imitation ceramic tiles include realistic veins but have a repeat pattern like wallpapers, so you can tell quickly that they're fake.”
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used load-bearing stone walls in the Auditorium Building (1889) in Chicago. In the 20th century, most modern architects pivoted to steel and concrete construction. Some of the
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Labor Efficiency. The use of cranes and a well-organized construction plan reduces the labor required, lowering costs and reducing the wait time for skilled mason availability.
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1919:
325:"With regard to the current Algerian seismic design regulation, the results obtained in terms of time period, frequency, storey drifts and displacements showed that the…
200:. Blocks cut precisely on four to six sides, used to assemble walls, lintels over windows and doors, and in flat arches. The first major use of this variation was in the
378:, Algiers, the latter of which is close to a fault. Also the stone towers of cathedrals that have lasted for centuries, and ancient tall stone structures—like the 48-m
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during construction. The use of end-precut blocks is the first major innovation since Pouillon, as it further reduces the cost of dimension cuts, while retaining
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2021:
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How Big Things Get Done: The Surprising Factors That Determine the Fate of Every Project, from Home Renovations to Space Exploration and Everything In Between
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rediscovered Pouillon's technique and began to develop it, starting with the construction of the Vauvert Winery. The winery used stone from a quarry close to
1480:"Assessment of the seismic behaviour of heritage masonry buildings using numerical modelling: A study of Fernand Pouillon's Totem Tower in Algiers, Algeria"
693:, France, designed by Perraudin. The first MP stone housing project since Pouillon was active, and led to additional phases, resulting in 104 units total.
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in the post-war period in France, Algeria, and Iran. The method was made possible by a collaboration with Paul Marcerou, a masonry engineer at a quarry in
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893:. Located in the 19th district of Paris, the development has a floor space of 35,200 m; stone and concrete were used as the main construction materials.
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MP stone construction has five key advantages over non-massive stone and brick masonry, concrete, wood, and other conventional construction methods.
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In 2021, Barrault Pressacco announced they had won a competition to build 58 apartments in Paris 13, with a design for a 50-m mass-stone building.
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Fire resistance. Compared to wood and other products, stone has far superior fire resistance, so requires little or no additional fireproofing.
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blocks with precisely defined dimensions to rapidly assemble buildings in which stone is used as a major or the sole load-bearing material.
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Claim that MP stone cannot be safely used for tall structures. This view is contradicted by two 70-yo towers standing >50 m, located at
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to speculate that "It's conceivable, indeed, that the era of concrete will prove only an interlude in the far longer history of stone."
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Design efficiency. Simplicity improves design efficiency, enabling architects to generate and iterate building designs quickly. Use of
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showing that construction of a 30-storey skyscraper office block with a combination of an MP-stone load-bearing exoskeleton and post-
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in Meudon-la-Forêt (1959) online in record time and at less-than-market prices remains a mystery no-one seems to want to see solved.
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blocks with precisely shaped ends for assembly into post-and-lintel frameworks. The first implementation of this method was in the
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suburban development (from 1922), a technique that aimed to enable the mass production of housing from the local Sydney bedrock.
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as compatible methods of modern load-bearing stonemasonry. Similarly, massive-precut stone (aka mass stone) has a connection to
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In 2022, Eric Parry Architects submitted plans for a six-storey office block using loadbearing stone and CLT in north London.
2022:
https://www.designboom.com/architecture/thick-mares-sandstone-walls-19-social-housing-salvador-espriu-ibavi-palma-05-08-2024/
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134:. These differentiate MP stone from both traditional stonemasonry and modern non-load-bearing and/or non-DFMA stone methods.
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After these efforts to include stone into modern construction, the large-scale use of massive precut stone was pioneered by
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https://www.oasejournal.nl/en/Downloads/531d957fc79eb3e80500003f/OASE%2092%20-%2042%20Reconstructing%20Convention.pdf
328:… tower can be considered as an earthquake-resistant building fulfilling the required structural safety conditions."
