2511:
2703:, but in a way that is different from the vinayas of the Sthavira branch. According to this study, the earliest vinaya material common to all sects simply depicts Devadatta as a Buddhist saint who wishes for the monks to live a rigorous lifestyle. This has led Ray to regard the story of Devadatta as a legend produced by the Sthavira group. However, upon examining the same vinaya materials, Bhikkhu Sujato has written that the portrayals of Devadatta are largely consistent between the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya and the other vinayas, and that the supposed discrepancy is simply due to the minimalist literary style of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya. He also points to other parts of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya that clearly portray Devadatta as a villain, as well as similar portrayals that exist in the Lokottaravādin
2118:
1265:
902:
781:
586:
594:
2188:, because they did not personally hear the Buddha proclaim the Greater Vehicle. Among those who believed these sutras, there were some who did so because they had personally heard the Buddha proclaim the Greater Vehicle and therefore believed these sutras; others believed them, because it can be known through logical analysis that there is this principle ; and some believed them because they believed their masters. Those who did not believe did so because these sutras were self-made and because they were not included in the five
1400:
1326:
890:
6782:
1664:
6793:
2800:
2299:
4191:
4178:
2533:
58:
4089:"Buddhist Monastic Discipline: The Sanskrit Pratimoksa Sutras of the Mahasamghikas and Mulasarvastivadins"; Charles Prebish. Volume I of the Institute for Advanced Studies of World Religions Series. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1975, 156 pages. First Indian Edition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1996. (This is only a translation of a small part of the Vinayas, on its own it is nearly useless.)
4168:
2451:, it is "clearly" the case that the Mahāyāna teachings originally came from the Mahāsāṃghika branch of Buddhism. Warder holds that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country." Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as
2274:. Guang Xing states, "several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River." These Mahāsāṃghikas had two famous monasteries near Amarāvati and the Dhānyakaṭaka, which gave their names to the schools of the Pūrvaśailas and the Aparaśailas. Each of these schools had a copy of the
643:, and it is explained that the schism resulted from the majority (Mahāsaṃgha) refusing to accept the addition of rules to the Vinaya by a smaller group of elders (Sthaviras). The Mahāsāṃghikas therefore saw the Sthaviras as being a breakaway group which was attempting to modify the original Vinaya and to make it more strict.
2668:
There are also fewer stories in general in the Vinaya of the subsidiary school, the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda, and many of them give the appearance of badly connected obvious interpolations, whereas in the structure of the
Sthavira recensions the stories are integrated into the whole scheme. In the
2501:
in the 7th century CE, the Mahāsāṃghika schools had essentially disappeared, and instead these travelers found what they described as "Mahāyāna." The region occupied by the Mahāsāṃghika was then an important center for Mahāyāna
Buddhism. Bareau has proposed that Mahāyāna grew out of the Mahāsāṃghika
1375:
A doctrine ascribed to the Mahāsāṃghikas is, "The power of the tathāgatas is unlimited, and the life of the buddhas is unlimited." According to Guang Xing, two main aspects of the Buddha can be seen in Mahāsāṃghika teachings: the true Buddha who is omniscient and omnipotent, and the manifested forms
1312:
Similarly, the idea that the lifespan of a Buddha is limitless is also based on very ancient ideas. The Mahāparinirvānasūtra states that the Buddha's lifespan is as long as an eon (kalpa) and that he voluntarily chose to give up his life. Another early source for the Mahāsāṃghika view that a Buddha
2733:
in 416 CE, and the completed translation is 40 fascicles in length. According to Faxian, in
Northern India, the vinaya teachings were typically only passed down by tradition through word of mouth and memorization. For this reason, it was difficult for him to procure manuscripts of the vinayas
2196:
Paramārtha also wrote about the origins of the Bahuśrutīya sect in connection with acceptance of Mahāyāna teachings. According to his account, the founder of the Bahuśrutīya sect was named Yājñavalkya. In Paramārtha's account, Yājñavalkya is said to have lived during the time of the Buddha, and to
1304:
parallel version is the most prominent evidence for the ancient source of the Mahāsāṃghika view of the Buddha. The sutra mentions various miracles performed by the Buddha before his birth and after. While the Pāli sutta uses the term bodhisattva for the Buddha before his birth, the
Chinese version
623:
Some
Buddhist historical sources mention that the cause for schism was a dispute over vinaya (monastic rule), mainly the desire of certain Sthaviras (elders) to add extra rules to make the vinaya more rigorous. Other sources, especially Sthavira sources like those of the Sarvastivada school, argue
2593:
The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya recension is essentially very similar to the other recensions, as they all are to each other. The Mahāsāṃghika recension differs most from the other recensions in structure, but the rules are generally identical in meaning, if the
Vibhangas (explanations) are compared. The
2098:
and Mahāyāna teachings. In the 6th century CE, Bhāvaviveka speaks of the Siddhārthikas using a Vidyādhāra Piṭaka, and the Pūrvaśailas and Aparaśailas both using a
Bodhisattva Piṭaka, all implying collections of Mahāyāna texts within the Mahāsāṃghika schools. During the same period, Avalokitavrata
1735:
Dessein also mentions that the school probably also had a
Bodhisattvapiṭaka, which included material that "in all likelihood consisted of texts that formed part of the early development of the bodhisattva path as an alternative career to that of the arhant, perhaps serving as a foundation for the
4075:"The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: a comparative study based on the Sūtrāṅga portion of the Pali Saṃyutta-Nikāya and the Chinese Saṃyuktāgama", Choong Mun-Keat, Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 2000. (Contains an account of Master Yin-Shun's theory that the Samyukt'Agama is the oldest
2686:
three = six in the Ma-L) seems to better represent what would be expected of a root formulation which could lead to the variety of confused formulations we see (presumably later) in the other recensions. The formulation of this rule (as an example) also reflects a semi-parallel formulation to a
1460:
also taught that the
Bodhisattva was subject to the law of karma. If one attained arhathood, he was free of the karmic law; and once the arhat died, he entered nirvāṇa never to return to the world of saṃsāra. But living in the cycle of saṃsāra, the Bodhisattva was bound to the law of karma. In
2209:
In the Mahāsāṃghika school this Arhat recited completely the superficial sense and the profound sense. In the latter, there was the sense of the Mahāyāna. Some did not believe it. Those who believed it recited and retained it. There were in the Mahāsāṃghika school those who propagated these
1887:
and studied Mahāsāṃghika abhidharma with them for several months. On the basis of textual evidence as well as inscriptions at Nāgārjunakoṇḍā, Joseph Walser concludes that at least some Mahāsāṃghika sects probably had an abhidharma collection, and that it likely contained five or six books.
646:
Scholars have generally agreed that the matter of dispute was indeed a matter of vinaya, and have noted that the account of the Mahāsāṃghikas is bolstered by the vinaya texts themselves, as vinayas associated with the
Sthaviras do contain more rules than those of the Mahāsāṃghika vinaya.
2204:
According to Paramārtha, the Bahuśrutīya school was formed in order to fully embrace both "conventional truth" and "ultimate truth." Bart Dessein links the Bahuśrutīya understanding of this full exposition to the Mahāyāna teachings. In his writings, Paramārtha also indicated as much:
1481:
use the principle of contemporaneous bodhisattvas to demonstrate the necessity of contemporaneous buddhas throughout the ten directions. It is thought that the doctrine of contemporaneous buddhas was already old and well established by the time of early Mahāyāna texts such as the
658:
Regarding the issue with Mahadeva's doctrine, this seems to have been a later doctrinal dispute within the Mahāsāṃghika community (which happened after the schism). The followers of Mahadeva seem to have been the precursors of the southern Mahāsāṃghika sects, like the Caitikas.
2150:, and were divided over whether the Mahāyāna teachings should be incorporated formally into their Tripiṭaka. According to this account, they split into three groups based upon the relative manner and degree to which they accepted the authority of these Mahāyāna texts.
2502:
schools, and the members of the Mahāsāṃghika schools also accepted the teachings of the Mahāyāna. Additionally, the extant Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya was originally procured by Faxian in the early 5th century CE at what he describes as a "Mahāyāna" monastery in Pāṭaliputra.
2477:
has stated that there can be found Mahāyāna ontology prefigured in the Mahāsāṃghika schools, and has offered an array of evidence to support this conclusion. Bareau traces the origin of the Mahāyāna tradition to the older Mahāsāṃghika schools in regions such as
650:
Modern scholarship therefore generally agrees that the Mahāsāṃghika vinaya is the oldest. According to Skilton, future historians may determine that a study of the Mahāsāṃghika school will contribute to a better understanding of the early Dhamma-Vinaya than the
1531:) which held that a moment of consciousness (citta) can be aware of itself as well as its intentional object. This doctrine arose out of their understanding of the Buddha's enlightenment which held that in a single moment of mind the Buddha knew all things.
1804:) Buddha, who across his countless past lives developed various abilities such as omniscience (sarvajñana), the lack of any need for sleep or food and being born painlessly without the need for intercourse. The text shows strong parallels with the Pali
2769:
region and further south. In the 7th century, the existence of multiple Vinaya lineages throughout China was criticized by prominent Vinaya masters such as Yijing and Dao'an (654–717). In the early 8th century, Dao'an gained the support of
2201:. After Yājñavalkya emerged from this samādhi 200 years later, he discovered that the Mahāsāṃghikas were teaching only the superficial meaning of the sūtras, and therefore founded the Bahuśrutīya sect in order to expound the full meaning.
2490:, and so on. He then cites the Bahuśrutīyas and Prajñaptivādins as sub-sects of the Mahāsāṃghika that may have played an important role in bridging the flow of Mahāyāna teachings between the northern and southern Mahāsāṃghika traditions.