875:, India; designed by Diana Kellogg and built in local golden sandstone precut in Jaisalmer's stonemasonry district.
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937:, wood, and concrete. This project is one of dozens of load-bearing stone apartment buildings being built by the
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reinforcement would make it strong enough to substitute for reinforced concrete in a wide range of applications.
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Apartments in Cornebarrieu, 2011. Completion of a sustainable MP stone building with 20 social-housing units in
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https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/regional-awards-2018-15-clerkenwell-close-london-groupwork-amin-taha-architects
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https://www.francetvinfo.fr/economie/immobilier/immobilier-la-renaissance-de-la-pierre-de-taille_6252663.html
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2021. Eight social housing units in Gignac-la-Nerthe, France, designed, by Atelier Régis Roudil Architectes.
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Reusability. When a building has reached the end of its usefulness, rectilinear ashlars are easily reused as
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159:. Unlike traditional stonemasonry, cutting (saws) and assembly (cranes) is primarily done with machines.
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Plainfaing Tourist Office, France; completed in 2019, designed by Studiolada, made from pink sandstone.
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MP stone housing projects in the subsequent years. The building cost €3.2m for 1280 sqm, €2500 per sqm.
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https://www.stonespecialist.com/news/events/quarry-owners-and-stonemasons-join-forces-stone-collective
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https://www.pavillon-arsenal.com/fr/edition-e-boutique/collections/hors-collection/11016-pierre.html
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as allied low-carbon construction methods using traditional structural materials in a new context.
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Groupwork; Jackson Coles; Eight Associates; Webb Yates; The Stonemasonry Company; Polycor (2020).
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580:. A landmark development in this project was the construction of the first MP stone skyscraper,
141:. This distinguishes MP stone from cosmetic precut stone, which is used for cladding decoration.
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2190:"Inauguration of Ilot Fertile, the first district aiming for zero carbon in operation in Paris"
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MP stone has been ignored and/or resisted by mainstream architects, engineers, and developers.
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2020. Massive-precut stone was featured prominently in "The New Stone Age", an exhibition at
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architects completed construction of their design of a mixed-used MP stone building in Lyon.
773:) started a programme to build >1000 apartments from mostly local materials. Inspired by
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In 2023, a covered market in Saint-Dizier, France, designed by Studiolada, was completed.
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675:. A difference from Pouillon was the use of MP stone in a dry (mortar-free) "trilithic,"
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flooring panels would cost less than the same building in concrete. In conjunction with
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96:, to adapt high-precision saws from the timber industry to quarrying and stone sawing.
1432:"Taha's Groupwork starts construction of 10-storey flats with load-bearing lava stone"
1163:"Back to the stone age: the sustainable building material we've all been waiting for…"
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In 2018 and 2019, Barrault Pressacco, an architecture firm organized an exhibition at
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unreinforced MP-stone tower has suggested this method has good seismic resilience:
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1384:"The miracle new sustainable product that's revolutionising architecture – stone!"
1365:"The miracle new sustainable product that's revolutionising architecture – stone!"
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Massive-precut stone is also known as "prefabricated stone", "pre-sized stone", "
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2330:"AJ exclusive: Amin Taha's Groupwork wins competition for Bristol housing scheme"
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1565:"Gilles Perraudin in conversation with Barrault Pressacco | Bozar Brussels"
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Mid-century precut stone. Precut stone for modern architecture was pioneered by
485:, used stone in the Joshua Melson house (1912) and site-quarried, load-bearing
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The Stones of Fernand Pouillon: An Alternative Modernism in French Architecture
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in 2021. The building cost was £2,325 per sqm, with a contract value of £4.65m.
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formed to promote construction with stone, and advance education in this area.
2074:"The New Stone Age | Exhibitions | What's on | Building Centre"
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1625:"Frank Lloyd Wright's Iconic Carmel-by-the-Sea House Sells for $ 22 Million"
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2361:"The New Stone Age exhibition with Steve Webb, Pierre Bidaud and Amin Taha"
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https://issuu.com/thestonemasonrycompany.co.uk/docs/stone_book_layout_0.8
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1920:"Social Housing Units in Massive Stone - Barrault Pressacco architectes"
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As of 2024, Groupe Pichet is preselling apartments in a stone building "
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2245:"Gilles Perraudin studio: massive building with small blocks of stone"
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2344:"Eric Parry submits plans for loadbearing stone offices in Islington"
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Presacco, Cyril; Barrault, Thibaut; Le Pavillion d'Arsenal (2018).
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2020. Architect Raphaël Gabrion designed a sustainable building at
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2020. Designed by architect Jean-Christophe Quinton, a building at
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Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
2151:"An AD100 excellence award-winning project, a school in Jaisalmer"
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conjunction with concrete floors, manufactured timber panels, and
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https://www.archdaily.com/1007805/saint-diziers-market-studiolada
2127:"THE RAJKUMARI RATNAVATI GIRLS SCHOOL | Diana Kellogg Architects"
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https://www.pavillon-arsenal.com/fr/expositions/11001-pierre.html
1724:"Social housing with solid stone walls by Perraudin Architecture"
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In 2022, Groupwork won the competition for a housing project in
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2013. House in Croix Rousse, Lyon, France. Perraudin Architects.
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1706:"Wine Cellar in Vauvert (1998)Gilles Perraudin « Journal"
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469:, used stone in houses. Wright houses that use stone include
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Exactly how Pouillon brought the 2,635 apartments of the 1959
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Massive-precut stone construction was originally developed by
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method of building with load-bearing stone. Precut stone is a
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1866:"AAU Anastas envelopes Palestinian courthouse in latticework"
1812:"House made of solid stone in Lyon by Perraudin Architecture"
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Due for completion in 2024, A 10-storey MP stone building at
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In the 2010s, the housing institute of the Balearic Islands (
734:, an innovative building that used massive precut stone in a
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2176:"8 Social Housing Units / Atelier Régis Roudil Architectes"
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stone that is installed by masons using a crane and mortar.
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International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
1671:"Revisit: Climat de France in Algiers by Fernand Pouillon"
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Stone Architecture: Ancient and Modern Construction Skills
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and completed in 2022 by Bouygues Construction subsidiary
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In Palestine in 2015, AAU Anastas architects complete the
473:(1935), the Mrs. Clinton Walker House, and his own houses
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There are three implementations of massive-precut stone.
38:, 2 Rue Saint-Laurent, a 16-storey apartment building in
1611:"Louis Sullivan: 15 Projects by "Father of Skyscrapers""
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2060:"2021 French Prize for Architecture with Natural Stone"
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Social housing, Paris, 2017. In Paris' 11th district,
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and modularity improves the chance of project success.
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Specific benefits of massive-precut stone construction
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1522:"Stone age: a new architecture from an old material"
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Apartment buildings built from massive-precut stone.
656:, completed in 1994. The legacy of architects like
2243:House, Peter Becker / Stone-ideas com Publishing.
2058:House, Peter Becker / Stone-ideas com Publishing.
1793:PIERRE: Révéler la ressource, Explorer le matériau
1717:
1715:
1358:
1356:
1354:
798:Pierre: Révéler la ressource, explorer le matériau
454:to the development of the massive-precut method.
420:
54:constructed using the massive precut stone method.
26:in London uses a massive-precut stone exoskeleton.
1045:
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667:, completed in 1998. Lyon-based French architect
572:of Marseille, in collaboration with André Devin,
2809:
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834:, the stone skyscraper would be carbon negative.