1698:
Of these texts, their Vinaya was translated into Chinese by Buddhabhadra and Faxian between 416 and 418 CE in the Daochang Monastery in Nanjing, capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In this text, their Abhidharma is defined as "the
1516:) belongs to the Mahāsāṃghikas. Every branch of these clearly drew the distinction between the mundane and the ultimate, came to emphasize the non-ultimacy of the mundane and thus facilitated the fixing of attention on the ultimate.
2673:
rules also, the phrasing (though generally identical in meaning to the other recensions) often appears to represent a clearer but less streamlined version, which suggests it might be older. This is particularly noticeable in the
1707:). This suggests that the early Mahāsāṃghikas rejected the abhidharmic developments that occurred within Sarvāstivāda circles. As is the case with their Vinayapiṭaka, also their Sutrapiṭaka seems to have consisted of five parts (
4086:, Taipei, Taiwan: the Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation, 2006. (Gives further evidence for the Anga-theory of Master Yin-Shun and the theory that the Samyukta-/ Samyutta- is the oldest organising principle.)
1365:) being limitless, the length of his life being limitless, never tiring of enlightening sentient beings and awakening pure faith in them, having no sleep or dreams, no pause in answering a question, and always in meditation (
2179:
In this school, there were some who believed these sutras and some who did not. Those who did not believe them ... said that such sutras are made by man and are not proclaimed by the Buddha, ... that the disciples of the
2444:, some scholars of Buddhism have looked to the Mahāsāṃghika as the originators of Mahāyāna Buddhism. According to Akira Hirakawa, modern scholars often look to the Mahāsāṃghikas as the originators of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
1502:) truth. For the Mahāsāṃghika branch of Buddhism, the final and ultimate meaning of the Buddha's teachings was "beyond words," and words were merely the conventional exposition of the Dharma. K. Venkata Ramanan writes:
2423:
during the second half of the 2nd century CE, in a Mahāsāṃghika environment, probably in one of their centres along the western coastal region such as Karli, or perhaps, though less likely, the Amaravatī-Dhanyakaṭaka
1321:
states that the Buddha had way more knowledge than what he taught to his disciples. The Mahāsāṃghikas took this further and argued that the Buddha knew the dharmas of innumerable other Buddhas of the ten directions.
3393:
Buddhist Philosophy and Meditation Practice: Academic Papers Presented at the 2nd IABU Conference Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University, Main Campus Wang Noi, Ayutthaya, Thailand, 31 May–2 June 2012
4069:"Vinaya-Matrka — Mother of the Monastic Codes, or Just Another Set of Lists? A Response to Frauwallner's Handling of the Mahasamghika Vinaya"; Shayne Clarke. Indo-Iranian Journal 47: 77-120, 2004.
1027:), they possess nothing impure and are entirely provided with organs and members, rather than developing gradually. When they enter a womb, Bodhisattvas also take on the appearance of a white elephant.
2223:
Some early Mahāyāna sūtras reference wealthy female donors and provide evidence that they were developed in the Āndhra region, where the Mahāsāṃghika Caitika groups were predominant. The Mahāyāna
1236:
Material things last a long time and so go through transformation (as milk turns into curds), but mental factors and consciousnesses do not because they have a swift production and cessation.
4072:"A Survey of Vinaya Literature"; Charles Prebish. Originally, Volume I of The Dharma Lamp Series. Taipei, Taiwan: Jin Luen Publishing House, 1994, 157 pages. Now published by Curzon Press.
1475:, which describes the doctrines of the Mahāsāṃghikas. These two concepts of contemporaneous bodhisattvas and contemporaneous buddhas were linked in some traditions, and texts such as the
3833:
2210:
teachings, and others who did not propagate them. The former formed a separate school called "Those who have heard much" (Bahuśrutīya). It is from this school that there has come the
829:, the robes of fully ordained Mahāsāṃghika monastics were to be sewn out of more than seven sections, but no more than twenty-three sections. The symbols sewn on the robes were the
1461:
contrast to this school the Mahāsāṃghika held that the Bodhisattva has already sundered karmic bondage and, therefore, is born in durgati out of his own free will, his deep vow (
3152:
1506:
The credit of having kept alive the emphasis on the ultimacy of the unconditioned reality by drawing attention to the non-substantiality of the basic elements of existence (
1441:, it is stated, "The Buddha knows all the dharmas of the countless buddhas of the ten directions." It is also stated, "All buddhas have one body, the body of the Dharma."
810:, contains a very similar passage corroborating this information. In both sources, the Mahāsāṃghikas are described as wearing yellow robes. The relevant portion of the
1471:
The concept of many bodhisattvas simultaneously working toward buddhahood is also found among the Mahāsāṃghika tradition, and further evidence of this is given in the
1437:
Like the Mahāyāna traditions, the Mahāsāṃghikas held the doctrine of the existence of many contemporaneous buddhas throughout the ten directions. In the Mahāsāṃghika
2091:
1560:) and so forth to apprehend, thus awareness can apprehend itself as well as others. This is like a lamp that can illuminate itself and others owing to its nature (
2757:
In the 7th century, Yijing wrote that in eastern China, most people followed the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, while the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya was used in earlier times in
2392:. The Śātavāhana rulers gave rich patronage to Buddhism, and were involved with the development of the cave temples at Karla and Ajaṇṭā, and also with the Great
1822:
1465, p. 900b), translated into Chinese between 317 and 420, is a Mahasamghika Vinaya work which also provides a history of early Buddhism and its schisms.
620:
and Charles S. Prebish, the best date for the first schism and the creation of the Mahāsāṃghika as a separate community is 116 years after the Buddha's nirvana.
4066:"The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature"; Frauwallner, Serie Orientale Roma, 8. Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
2734:
that were used in India. The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya was reputed to be the original vinaya from the lifetime of the Buddha, and "the most correct and complete."
1608:
are produced which soil it that it is said to be defiled. But these defilements, not being of the original nature of the mind, are called adventitious." The
818:
The Mahāsāṃghika school diligently study the collected sūtras and teach the true meaning, because they are the source and the center. They wear yellow robes.
3190:
Xing, Guang. An Enquiry into the Origin of the Mahasamghika Buddhology Authors. The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies, 2004, n. 5, p. 41-51.
1192:) which serves as the support (dsraya) for eye-perception and the other sensory perceptions, like the root of the tree is the principle of the leaves, etc.
4932:
1341:
to the Mahāsāṃghikas (Ekavyāvahārika, Lokottaravāda, and Kukkuṭika), twenty concern the supramundane nature of buddhas and bodhisattvas. According to the
1494:
The Mahāsāṃghikas held that the teachings of the Buddha were to be understood as having two principal levels of truth: a relative or conventional (Skt.
5847:
4322:
2146:
with the Mahāsāṃghika branch of Buddhism. He states that 200 years after the parinirvāṇa of the Buddha, much of the Mahāsāṃghika school moved north of
2729:
in the early 5th century CE at a Mahāyāna monastery in Pāṭaliputra. This vinaya was then translated into Chinese as a joint effort between Faxian and
2342:
with the Mahāsāṃghikas, and concludes that the Mahāsāṃghikas of the Āndhra region were responsible for the inception of the Tathāgatagarbha doctrine.
2621:(Matrix) which is also found embedded in the Vinayas of several of the Sthavira schools, suggesting that it is presectarian. The sub-sections of the
2320:
2142:, wrote about a special affiliation of the Mahāsāṃghika school with the Mahāyāna tradition. He associates the initial composition and acceptance of
2047:
4112:"Saiksa-dharmas Revisited: Further Considerations of Mahasamghika Origins"; Charles Prebish. History of Religions, 35, 3 (February, 1996), 258–270.
5851:
2357:
6075:
3840:
2254:
with patronage of Mahāyāna sūtras. Epigraphic evidence at Nāgārjunikoṇḍa also provides abundant evidence of royal and wealthy female donors.
1580:
also discusses this theory, and cites the sutra passage which the Mahāsāṃghikas drew on to defend it. The passage is quoted by Vasumitra as:
4103:"The Pratimoksa Puzzle: Fact Versus Fantasy"; Charles Prebish. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 94, 2 (April–June, 1974), 168–176.
605:. Traditions regarding the Second Council are confusing and ambiguous, but it is agreed that the overall result was the first schism in the
4292:
3988:
784:
A Chinese Buddhist monk in a yellow robe. Chinese Buddhist monks often use the same color robes that some Mahāsāṃghika sects used in India.
3094:
2617:
of the Sthavira derived schools. However, their structure is simpler, and according to recent research by Clarke, the structure follows a
1535:
3438:
Dessein, Bart (2009). "The Mahāsāṃghikas and the Origin of Mahayana Buddhism: Evidence Provided in the *"Abhidharmamahāvibhāṣāśāstra"".
4400:
624:
that the main cause was a doctrinal issue. They blame a figure named Mahadeva with arguing for five divisive points, four of which see
4135:
4157:
894:
4106:"A Review of Scholarship on the Buddhist Councils"; Charles Prebish. Journal of Asian Studies, XXXIII, 2 (February, 1974), 239–254.
1477:
1361:, expounding all his teachings in a single utterance, all of his sayings being true, his physical body being limitless, his power (
438:
1871:
However, other sources indicate that there were such collections of abhidharma. During the early 5th century, the Chinese pilgrim
706:
subschool itself claimed to be of the 'Middle Country', i.e. Ganges Basin region in the north of India. The Mahāsāṃghikas and the
6667:
6119:
6322:
4302:
4109:"Theories Concerning the Skandhaka: An Appraisal"; Charles Prebish Journal of Asian Studies, XXXII, 4 (August, 1973), 669–678.
2554:
1314:
631:
Andrew Skilton has suggested that the problems of contradictory accounts about the first schism are solved by the Mahāsāṃghika
2682:
in general in all the recensions. Yet the formulation of certain rules which seem very confused in the other recensions (e.g.