822:2020. A group of building experts published the
77:construction method that uses large machine-cut
1902:"Barrault Pressacco, Giaime Meloni · OBERKAMPF"
1712:
1351:
1302:
1300:
1298:
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1580:
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716:The stone building at 15 Clerkenwell Close in
252:floors. Reinforcing massive precut stone with
2381:
1996:
1949:"Plainfaing Tourist Office (88) / Studiolada"
1695:
1438:
1020:
907:covered the resurgence of stone construction.
267:Benefits of massive-precut stone construction
1999:"Social housing in Mallorca, Spain by IBAVI"
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1199:"Architecture Misfit #29: Fernand Pouillon"
912:MP stone in planning and under construction
2388:
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1381:
1362:
481:(1937). Another Prairie-School architect,
189:Types of massive-precut stone construction
42:, built from massive-precut stone in 1948.
2316:"Castle Park Development | Projects"
2053:
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663:The age of mass stone restarted with the
354:Controversies around massive-precut stone
16:Type of stonemasonry used in construction
2787:Mason Contractors Association of America
1809:
1770:
1743:"56 MAISONS EN BANDE – Gilles PERRAUDIN"
1721:
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711:
618:
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518:
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304:General advantages of stone construction
107:. MP stone has a close affiliation with
57:
45:
29:
18:
2782:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
2270:"marche-saint-dizier : Studiolada"
922:Vincent Lavergne Architecture Urbanisme
535:In the post-war era, Pouillon—first in
429:Massive-precut stone apartment complex
126:Design features of massive-precut stone
2810:
2304:https://barraultpressacco.com/work/bru
2048:
1248:
1192:
1190:
1120:"The pros and cons of stone buildings"
1075:Matsubara, Kosuke (October 12, 2022).
796:and published a booklet, both titled '
724:Mixed-used building, London. In 2017,
646:Gilles Perraudin's revival of MP stone
504:MP stone in the 20th century: Pouillon
204:and Vieux-Port redevelopment projects.
2369:
2100:
1196:
1160:
1109:
862:21st Natural Stone Construction Prize
805:MP stone in the 2020s: wider adoption
710:, which uses MP stone with concrete.
164:Design for manufacturing and assembly
1997:Gómez-Moriana, Rafael (2022-04-11).
1848:"Toulkarem Courthouse / AAU ANASTAS"
1669:Cano, Juan Carlos (April 21, 2022).
1668:
1585:Caruso, Adam; Thomas, Helen (2014).
1519:
1382:Wainwright, Oliver (March 4, 2020).
1371:. Guardian News & Media Limited.
1232:
1230:
860:2021. The 6th edition of the French
588:developments of architectural merit.
1740:
1429:
1187:
1054:. les presses du reel. p. 64.
1052:Constructing in massive stone today
208:End-shaped massive-precut monoliths
13:
2208:"04/07/2021 Ilot Fertile in Paris"
1937:https://barraultpressacco.com/work
1810:Frearson, Amy (25 November 2013).
1722:Frearson, Amy (28 November 2013).
1315:Material Matters with Grant Gibson
1308:"Amin Taha on building with stone"
684:MP stone in the 2010s: renaissance
596:Diar es Saâda, including the tower
515:Fernand Pouillon, French Knowledge
445:Massive-precut stone buildings on
14:
2829:
2354:
2242:
2057:
1685:"Re-discovering Fernand Pouillon"
1544:
1363:Wainwright, Oliver (2020-03-04).
1259:"El Croquis 219, IBAVI 2019–2023"
1227:
747:in 2018, and shortlisted for the
584:, a 16-storey apartment building.
198:Massive-precut monolithic ashlars
2395:
1547:"Design's new stone age is here"
869:Rajkumari Ratnavati Girls School
636:, 1973. The modernist architect
157:Machine fabrication and assembly
85:several benefits, listed below.
2632:Non-explosive demolition agents
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1484:Journal of Building Engineering
1478:Mohammedi, Louiza (June 2021).
1423:
1375:
1280:
1269:
457:In the 19th Century, architect
421:History of massive-precut stone
382:—that have stood for millennia.
259:In 2024, UK industry group the
1974:"plainfaing : Studiolada"
1430:Ing, Will (November 3, 2021).
1410:"Stone Tower Research Project"
1209:
1197:McKay, Graham (May 14, 2017).
1154:
1130:
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404:Following the construction of
151:Precise offsite dimension cuts
1:
1639:"Architecture - Melson House"
1013:
568:in the reconstruction of the
34:The first load-bearing stone
2797:Worshipful Company of Masons
1337:. McClelland & Stewart.
1002:French Knowledge on Pouillon
824:Stone Tower Research Project
7:
1161:Moore, Rowan (2023-08-06).
979:
10:
2834:
2155:Architectural Digest India
1830:"The Toulkarem Courthouse"
1496:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102183
1450:Acocella, Alfonso (2006).
1081:Japan Architectural Review
1050:Perraudin, Gilles (2013).
525:Résidence Le-Point-du-Jour
507:
2769:
2718:
2655:
2622:Lewis (lifting appliance)
2589:
2479:
2403:
449:'s Vieux-Port waterfront.
218:building, completed 2017.
2226:"îlot fertile Le projet"
2088:"Archiplein . Perraudin"
1526:The Architectural Review
920:For completion in 2023,
1331:; Gardner, Dan (2023).
1238:"Marseille_Vieux_PortP"
1094:10.1002/2475-8876.12279
130:MP stone is defined by
1924:www.v2com-newswire.com
1758:Cite journal requires
832:cross-laminated timber
720:
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465:architects, including
450:
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246:cross-laminated timber
184:
132:five design attributes
63:
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27:
2212:Bouygues Construction
1203:misfits' architecture
794:Pavillon de l'Arsenal
715:
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523:A view of Pouillon's
522:
483:Walter Burley Griffin
444:
428:
399:form follows function
322:
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61:
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33:
22:
2446:Massive precut stone
2441:Post-tensioned stone
2101:CITTA (2023-08-10).
2003:Architectural Review
1854:. November 20, 2015.
1520:Webb, Steve (2022).
1007:Perraudin Architects
959:Castle Park, Bristol
896:2022. Perraudin and
731:15 Clerkenwell Close
708:Toulkarem Courthouse
529:Boulogne-Billancourt
406:15 Clerkenwell Close
388:post-tensioned stone
342:in new construction.
250:post-tensioned stone
216:15 Clerkenwell Close
67:Massive-precut stone
24:15 Clerkenwell Close
2642:Stonemason's hammer
2607:Ceramic tile cutter
1627:. 22 February 2023.
1613:. 3 September 2019.
1417:The Building Centre
846:52 Rue des Cévennes
839:The Building Centre
582:2 Rue Saint-Laurent
372:2 Rue Saint Laurent
52:residential complex
2178:. 9 November 2023.
2103:"THE GYAAN CENTER"
1741:AMC (2016-04-21).
1589:. gta publishers.
969:Reflets de Pierres
903:In December 2023,
885:" was designed by
760:Barrault Pressacco
721:
628:
598:
533:
467:Frank Lloyd Wright
451:
439:
224:cyclopean concrete
210:. Quarry-finished
64:
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28:
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2731:Hardstone carving
2678:Polygonal masonry
2502:Decorative stones
2346:. 16 August 2022.
2274:www.studiolada.fr
2196:. April 12, 2023.
1978:www.studiolada.fr
1317:. Apple Podcasts.
1061:978-2-84066-680-6
787:Palma de Mallorca
374:, Marseille; and
182:" – Graham McKay.
178:Résidence du Parc
2825:
2637:Plug and feather
2487:Artificial stone
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2332:. 14 March 2022.
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987:Fernand Pouillon
931:Carrières Violet
816:12 Rue Jean-Bart
758:was designed by
756:92 Rue Oberkampf
677:trabeated system
669:Gilles Perraudin
613:Climat de France
611:(900 units) and
562:construction of
545:Fernand Pouillon
510:Fernand Pouillon
498:Fernand Pouillon
261:Stone Collective
232:Tensioned stone.