3114:
2510:
1909:
work by a figure known as Harivarman (250–350). Some scholars including A.K. Warder, attribute the work to the Mahāsāṃghika-
4485:
4327:
3483:
2361:, indicates that these texts were first circulated in South India and then gradually propagated up to the northwest, with
1767:(337–422 CE) contains proto-Mahayana elements and "reflects the nascent formation of the Mahāyāna Dharma teachings."
6662:
1850:, Volume 17, text No. 807) is a text preserved in some Sanskrit fragments as well as in Tibetan and Chinese translation.
726:
6559:
6109:
4204:
3531:
Tse-fu Kuan. (2013). Legends and Transcendence: Sectarian Affiliations of the Ekottarika Āgama in Chinese Translation.
1433:
His body does not grow tired, ill or old, and is not affected by cold or heat, it only appears to have these qualities.
2594:
features of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya recension which suggest that it might be an older redaction are, in brief, these:
2336:, along with four major arguments for this association. Anthony Barber also associates the earlier development of the
1682:(Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya) provides some insight into the format of this school's textual canon. They appear to have had a
4405:
3009:
2774:, and an imperial edict was issued that the saṃgha in China should use only the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya for ordination.
2580:
6652:
2562:
2099:
speaks of the Mahāsāṃghikas using a "Great Āgama Piṭaka," which is then associated with Mahāyāna sūtras such as the
1030:
Bodhisattvas, because they want to help beings become perfect, make vows to be reborn in bad destinations (durgati).
6337:
6082:
1057:
There are no indeterminate (avyakrta) things (dharma), that is, there are no dharmas that are neither good nor bad.
528:) represents the oldest Buddhist monastic source. While the Mahāsāṃghika tradition is no longer in existence, many
4129:
2661:
represents the earliest collection among the Nikayas / Agamas, and this may well imply that it is also the oldest
2428:
In the 6th century CE, Paramārtha wrote that the Mahāsāṃghikas revere the sūtras which teach the Tathāgatagarbha.
1999:
Manuscripts and fragments that have survived from this monastery's collection include the following source texts:
1917:
work. Chinese sources mention that he was initially a Sautrantika teacher who later lived with the Mahāsāṃghikas.
6828:
6729:
6719:
4548:
2742:
Although Faxian procured the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya in India and had this translated into Chinese, the tradition of
3554:"Abhidhamma Pitaka." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
6818:
6674:
6327:
6129:
6020:
5965:
4538:
2558:
2347:
6644:
6342:
6025:
4317:
4150:
17:
6227:
6099:
6070:
5772:
431:
4097:
4063:
Mahasamghika and Mahasamghika-Lokuttaravadin Vinayas in Chinese translation; CBETA Taisho digital edition.
2863:
2687:
closely related rule for Bhiksus which is found in a more similar form in all the Vinayas (Pc64 in Pali).
1411:
The Mahāsāṃghika Lokānuvartanā sūtra makes numerous supramundane claims about the Buddha, including that:
67:
5918:
5827:
5297:
4942:
4455:
4350:
1404:
5462:
96:
6767:
6247:
5723:
5209:
4332:
4165:
3619:
Lin, Qian. Mind in Dispute: The Section on Mind in Harivarman’s *Tattvasiddhi, University of Washington
2407:
and related texts, Stephen Hodge estimates a compilation period between 100 CE and 220 CE for the
2338:
1114:
The self-presence of mind is bright. It is soiled (i.e. darkened) by adventitious secondary defilement.
5657:
2073:
635:, which is the earliest surviving account of the schism. In this account, the council was convened at
6657:
6470:
6460:
6332:
5315:
4895:
4656:
4631:
2771:
2730:
1126:
613:
and the Mahāsāṃghika nikāya, although it is not agreed upon by all what the cause of this split was.
4681:
2332:
schools). Wayman has outlined eleven points of complete agreement between the Mahāsāṃghikas and the
2117:
1985:
901:
6762:
6114:
5928:
5906:
5899:
5802:
5335:
4955:
4771:
4716:
4337:
4143:
3153:
Treatise on the Elucidation of the Knowable, The Cycle of the Formation of the Schismatic Doctrines
2543:
2785:
2266:
teachings were first developed by the Caitika subsect of the Mahāsāṃghikas. They believe that the
2197:
have heard his discourses, but was in a profound state of samādhi during the time of the Buddha's
1424:
He did not really suffer and struggle to attain enlightenment for six years, this was just a show.
6823:
6699:
6679:
6010:
5990:
5747:
5477:
4721:
2547:
1875:
is said to have found a Mahāsāṃghika abhidharma at a monastery in Pāṭaliputra. Furthermore, when
1836:(Taishō Tripiṭaka 125) to belong to the Mahāsāṃghika school, though this is still up for debate.
733:. This Caitika branch included the Pūrvaśailas, Aparaśailas, Rājagirikas, and the Siddhārthikas.
602:
506:
424:
38:
3992:
2722:
2471:, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra."
2396:
at Amarāvati. During this time, the Śātavāhana Dynasty also maintained extensive links with the
1941:
1847:
1819:
1353:
In their view, the Buddha is equipped with the following supernatural qualities: transcendence (
1309:. This points to the idea that the Buddha was already awakened before descending down to earth.
532:
look to the Mahāsāṃghika tradition as an early source for some ideas that were later adopted by
6709:
6549:
6217:
6187:
5960:
5911:
5752:
5700:
5695:
5457:
5278:
5175:
4927:
4922:
4671:
3484:
Mahāsāṃghika and Mahāyāna: An Analysis of Faxian and the Translation of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya
2818:
1264:
941:
According to this source, some of the key doctrines defended by Indian Mahāsāṃghikas include:
934:, Ch: 異部宗輪論) of Vasumitra (a Sarvāstivāda scholar, c. 2nd century CE), which was translated by
498:
486:
257:
248:
211:
5039:
1427:
He never gets hungry, he only manifests this in order to allow others to gain merit by giving.
780:
585:
6714:
6684:
6265:
6197:
6030:
5945:
5940:
5864:
5859:
5777:
4307:
3502:
2013:
1969:
1333:, India. The Buddha statue is flanked by bodhisattvas Padmapani (left) and Manjushri (right).
1187:
5330:
1981:
6737:
6704:
6689:
6207:
6104:
6050:
5935:
5874:
5842:
5837:
5822:
5807:
5797:
5762:
5675:
5367:
5290:
4593:
4533:
4282:
4249:
4199:
3106:
1973:
187:
75:
6577:
5192:
5061:
4987:
4863:
4601:
3156:, pp. 97-101. Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.
1016:
The Buddhas remain in all directions. There are Buddhas everywhere in the four directions.
8:
6544:
6423:
6257:
6232:
6222:
6182:
6159:
6042:
6015:
5975:
5894:
5884:
5812:
5739:
5170:
5027:
4808:
4786:
4738:
4558:
4358:
4214:
4194:
2813:
2168:
1088:
711:
267:
167:
162:
4518:
4445:
4123:
3065:
2189:
2018:
1763:
Zhan Ru also notes that the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya (Chinese: Mohe Sengqi Lü) translated by
1744:
According to Zhihua Yao, the following Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya texts are extant in Chinese:
91:
6607:
6512:
6354:
6317:
6312:
6242:
6192:
6139:
6134:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5985:
5970:
5955:
5950:
5889:
5869:
5832:
5757:
5562:
5263:
5187:
5065:
5007:
4848:
4748:
4676:
4651:
4297:
4227:
3522:
Lamotte, Etienne, History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era, p. 189.
3447:
2389:
2388:
and related texts, seems to indicate a region in southern India during the time of the
2228:
1367:
1217:
854:
737:
593:
289:
6406:
3391:
Skorupski, Tadeusz. “Consciousness and Luminosity in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism.” In
2247:
1648:
The sphere of neither identification nor nonidentification (naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana)
1297:
866:
796:
came to China and translated a work which describes the color of monastic robes (Skt.
610:
502:
392:
342:
306:
6785:
6747:
6443:
6428:
6391:
6376:
6149:
6065:
5980:
5817:
5782:
5767:
5494:
5484:
5165:
5012:
4997:
4868:
4791:
4711:
4646:
4578:
4465:
4222:
3543:
3110:
3005:
2270:
originated amongst the southern Mahāsāṃghika schools of the Āndhra region, along the
2105:
1687:
1651:
The own-nature of the members of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpādāṅgasvabhāva)
1556:). Schools like Mahāsāṃghika hold the following view: It is the nature of awareness (
1508:
1445:
1065:
1034:
986:
798:
606:
460:
234:
229:
5729:
4523:
4423:
2369:
gives a more detailed account by mentioning the points of distribution as including
2328:
in the 3rd century as a product of the Mahāsāṃghikas of the Āndhra region (i.e. the
2004:
1269:
878:
385:
367:
335:
101:
6433:
6386:
6381:
6237:
6202:
6177:
6172:
5923:
5879:
5792:
5467:
5123:
5116:
4900:
4890:
4776:
4440:
4312:
3539:
3487:
3328:
The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.
3312:
The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.
3273:
The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.
3230:
The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.
3138:(Ecole Fransaise d'Extreme-Orient, 1955), Chapitre I 'Les Mahasanghika', pp. 55-74.
3102:
2743:
2087:
1910:
1898:
1527:
1452:) in order to help liberate other sentient beings. As described by Akira Hirakawa:
826:
692:
564:
514:
464:
362:
284:
126:
5512:
2665:
too. (N.B. this does not necessarily say anything about the age of the contents).
2164:
1777:
874:
707:
703:
541:
319:
272:
6797:
6742:
6694:
6622:
6492:
6290:
6270:
6212:
6124:
5787:
5685:
5532:
5268:
5251:
5236:
5214:
4766:
4636:
4470:
4450:
3632:
3341:
Echoes from an Empty Sky: The Origins of the Buddhist Doctrine of the Two Truths.
2823:
2805:
2487:
2325:
2251:
2143:
1977:
1463:
628:
as a lesser kind of spiritual attainment (which still has ignorance and desire).
5542:
4696:
4686:
4060:"Arya-Mahasamghika-Lokuttaravadin Bhiksuni-Vinaya"; edited by Gustav Roth, 1970.
3257:
Xing, Guang, The Lokānuvartanā Sūtra, Journal of Buddhist Studies, Vol IV, 2006.
2474:
1512:
1421:
His body and mouth does not get dirty, he only makes a show of cleaning himself.
513:. The Mahāsāṃghika nikāya developed into numerous sects which spread throughout
374:
6752:
6455:
6305:
6087:
5667:
5647:
5567:
5256:
5246:
5180:
5017:
4503:
4366:
4132:(input by Abhisamacarika-Dharma Study Group, Taisho University); GRETIL Archive
4083:
3984:
3426:
Buddhist Sects of the Small Vehicle (Les Sectes Bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule),
2780:
was ordained in the Mahāsāṃghika lineage. However, because the Tibetan Emperor
2650:
2452:
2420:
2263:
2181:
1831:
1793:
1448:, and are born out of their own free will into lower states of existence (Skt.
1415:
He was not produced through union of father and mother, but magically produced.
1399:
1383:
1325:
1301:
985:
The Buddha’s heart never tires of converting living beings by awakening faith (
745:
730:
722:
152:
2460:
2419:), or a major portion of it, together with related texts were compiled in the
1914:
1626:(phenomena, realities) which were unconditioned or unconstructed (asaṃskṛta):
1610:
1444:
In the view of Mahāsāṃghikas, advanced bodhisattvas have severed the bonds of
1280:
The Mahāsāṃghikas advocated the transcendental and supramundane nature of the
357:
6812:
6522:
6371:
5680:
5582:
5440:
5241:
5219:
5155:
4826:
4621:
4616:
4508:
4177:
2997:
2915:
Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. 8: Buddhist Philosophy 100-350 AD.
2747:
2498:
2397:
2374:
2315:
2271:
2232:
2185:
2154:
2094:
in their canon, and Paramārtha wrote that the Bahuśrutīyas accepted both the
2039:
2031:
1418:
His feet never touch the ground or get dirty, his footprints are only a show.
1010:
741:
680:
553:
456:
399:
349:
197:
81:
4980:
4970:
4342:
3491:
1776:(Sanskrit for "Great Event" or "Great Story") is the most well known of the
1376:
through which he liberates sentient beings through his skillful means (Skt.
493:. They were one of the two original communities that emerged from the first
6612:
6597:
6567:
6517:
6507:
6349:
6144:
5637:
5472:
5350:
5138:
5133:
4960:
4831:
4706:
4167:
2751:
2696:
2515:
2437:
2287:
2159:
1993:
1892:
1880:
1691:
1457:
1358:
1273:
995:
The Tathagata answers questions without thinking (or reflecting on things).
910:
862:
842:
830:
760:
756:
749:
676:
326:
111:
57:
5395:
5380:
5340:
5037:
4701:
4277:
2705:
2318:
doctrines, writes that it has been determined that the composition of the
1772:
1074:
157:
121:
6582:
6411:
5552:
5537:
5320:
5128:
5056:
4836:
4666:
4568:
4415:
4287:
4093:
3787:
Power, Wealth and Women in Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra
2762:
2670:
2468:
2448:
2370:
2307:
2303:
2236:
2198:
1968:, and this monastery site has since been rediscovered by archaeologists.
1965:
1862:
was not accepted as canonical by the Mahāsāṃghika school. The Theravādin
1797:
1672:
1668:
1630:
Cessation obtained through discriminative cognition (pratisaṃkhyānirodha)
1388:
1330:
1285:
1020:
914:
906:
764:
688:
636:
617:
549:
525:
311:
172:
6572:
5032:
3451:
2464:
2214:. That is why there is a mixture of ideas from the Mahāyāna found there.
6527:
6485:
6361:
6167:
6092:
5706:
5690:
5652:
5632:
5527:
5502:
5410:
5345:
5325:
5071:
5002:
4873:
4756:
4726:
4661:
4611:
4269:
4259:
4232:
2131:
1906:
1859:
1623:
1576:), but it can be contaminated by adventitious defilements. Vasumitra's
1393:
1281:
946:
889:
574:
545:
537:
106:
5547:
4543:
3972:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
3959:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
3930:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
2637:
means a section or chapter in a collection organised by subject; the '
2298:
1800:. It is considered a primary source for the notion of a transcendent (
1789:
1663:
1654:
The own-nature of the members of the holy path (ārya-mārgāṅgasvabhāva)
1525:
Some Mahāsāṃghikas held a theory of self-awareness or self-cognition (
544:", "transcendentalism"), the idea that there are many contemporaneous
6502:
6475:
5642:
5517:
5229:
5145:
5022:
4912:
4885:
4878:
4841:
4798:
4761:
4528:
4493:
4460:
4435:
4390:
3839:. lecture delivered at the University of London, SOAS. Archived from
3834:"On the Eschatology of the Mahaparinirvana Sutra and Related Matters"
2758:
2700:
1989:
1980:, have been discovered at the site, and these are now located in the
1864:
1050:) faculties consist of balls of flesh, therefore only consciousness (
793:
752:, "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier."
652:
510:
379:
192:
6275:
5111:
4965:
4731:
4513:
4382:
4374:
2609:
sections of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya are generally equivalent to the
2532:
1785:
1633:
Cesation due to absence of a productive cause (apratisaṃkhyānirodha)
1622:
According to Vasumitra, the Mahāsāṃghikas held that there were nine
482:
177:
6792:
6632:
6587:
6532:
6497:
6401:
6060:
5627:
5622:
5572:
5507:
5425:
5390:
5385:
5046:
4917:
4905:
4816:
4475:
4172:
4033:
Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns.
3800:
The Buddha Nature: A Study of the Tathāgatagarbha and Ālayavijñāna.
3428:
Translated from the French by Gelongma Migme Chodron (2005), p. 56.
2799:
2781:
2717:
The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya is extant in the Chinese Buddhist Canon as
2494:
2095:
1953:
1876:
1596:) that defile it. The self substance of the mind is eternally pure.
1306:
935:
684:
557:
533:
529:
279:
49:
5617:
5607:
5592:
5415:
5285:
4553:
2777:
822:
The lower part of the yellow robe was pulled tightly to the left.
182:
6537:
6480:
6465:
5612:
5602:
5577:
5452:
5447:
5405:
5375:
5307:
5273:
5160:
5101:
5096:
4950:
4853:
4691:
4641:
4428:
4254:
3946:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3769:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3743:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3683:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3670:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3657:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3596:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
3570:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
2456:
2415:
here are strong grounds based on textual evidence that the MPNS (
2378:
2362:
2329:
2279:
1992:
script, while others are in Sanskrit and written in forms of the
1884:
1868:, for example, records that the Mahāsāṃghikas had no abhidharma.
1046:
999:
926:
An important source for the doctrines of the Mahāsāṃghika is the
870:
858:
789:
718:
672:
668:
296:
219:
132:
116:
86:
5224:
4992:
4098:"Mahasamghika Origins: The Beginnings of Buddhist Sectarianism"
3627:
3625:
1204:
505:). This schism is traditionally held to have occurred after the
6617:
6602:
6438:
6300:
6280:
6055:
5717:
5597:
5587:
5522:
5150:
5106:
5091:
5081:
5051:
4975:
4858:
4626:
4498:
4242:
4237:
3706:
3704:
3564:
3562:
3560:
2766:
2726:
2483:
2479:
2282:. Guang Xing also assesses the view of the Buddha given in the
2147:
2135:
1961:
1957:
1872:
1781:
1764:
1683:
1140:
The past and the future have no substantial existence (dravya).
1079:) can commit all misdeeds, except for the irremediable crimes (
961:
696:
640:
521:
494:
474:
224:
3035:
3033:
2227:, for example, gives a prophecy about a royal princess of the
1920:
The Chinese canon also includes a sutra commentary called the
1540:
explains the doctrine of self-reflexive awareness as follows:
6757:
6592:
6450:
6416:
6396:
6366:
6295:
5712:
5557:
5435:
5430:
5400:
5355:
5202:
5197:
5076:
4781:
4606:
4573:
4563:
3940:
3938:
3622:
3575:
3322:
3320:
2864:
Mahāsāṃghika Origins: The Beginnings of Buddhist Sectarianism
2788:
order would be permitted in Tibet, he did not ordain anyone.
2441:
2393:
2345:
According to Stephen Hodge, internal textual evidence in the
2139:
1601:
1378:
1345:, these four groups held that the Buddha is able to know all
1289:
1144:
1100:
954:
625:
490:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3701:
3557:
2121:
Sculpture of the Buddha from Mathura. 5th or 6th century CE.
1780:
branch of the Mahāsāṃghika school. It is a preface to their
1430:
He does not really produce human waste, this is only a show.
806:(Ch. 大比丘三千威儀). Another text translated at a later date, the
509:, which occurred at some point during or after the reign of
6627:
5420:
5086:
4583:
3030:
1642:
The sphere of unlimited consciousness (vijñānānantyāyatana)
1614:(III, 3) also cites this idea as a thesis of the Andhakas.
998:
Buddhas never say a single word because they are always in
3935:
3317:
3198:
3196:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2649:. Scholars such as Master Yin Shun, Choong Moon Keat, and
1754:
Sphutartha Srighanacarasamgrahatika, Abhisamacarika-Dharma
601:
Most sources place the origin of the Mahāsāṃghikas to the
589:
Drawing on the entrance to the Great Chaitya Cave at Karli
6285:
4821:
3717:
3075:
3073:
3002:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
2765:), and that the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya was prominent in the
4130:
Abhisamacarikadharma of the Mahasamghika-Lokottaravadins
4100:; History of Religions, 16, 3 (February, 1977), 237–272.
1853:
1392:), while the essential real Buddha was equated with the
671:, but they also maintained important centers such as in
3193:
2972:
1830:
Some scholars such as Yao and Tse Fu Kuan consider the
802:) utilized in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called
710:
subschool also had centres in the Gandhara region. The
3070:
2754:
Vinaya was the most common vinaya tradition in China.
932:
The Cycle of the Formation of the Schismatic Doctrines
2290:
estimates that this sūtra originated around 100 BCE.
2262:
A number of scholars have proposed that the Mahāyāna
1568:
Some Mahāsāṃghikas also held that the mind's nature (
1002:, but beings rejoice, thinking that they utter words.
2941:
Light of Liberation: A History of Buddhism in India.
2795:
2302:
Cave complex associated with the Mahāsāṃghika sect.
1386:
was merely one of these transformation bodies (Skt.
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3093:Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2017-07-20),
1976:of texts in this monastery's collection, including
1349:in a single moment of the mind. Yao Zhihua writes:
825:According to Dudjom Rinpoche from the tradition of
3651:
3649:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3267:
3265:
3263:
2868:History of Religions Volume 16, Number 3Feb., 1977
1486:, due to the clear presumptions of this doctrine.
667:The original center of the Mahāsāṃghika sects was
3166:
3164:
3162:
2896:
2894:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2699:, the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya mentions the figure of
1736:later developments of the bodhisattva doctrine".
1639:The sphere of unlimited space (ākāśānantyāyatana)
960:All words spoken by Tathagatas turn the wheel of
6810:
3915:
3217:The Dawn of Chinese Pure Land Buddhist Doctrine.
1604:adds the following: "It is because afflictions (
1403:Sketch of the interior of Ajanta cave no. 19 by
978:) and lifespan (ayus) of a Buddha is unlimited (
536:. Some of these ideas include the view that the
3910:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
3813:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
3756:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
3712:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
3696:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
3646:
3291:
3260:
3243:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
3081:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
2954:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
2514:Cave temple associated with the Mahāsāṃghikas.
2009:of the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda (MS 2382/269)
3159:
2891:
2871:
2678:, which has not been as well preserved as the
1520:
1357:), lack of defilements, all of his utterances
967:Buddhas teach all dharmas with a single sound.
857:(1290–1364) wrote that the Mahāsāṃghikas used
4151:
3615:
3613:
3486:(Chin. Mohe Sengqi Lü)*, Peking University.
2967:Society and Religion: From Rgveda to Puranas.
2725:1425). The vinaya was originally procured by
2493:André Bareau also mentions that according to
552:throughout the universe, the doctrine of the
468:
432:
4933:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
3871:The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
3858:The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3286:The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
3150:Willemen, Charles; Tsukamoto Keisho (2004).
3092:
3041:Perfect Conduct: Ascertaining the Three Vows
2411:. Hodge summarizes his findings as follows:
2250:, and Alex and Hideko Wayman, associate the
1498:) truth, and the absolute or ultimate (Skt.
1313:was a transcendent being is the idea of the
3781:
3779:
3777:
2750:Vinaya instead. At the time of Faxian, the
2561:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2157:sect did not accept the Mahāyāna sūtras as
2112:
1897:("the treatise that accomplishes reality";
1489:
1337:Of the 48 special theses attributed by the
1259:
921:
4158:
4144:
3610:
1913:, however others disagree and see it as a
1617:
884:
770:
740:. The ancient Buddhist sites in the lower
554:inherent purity and luminosity of the mind
520:Some scholars think that the Mahāsāṃghika
439:
425:
3818:
3533:Journal of the American Oriental Society,
2690:
2581:Learn how and when to remove this message
2293:
2125:
2081:
1947:
1645:The sphere of emptiness (ākiñcanyāyatana)
1382:). For the Mahāsāṃghikas, the historical
499:original pre-sectarian Buddhist tradition
4044:Heirman, Ann. Bumbacher, Stephan Peter.
3774:
3136:Les sectes bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule
2509:
2297:
2116:
1662:
1398:
1324:
1263:
1160:) and it is not consecutive to thought (
900:
888:
779:
592:
584:
563:), the doctrine of reflexive awareness (
6120:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
3989:"Santipada: Why Devadatta Was No Saint"
3607:Warder, A.K. Indian Buddhism, page 398.
3437:
2171:sect did accept the Mahāyāna sūtras as
767:are associated with the Mahāsāṃghikas.
14:
6811:
6323:List of Buddhist architecture in China
4079:, by a student of Prof. Rod Bucknell.)
3471:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition,
3380:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition,
3367:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition,
3204:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition.
3054:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition.
2996:
2712:
1592:). It is the adventitious impurities (
683:were situated in eastern India around
540:was a fully transcendent being (term "
4139:
3831:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3253:
3251:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3146:
3144:
1956:visited a Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda
1854:Abhidharma treatises and commentaries
1317:of a Buddha's body. Furthermore, the
1064:) one has abandoned all the fetters (
3107:10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001
3099:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2559:adding citations to reliable sources
2526:
2431:
2314:Brian Edward Brown, a specialist in
2286:as being that of the Mahāsāṃghikas.
2086:Within the Mahāsāṃghika branch, the
1940:. (分別功徳論) in the 25th volume of the
1792:tales, stories of past lives of the
1578:Nikayabheda-dharmamati-chakra-sastra
736:Finally, Madhyadesa was home to the
597:Karli Chaitya section in perspective
459:: 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀲𑀸𑀁𑀖𑀺𑀓, "of the Great
4124:The Mahavastu (English translation)
2943:Dharma Publishing, 1992. p. 242-243
2933:
2629:rather than Skandhaka / Khandhaka.
2505:
2231:who will live in Āndhra, along the
2027:, a sūtra from the Āgamas (MS 2376)
1944:Series (No. 1507, pp. 30–52).
1095:Since they do not know everything (
992:The Buddha does not sleep or dream.
24:
6110:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
4126:, including footnotes and glossary
3983:
3496:
3458:
3413:
3385:
3248:
3177:
3141:
2861:Nattier, Jan; Prebish, Charles S.
2365:being the other major center. The
2284:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
2276:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
2268:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
2218:
2163:("word of the Buddha"), while the
1484:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
964:and none of their words are false.
25:
6840:
4116:
4020:Travels of Fa-hian, or Fo-kwŏ-ki.
2985:Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.
2848:
2522:
2257:
1203:) and do not carry karmic seeds (
1086:All sutras uttered by Buddha are
788:Between 148 and 170 CE, the
6791:
6781:
6780:
6338:Thai temple art and architecture
6083:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
4323:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
4189:
4176:
4166:
3908:Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W.
3583:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.
3544:10.7817/jameroriesoci.133.4.0607
3408:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism,
3172:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.
3025:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.
2952:Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W.
2798:
2531:
2239:, seven hundred years after the
2067:Ajātaśatrukaukṛtyavinodana Sūtra
2061:Sarvadharmapravṛttinirdeśa Sūtra
1247:) and, depending on the object (
1143:There is no intermediate state (
1054:) sees forms, hears sounds, etc.
895:descent from Trāyastriṃśa heaven
714:are not known from later times.
56:
4190:
4054:
4038:
4025:
4012:
3999:
3977:
3964:
3951:
3902:
3889:
3876:
3863:
3850:
3811:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
3805:
3792:
3761:
3754:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
3748:
3735:
3710:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
3694:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
3688:
3675:
3662:
3601:
3588:
3548:
3525:
3516:
3513:Williams (1989/2007), pp. 18–19
3507:
3476:
3431:
3400:
3372:
3359:
3346:
3333:
3278:
3241:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
3235:
3222:
3209:
3128:
3086:
3079:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
3059:
3046:
3017:
2990:
2353:Mahābherihāraka Parivarta Sūtra
1739:
1678:According to Bart Dessein, the
1600:The commentary to Vasumitra by
1186:There is a root-consciousness (
1179:) and disjointed from thought (
1121:) are neither consciousnesses (
1005:In a single moment of thought (
6328:Japanese Buddhist architecture
6130:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
5210:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
4401:Places where the Buddha stayed
3633:"Schøyen Collection: Buddhism"
3101:, Princeton University Press,
2959:
2946:
2920:
2907:
2902:A Concise History of Buddhism.
2886:A Concise History of Buddhism.
2843:A Concise History of Buddhism.
2835:
2417:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
2409:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
2405:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
2403:Using textual evidence in the
2386:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
2358:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
1984:. Some manuscripts are in the
1667:The Great Chaitya Hall at the
1092:("of plain or clear meaning").
1037:are known in a single moment (
13:
1:
6343:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
4031:Mohr, Thea. Tsedroen, Jampa.
2829:
2175:. Paramartha's report states:
1845:fóshuō nèi zàng bǎi bǎo jīng,
1584:The self-nature of the mind (
1268:Depiction of the bodhisattva
1255:), it can contract or expand.
1243:) penetrates the whole body (
1195:The current consciousnesses (
1133:), and are devoid of object (
1033:The different aspects of the
775:
561:prakṛtiś cittasya prabhāsvarā
6100:Buddhism and the Roman world
6076:Decline of Buddhism in India
6071:History of Buddhism in India
4171: Topics in
2669:formulations of some of the
2607:Bhiksu-abhisamacarika-dharma
2090:are said to have included a
2069:, a Mahayana sutra (MS 2378)
2063:, a Mahayana sutra (MS 2378)
2057:, a Mahayana sutra (MS 2378)
2051:, a Mahayana sutra (MS 2378)
2043:, a Mahayana sutra (MS 2385)
2035:, a Mahayana sutra (MS 2385)
1746:Mahāsāṃghika bhiksuni-vinaya
1552:) can apprehend themselves (
1060:When one enters certainty (
837:) and the conch shell (Skt.
662:
7:
5298:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
5038:
2791:
2321:Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra
2153:Paramārtha states that the
2048:Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra
1858:According to some sources,
1843:(Chinese: 佛説内藏百寶經, pinyin:
1544:Some allege that the mind (
1521:Self-awareness and the mind
1292:. Xing also notes that the
1111:), who are saved by others.
848:
10:
6845:
6248:The unanswerable questions
4082:"History of Mindfulness";
2784:had decreed that only the
2746:eventually settled on the
1952:The Chinese Buddhist monk
1883:, he met two Mahāsāṃghika
1233:) evolve at the same time.
1009:), Buddhas comprehend all
893:Depiction of the Buddha's
580:
6776:
6728:
6643:
6558:
6333:Buddhist temples in Korea
6256:
6158:
6041:
5738:
5666:
5493:
5366:
5306:
4941:
4896:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
4807:
4799:Three planes of existence
4747:
4592:
4484:
4414:
4406:Buddha in world religions
4268:
4213:
4185:
2772:Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
2737:
2625:sections are also titled
2384:The language used in the
2246:Several scholars such as
1825:
1572:) is fundamentally pure (
1548:) and mental activities (
1478:Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa
1288:, and the fallibility of
897:, second half 3rd century
725:region and especially at
469:
6115:Persecution of Buddhists
5336:Four stages of awakening
4717:Three marks of existence
4303:Physical characteristics
3410:p. 90. Sarup & Sons.
3406:Baruah, Bibhuti (2000).
3004:, Santipada, p. i,
2113:Relationship to Mahāyāna
1658:
1490:Mundane and supramundane
1473:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
1343:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
1339:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
1260:Buddhas and bodhisattvas
957:and the mundane natures.
928:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
922:List of doctrinal tenets
755:The cave temples at the
721:branch was based in the
699:, Andhra, and Gandhara.
577:or pure conceptualism).
481:) was a major division (
5478:Ten principal disciples
4361:(aunt, adoptive mother)
4046:The Spread of Buddhism.
3832:Hodge, Stephen (2006).
3492:10.15239/hijbs.02.01.10
3354:Nāgārjuna's Philosophy.
2956:SUNY Press 2008, pg. 2.
2134:, a Buddhist monk from
2130:In the 6th century CE,
1618:Unconditioned realities
1300:along with its Chinese
1216:) and the defilements (
1199:) can be simultaneous (
974:), supernatural power (
885:Doctrines and teachings
771:Appearance and language
744:, including Amarāvati,
603:Second Buddhist council
507:Second Buddhist council
6829:Early Buddhist schools
6188:Buddhism and democracy
5701:Tibetan Buddhist canon
5696:Chinese Buddhist canon
4928:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4923:Early Buddhist schools
2819:Early Buddhist schools
2691:Depiction of Devadatta
2684:Bhikkhuni Sanghadisesa
2641:-principle', like the
2519:
2426:
2311:
2294:Buddha-nature doctrine
2216:
2194:
2126:Acceptance of Mahāyāna
2122:
2082:Bodhisattva collection
1970:Birch bark manuscripts
1960:in the 7th century at
1948:Manuscript collections
1784:and contains numerous
1733:
1675:
1598:
1566:
1518:
1469:
1408:
1373:
1359:preaching his teaching
1334:
1329:Cave 1, Ajaṇṭā Caves,
1315:thirty-two major marks
1277:
1229:) and its maturation (
918:
905:The Buddha flanked by
898:
853:The Tibetan historian
843:Eight Auspicious Signs
820:
804:Da Biqiu Sanqian Weiyi
785:
598:
590:
569:) and the doctrine of
487:early Buddhist schools
258:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
249:Early Buddhist schools
212:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
6198:Eight Consciousnesses
4308:Life of Buddha in art
4007:Bodhisattva Precepts.
3798:Brown, Brian Edward.
3424:Bareau, André (1955)
3352:Ramanan, K. Venkata.
2653:have argued that the
2513:
2413:
2339:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra
2301:
2252:Āndra Ikṣvāku dynasty
2207:
2177:
2120:
2014:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
1974:palm-leaf manuscripts
1696:
1666:
1582:
1542:
1504:
1454:
1402:
1351:
1328:
1267:
1171:) are indeterminate (
904:
892:
816:
783:
596:
588:
501:(the other being the
27:Early Buddhist school
6675:East Asian religions
6105:Buddhism in the West
5676:Early Buddhist texts
5291:Four Right Exertions
4757:Ten spiritual realms
4250:Noble Eightfold Path
4122:J. J. Jones (1949).
4092:Charles Prebish and
4018:Beal, Samuel (tr.).
3473:pp. 8-10. Routledge.
3440:The Eastern Buddhist
3378:Yao, Zhihua (2005).
3365:Yao, Zhihua (2005).
2663:organising principle
2555:improve this section
2324:occurred during the
2184:only believe in the
1294:Acchariyābbhūtasutta
1107:), who have doubts (
1103:who lack knowledge (
131:Tibetan EBTs in the
76:Early Buddhist Texts
6798:Religion portal
6545:Temple of the Tooth
6424:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
5463:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
4956:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
4739:Two truths doctrine
4559:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4359:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3503:"Mahāvastu" (2008).
2814:Schools of Buddhism
2761:(the region around
2713:Chinese translation
2603:Bhiksuni-prakirnaka
2436:Since at least the
2040:Bhaiṣajyaguru Sūtra
2017:, a sutra from the
1894:Tattvasiddhi-Śāstra
1841:Lokānuvartanā sūtra
1812:Śariputraparipṛcchā
1439:Lokānuvartana Sūtra
1251:) and the support (
1073:"Stream enterers" (
1023:enter into a womb (
970:The material body (
812:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
808:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
633:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
168:Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī
6720:Western philosophy
6318:Dzong architecture
6140:Vipassana movement
6135:Buddhist modernism
5563:Emperor Wen of Sui
5331:Pratyekabuddhayāna
5264:Threefold Training
5066:Vipassana movement
4782:Hungry Ghost realm
4602:Avidyā (Ignorance)
4549:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
4298:Great Renunciation
4293:Eight Great Events
4175:
3469:Zhihua Yao (2012)
2520:
2390:Śātavāhana Dynasty
2367:Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra
2348:Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra
2312:
2229:Śatavāhana dynasty
2123:
2092:Bodhisattva Piṭaka
2074:Śāriputrābhidharma
1982:Schøyen Collection
1686:in five parts, an
1676:
1537:Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
1409:
1335:
1278:
1222:) appear together.
1044:The five sensory (
949:are supramundane (
919:
899:
855:Buton Rinchen Drub
786:
599:
591:
220:Kingdom of Magadha
6806:
6805:
6444:Om mani padme hum
6150:Women in Buddhism
6066:Buddhist councils
5936:Western countries
5724:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
5485:Shaolin Monastery
5062:Samatha-vipassanā
4672:Pratītyasamutpāda
4476:Metteyya/Maitreya
4394:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4223:Four Noble Truths
4094:Janice J. Nattier
4048:2007. pp. 194-195
3974:1999. pp. 169-170
3815:2008. pp. 155-156
3789:2011. pp. 114-115
3714:2008. pp. 153-154
3598:2005. pp. 212-213
3581:Baruah, Bibhuti.
3215:Tanaka, Kenneth.
3170:Baruah, Bibhuti.
3116:978-0-691-15786-3
3039:Dudjom Rinpoche.
3023:Baruah, Bibhuti.
2965:Gadkari, Jayant.
2930:. 2000. p. 281-82
2900:Skilton, Andrew.
2884:Skilton, Andrew.
2841:Skilton, Andrew.
2599:Bhiksu-prakirnaka
2591:
2590:
2583:
2432:Views of scholars
2212:Satyasiddhiśāstra
2106:Daśabhūmika Sūtra
1986:Gāndhārī language
1156:) is not mental (
1035:four noble truths
534:Mahāyāna Buddhism
449:
448:
235:Buddhist councils
230:Moggaliputtatissa
16:(Redirected from
6836:
6796:
6795:
6784:
6783:
6623:Sacred languages
6471:Maya Devi Temple
6434:Mahabodhi Temple
6238:Secular Buddhism
6203:Engaged Buddhism
5043:
4891:Tibetan Buddhism
4842:Vietnamese Thiền
4441:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
4392:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4193:
4192:
4180:
4170:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4029:
4023:
4016:
4010:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3991:. Archived from
3981:
3975:
3968:
3962:
3955:
3949:
3944:Walser, Joseph.
3942:
3933:
3926:
3913:
3906:
3900:
3893:
3887:
3884:Indian Buddhism.
3880:
3874:
3869:Williams, Paul.
3867:
3861:
3856:Williams, Paul.
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3838:
3829:
3816:
3809:
3803:
3796:
3790:
3783:
3772:
3767:Walser, Joseph.
3765:
3759:
3752:
3746:
3741:Walser, Joseph.
3739:
3733:
3726:
3715:
3708:
3699:
3692:
3686:
3681:Walser, Joseph.
3679:
3673:
3668:Walser, Joseph.
3666:
3660:
3655:Walser, Joseph.
3653:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3629:
3620:
3617:
3608:
3605:
3599:
3594:Walser, Joseph.
3592:
3586:
3579:
3573:
3568:Walser, Joseph.
3566:
3555:
3552:
3546:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3480:
3474:
3467:
3456:
3455:
3435:
3429:
3422:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3389:
3383:
3376:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3339:Buescher, John.
3337:
3331:
3324:
3315:
3308:
3289:
3284:Williams, Paul.
3282:
3276:
3269:
3258:
3255:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3226:
3220:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3191:
3188:
3175:
3168:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3090:
3084:
3077:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3037:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3014:
2994:
2988:
2981:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2939:Elizabeth Cook.
2937:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2882:
2869:
2859:
2846:
2839:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2786:Mūlasarvāstivāda
2744:Chinese Buddhism
2723:Taishō Tripiṭaka
2586:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2535:
2527:
2506:Vinaya recension
1942:Taisho Tripitaka
1848:Taishō Tripiṭaka
1816:Shelifu Wen Jing
1750:Pratimoksa-sutra
1703:in nine parts" (
1688:Abhidharmapiṭaka
1564:) of luminosity.
1276:, cave number 1.
1162:cittanuparivatti
1117:The tendencies (
827:Tibetan Buddhism
639:over matters of
472:
471:
441:
434:
427:
363:Mulasarvastivada
127:Śālistamba Sūtra
60:
43:
37:
32:
31:
21:
6844:
6843:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6790:
6772:
6724:
6639:
6554:
6291:Ordination hall
6252:
6154:
6125:Buddhist crisis
6037:
5734:
5686:Mahayana sutras
5662:
5658:Thích Nhất Hạnh
5489:
5362:
5302:
5252:Bodhisattva vow
4937:
4803:
4743:
4702:Taṇhā (Craving)
4637:Five hindrances
4588:
4480:
4410:
4264:
4209:
4181:
4164:
4119:
4057:
4052:
4043:
4039:
4030:
4026:
4017:
4013:
4004:
4000:
3985:Sujato, Bhikkhu
3982:
3978:
3970:Ray, Reginald.
3969:
3965:
3957:Ray, Reginald.
3956:
3952:
3943:
3936:
3928:Ray, Reginald.
3927:
3916:
3907:
3903:
3897:Indian Buddhism
3894:
3890:
3881:
3877:
3873:2004. pp. 181-2
3868:
3864:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3836:
3830:
3819:
3810:
3806:
3797:
3793:
3785:Osto, Douglas.
3784:
3775:
3771:2005. pp. 51-52
3766:
3762:
3753:
3749:
3740:
3736:
3730:Indian Buddhism
3727:
3718:
3709:
3702:
3693:
3689:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3593:
3589:
3580:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3497:
3481:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3436:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3405:
3401:
3390:
3386:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3360:
3356:1998. pp. 62-63
3351:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3330:2004. pp. 65-66
3325:
3318:
3309:
3292:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3245:2008. pp. 59-60
3240:
3236:
3227:
3223:
3214:
3210:
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3149:
3142:
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3091:
3087:
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3071:
3066:MET museum page
3064:
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3051:
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3018:
3012:
2995:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2934:
2928:Indian Buddhism
2925:
2921:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2872:
2860:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2824:Nikaya Buddhism
2806:Religion portal
2804:
2797:
2794:
2740:
2715:
2693:
2676:Bhiksuni-Vinaya
2643:Samyutta-Nikaya
2587:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2552:
2536:
2525:
2508:
2434:
2381:, and Kashmir.
2326:Īkṣvāku Dynasty
2316:Tathāgatagarbha
2296:
2260:
2248:Étienne Lamotte
2243:of the Buddha.
2225:Mahāmegha Sūtra
2221:
2219:Royal patronage
2144:Mahāyāna sūtras
2128:
2115:
2084:
2055:Pravāraṇa Sūtra
1978:Mahayana sutras
1950:
1856:
1828:
1742:
1680:Mohe sengzhi lu
1661:
1620:
1594:āgantukopakleśa
1588:) is luminous (
1523:
1492:
1467:) of salvation.
1405:James Fergusson
1262:
1181:cittavippayutta
1175:), not-caused (
1062:samyaktvaniyama
1007:ekaksanikacitta
924:
887:
851:
778:
773:
738:Prajñaptivādins
665:
611:Sthavira nikāya
583:
571:prajñapti-matra
503:Sthavira nikaya
445:
416:
415:
414:
413:
251:
241:
240:
239:
214:
204:
203:
202:
147:
139:
138:
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70:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6842:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6824:Nikaya schools
6821:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6788:
6777:
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6765:
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6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6355:Greco-Buddhist
6347:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6306:Burmese pagoda
6298:
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6262:
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6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6088:Greco-Buddhism
6085:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6021:United Kingdom
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5966:Czech Republic
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5916:
5915:
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5904:
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5867:
5862:
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5805:
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5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5730:Abhidharmadīpa
5727:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5648:B. R. Ambedkar
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5568:Songtsen Gampo
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
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5470:
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5398:
5393:
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5360:
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5328:
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5318:
5312:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5247:Eight precepts
5244:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5195:
5190:
5185:
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5173:
5163:
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5143:
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5136:
5126:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5035:
5025:
5020:
5018:Five Strengths
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4958:
4953:
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4876:
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4729:
4724:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4657:Mental factors
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4509:Mahamoggallāna
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4424:Avalokiteśvara
4420:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4388:
4380:
4372:
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4335:
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4305:
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4280:
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4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
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4202:
4197:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4127:
4118:
4117:External links
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4090:
4087:
4084:Bhikkhu Sujato
4080:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4037:
4024:
4011:
3998:
3995:on 2013-12-16.
3976:
3963:
3950:
3934:
3914:
3901:
3899:. 2000. p. 313
3888:
3875:
3862:
3849:
3846:on 2013-06-14.
3817:
3804:
3791:
3773:
3760:
3747:
3734:
3732:. 2000. p. 267
3716:
3700:
3687:
3674:
3661:
3645:
3621:
3609:
3600:
3587:
3574:
3556:
3547:
3538:(4), 607-634.
3524:
3515:
3506:
3495:
3475:
3457:
3446:(1/2): 37–38.
3430:
3412:
3399:
3384:
3371:
3358:
3345:
3332:
3316:
3290:
3277:
3259:
3247:
3234:
3221:
3208:
3192:
3176:
3158:
3140:
3134:Andre Bareau,
3127:
3115:
3085:
3069:
3058:
3045:
3029:
3016:
3010:
2998:Sujato, Bhante
2989:
2971:
2958:
2945:
2932:
2919:
2913:Potter, Karl.
2906:
2890:
2870:
2847:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2793:
2790:
2739:
2736:
2719:Mohesengzhi Lü
2714:
2711:
2692:
2689:
2651:Bhikkhu Sujato
2647:Samyukta-agama
2589:
2588:
2539:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2523:Early features
2521:
2507:
2504:
2433:
2430:
2295:
2292:
2264:Prajñāpāramitā
2259:
2258:Prajñāpāramitā
2256:
2220:
2217:
2182:Lesser Vehicle
2169:Ekavyāvahārika
2127:
2124:
2114:
2111:
2101:Prajñāparamitā
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2010:
1949:
1946:
1855:
1852:
1833:Ekottara Āgama
1827:
1824:
1806:Mahakhandhaka.
1741:
1738:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1619:
1616:
1522:
1519:
1491:
1488:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1384:Gautama Buddha
1319:Simpsapa sutta
1298:Majjhimanikāya
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1237:
1234:
1223:
1210:
1197:pavattiviññāna
1193:
1184:
1165:
1150:
1141:
1138:
1127:mental factors
1115:
1112:
1093:
1084:
1071:
1058:
1055:
1042:
1031:
1028:
1017:
1014:
1003:
996:
993:
990:
983:
968:
965:
958:
923:
920:
886:
883:
867:Sthaviravādins
865:Sanskrit, the
863:Sarvāstivādins
850:
847:
841:), two of the
777:
774:
772:
769:
746:Nāgārjunakoṇḍā
742:Krishna Valley
731:Nāgārjunakoṇḍā
723:Coastal Andhra
712:Ekavyāvahārika
664:
661:
582:
579:
447:
446:
444:
443:
436:
429:
421:
418:
417:
412:
411:
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409:
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407:
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389:
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365:
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317:
304:
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268:Ekavyāvahārika
254:
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210:
209:
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185:
180:
175:
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165:
163:Mahāmoggallāna
160:
155:
153:Gautama Buddha
149:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
136:
135:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
97:Gandhāran EBTs
94:
89:
84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
45:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6841:
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6827:
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6822:
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6817:
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6789:
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6614:
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6609:
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6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
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6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6560:Miscellaneous
6557:
6551:
6550:Vegetarianism
6548:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
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6516:
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6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
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6427:
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6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6372:Buddha in art
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
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6287:
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6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
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6269:
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6264:
6263:
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6259:
6255:
6249:
6246:
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6138:
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6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
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6111:
6108:
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6103:
6101:
6098:
6094:
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6090:
6089:
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6084:
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6077:
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6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
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6046:
6044:
6040:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6026:United States
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
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5982:
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5954:
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5829:
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5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5583:Padmasambhava
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5495:Major figures
5492:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5441:Western tulku
5439:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:Five precepts
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5220:Dhamma vicaya
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:Buddhābhiṣeka
4986:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:Enlightenment
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:Dhamma theory
4620:
4618:
4617:Buddha-nature
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:Samantabhadra
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4047:
4041:
4034:
4028:
4022:1885. p. lxxi
4021:
4015:
4008:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3911:
3905:
3898:
3895:Warder, A.K.
3892:
3885:
3882:Warder, A.K.
3879:
3872:
3866:
3859:
3853:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3814:
3808:
3801:
3795:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3770:
3764:
3757:
3751:
3744:
3738:
3731:
3728:Warder, A.K.
3725:
3723:
3721:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3684:
3678:
3671:
3665:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3604:
3597:
3591:
3584:
3578:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3355:
3349:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3254:
3252:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3225:
3218:
3212:
3205:
3202:Yao, Zhihua.
3199:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3131:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3052:Yao, Zhihua.
3049:
3043:. 1999. p. 16
3042:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3020:
3013:
3011:9781921842085
3007:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2986:
2983:Hino, Shoun.
2980:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2936:
2929:
2926:Warder, A.K.
2923:
2916:
2910:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:Dharmaguptaka
2745:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2695:According to
2688:
2685:
2681:
2680:Bhiksu-Vinaya
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:Pratisamyukta
2628:
2627:pratisamyukta
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2585:
2582:
2574:
2571:November 2018
2564:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2540:This section
2538:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2512:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2447:According to
2445:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2398:Kuṣāṇa Empire
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:Vindhya Range
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2215:
2213:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:sect and the
2166:
2165:Lokottaravāda
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:Diamond Sutra
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:''lokottara''
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:Vinaya Pitaka
1779:
1778:Lokottaravāda
1775:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:Space (ākāśā)
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:cittasvabhāva
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:cittasvabhāva
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:Sarvāstivādin
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:), there are
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
988:
984:
981:
977:
973:
969:
966:
963:
959:
956:
953:), devoid of
952:
948:
944:
943:
942:
939:
937:
933:
929:
916:
912:
908:
903:
896:
891:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
846:
845:in Buddhism.
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
791:
782:
768:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
708:Lokottaravāda
705:
704:Lokottaravāda
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
660:
656:
654:
648:
644:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
621:
619:
616:According to
614:
612:
608:
604:
595:
587:
578:
576:
572:
568:
567:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:lokottaravada
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:monastic rule
523:
518:
516:
515:ancient India
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
466:
462:
458:
454:
442:
437:
435:
430:
428:
423:
422:
420:
419:
401:
400:Dharmaguptaka
397:
396:
394:
390:
387:
383:
381:
378:
377:
376:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
351:
350:Dharmaguptaka
347:
346:
344:
340:
337:
333:
330:
329:
328:
325:
321:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
300:
298:
295:
291:
290:Prajñaptivāda
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
278:
274:
273:Lokottaravāda
271:
270:
269:
266:
265:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
255:
250:
245:
244:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
213:
208:
207:
199:
198:Anāthapiṇḍika
196:
194:
191:
189:
188:Mahākātyāyana
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
143:
142:
134:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
69:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
40:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18:Mahasanghikas
6819:Mahāsāṃghika
6738:Bodhisattvas
6658:Christianity
6653:Baháʼí Faith
6518:Dharmachakra
6508:Prayer wheel
6498:Prayer beads
6266:Architecture
6145:969 Movement
5929:Saudi Arabia
5907:Central Asia
5900:South Africa
5722:
5705:
5638:Panchen Lama
5543:Buddhapālita
5139:Satipatthana
5134:Mindful Yoga
5047:Recollection
4961:Brahmavihara
4832:Japanese Zen
4827:Chinese Chan
4787:Animal realm
4594:Key concepts
4416:Bodhisattvas
4228:Three Jewels
4076:
4055:Bibliography
4045:
4040:
4035:2010. p. 187
4032:
4027:
4019:
4014:
4006:
4001:
3993:the original
3979:
3971:
3966:
3961:1999. p. 168
3958:
3953:
3945:
3932:1999. p. 426
3929:
3909:
3904:
3896:
3891:
3883:
3878:
3870:
3865:
3860:2004. p. 380
3857:
3852:
3841:the original
3812:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3786:
3768:
3763:
3755:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3711:
3698:2008. p. 68.
3695:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3664:
3656:
3636:. Retrieved
3603:
3595:
3590:
3585:2008. p. 437
3582:
3577:
3572:2005. p. 213
3569:
3550:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3498:
3478:
3470:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3425:
3407:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3326:Guang Xing.
3311:
3310:Guang Xing.
3288:2004. p. 182
3285:
3280:
3272:
3271:Guang Xing.
3242:
3237:
3229:
3228:Guang Xing.
3224:
3216:
3211:
3203:
3171:
3151:
3135:
3130:
3120:, retrieved
3098:
3088:
3080:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3024:
3019:
3001:
2992:
2984:
2969:1996. p. 198
2966:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2922:
2914:
2909:
2901:
2885:
2862:
2842:
2837:
2776:
2756:
2752:Sarvāstivāda
2741:
2731:Buddhabhadra
2718:
2716:
2704:
2697:Reginald Ray
2694:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2635:Patisamyutta
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2577:
2568:
2553:Please help
2541:
2516:Ellora Caves
2492:
2475:André Bareau
2473:
2446:
2438:Meiji period
2435:
2427:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2385:
2383:
2366:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2337:
2333:
2319:
2313:
2288:Edward Conze
2283:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2245:
2240:
2237:Dhānyakaṭaka
2224:
2222:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2195:
2178:
2173:buddhavacana
2172:
2160:buddhavacana
2158:
2152:
2129:
2104:
2100:
2088:Bahuśrutīyas
2085:
2077:(MS 2375/08)
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2021:(MS 2179/44)
2012:
2003:
1998:
1994:Gupta script
1951:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1911:Bahusrutiyas
1902:
1893:
1890:
1881:Dhānyakaṭaka
1870:
1863:
1857:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:bodhisattvas
1771:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1740:Vinaya texts
1734:
1729:Kṣudrakāgama
1728:
1725:Ekottarāgama
1724:
1721:Saṃyuktāgama
1720:
1717:Madhyamāgama
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1679:
1677:
1621:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1574:mulavisuddha
1573:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1528:svasaṃvedana
1526:
1524:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1410:
1387:
1377:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1318:
1311:
1302:Madhyamāgama
1293:
1286:bodhisattvas
1279:
1274:Ajaṇṭā Caves
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1213:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:Tendencies (
1161:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1024:
1021:Bodhisattvas
1006:
979:
975:
971:
950:
940:
931:
927:
925:
911:Ajaṇṭā Caves
907:bodhisattvas
852:
838:
834:
831:endless knot
824:
821:
817:
811:
807:
803:
797:
787:
761:Ellora Caves
757:Ajaṇṭā Caves
754:
750:Jaggayyapeṭa
735:
716:
701:
666:
657:
649:
645:
632:
630:
622:
615:
609:between the
600:
570:
566:svasamvedana
565:
560:
550:bodhisattvas
519:
478:
473:;
453:Mahāsāṃghika
452:
450:
375:Vibhajyavāda
327:Sarvāstivāda
316:Vātsīputrīya
263:Mahāsāṃghika
262:
146:Early sangha
29:
6583:Dharma talk
6412:Asalha Puja
6208:Eschatology
6011:Switzerland
5991:New Zealand
5919:Middle East
5828:Philippines
5748:Afghanistan
5553:Bodhidharma
5538:Buddhaghosa
5458:Householder
5368:Monasticism
5321:Bodhisattva
5176:Prostration
5129:Mindfulness
5057:Anapanasati
5040:Kammaṭṭhāna
4837:Korean Seon
4777:Asura realm
4772:Human realm
4712:Ten Fetters
4667:Parinirvana
4569:Uppalavanna
4534:Mahākaccana
4519:Mahākassapa
4451:Kṣitigarbha
4446:Ākāśagarbha
4343:Suddhodāna
4288:Four sights
4215:Foundations
3948:2005. p. 40
3886:2000. p. 11
3758:2008. p. 61
3745:2005. p. 52
3685:2005. p. 51
3672:2005. p. 50
3659:2005. p. 53
3343:2005. p. 46
3314:2004. p. 66
3275:2004. p. 65
3232:2004. p. 53
3206:2005. p. 11
3174:2008. p. 48
3095:"Vasumitra"
3083:2008. p. 56
3027:2008. p. 47
2987:2004. p. 55
2917:2002. p. 23
2904:2004. p. 64
2888:2004. p. 48
2845:2004. p. 47
2671:pratimoksha
2469:Bhavaviveka
2461:Candrakīrti
2449:A.K. Warder
2371:South India
2304:Karla Caves
2272:Kṛṣṇa River
2241:parinirvāṇa
2233:Kṛṣṇa River
2199:parinirvāṇa
2138:in central
2025:Caṃgī Sūtra
1966:Afghanistan
1915:Sautrantika
1903:Chengshilun
1692:Sutrapiṭaka
1673:Maharashtra
1669:Karla Caves
1611:Kathāvatthu
1590:prabhāsvara
1407:(1808–1886)
1389:nirmāṇakāya
1189:mūlavijñāna
1146:antarabhava
765:Karla Caves
693:Bahuśrutīya
689:Pāṭaliputra
637:Pāṭaliputra
618:Jan Nattier
479:Dà zhòng bù
358:Sautrāntika
331:(Haimavata)
312:Pudgalavada
301:(Haimavata)
285:Bahuśrutīya
173:Mahakasyapa
6813:Categories
6700:Psychology
6680:Gnosticism
6668:Comparison
6663:Influences
6645:Comparison
6528:Bhavacakra
6486:Kushinagar
6461:Pilgrimage
6407:Māgha Pūjā
6362:Bodhi Tree
6178:Buddhology
6168:Abhidharma
6160:Philosophy
6093:Menander I
5961:Costa Rica
5912:Uzbekistan
5753:Bangladesh
5707:Dhammapada
5691:Pali Canon
5653:Ajahn Chah
5633:Dalai Lama
5533:Kumārajīva
5528:Vasubandhu
5503:The Buddha
5411:Zen master
5346:Sakadagami
5326:Buddhahood
5257:Pratimokṣa
5072:Shikantaza
5028:Meditation
5003:