90:Fernand Pouillon
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2090:. 22 June 2022.
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1124:Financial Times
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997:Tensioned stone
982:
973:Ferney-Voltaire
935:Nogent-sur-Oise
914:
828:tensioned stone
807:
736:post-and-lintel
686:
648:
608:Diar el Mahçoul
574:Eugène Beaudoin
512:
506:
431:Diar el Mahçoul
423:
397:'s maxim that "
390:flooring units.
364:dimension stone
356:
306:
277:
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254:post-tensioning
237:tensioned stone
222:Massive-precut
212:dimension stone
191:
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79:dimension stone
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2693:Tuckpointing
2647:Straightedge
2581:Stone veneer
2445:
2397:Stonemasonry
2338:
2324:
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2288:
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1955:. 2019-12-18
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1872:. 2015-11-19
1869:
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1369:The Guardian
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1178:. Retrieved
1167:The Observer
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849:disassembly.
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380:Pont du Gard
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324:
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248:floors, and
242:
239:can be used.
231:
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192:
177:
175:
173:
162:
156:
150:
144:
139:Load bearing
138:
131:
129:
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105:stonemasonry
98:
87:
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71:stonemasonry
69:is a modern
66:
65:
2602:Bush hammer
2537:Lime mortar
2416:Rustication
1834:AAU ANASTAS
1551:www.bbc.com
1242:FP en ligne
1221:FP en ligne
1142:FP en ligne
926:Atelier WOA
718:Clerkenwell
565:La Tourette
549:Fontvieille
477:(1925) and
202:La Tourette
120:Rowan Moore
113:mass timber
94:Fontvieille
2756:Stone wall
2683:Repointing
2656:Techniques
2512:Fieldstone
2497:Cast stone
2451:Monumental
2279:2023-08-14
2161:2023-08-14
2136:2023-08-14
2112:2023-08-14
2008:2023-08-14
1983:2023-08-14
1959:2023-08-14
1876:2023-08-14
1531:2023-05-02
1490:: 102183.
1461:8876246967
1263:El Croquis
1180:2023-08-14
1147:2023-08-14
1014:References
992:Jorn Utzon
939:Verrecchia
867:2021. The
775:Jørn Utzon
728:completed
638:Jørn Utzon
626:'s Can Lis
624:Jorn Utzon
570:Vieux-Port
527:(1963) in
491:Castlecrag
437:, Algeria.
435:El Madania
101:megalithic
50:Part of a
36:skyscraper
2751:Sculpture
2740:Footstone
2736:Headstone
2703:Brickwork
2688:Scabbling
2668:Flushwork
2564:Sandstone
2542:Limestone
2517:Flagstone
2480:Materials
2461:Sculpture
2426:Dry stone
2107:citta.org
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1852:ArchDaily
1504:233564739
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1103:252864125
873:Jaisalmer
857:material.
819:presence.
783:Can Feliz
726:Groupwork
654:Can Feliz
487:sandstone
447:Marseille
171:process.
40:Marseille
2812:Category
2719:Products
2673:Knapping
2466:Slipform
1906:Divisare
980:See also
905:France 2
891:Linkcity
810:France.
531:, France
475:Taliesin
416:heating.
346:cooling.
299:reduced.
2663:Flaming
2527:Granite
2471:Snecked
2436:Masonry
2421:Carving
2194:Batinfo
881:2022. "
779:Can Lis
633:Can Lis
489:in his
2746:Mosaic
2726:Castle
2698:Veneer
2627:Trowel
2612:Chisel
2559:Mortar
2547:Marble
2522:Gabion
2456:Rubble
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340:spolia
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2590:Tools
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2552:Types
2532:Grout
2492:Brick
2404:Types
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281:time.
2569:List
1764:help
1591:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1171:ISSN
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745:RIBA
741:DFMA
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169:DFMA
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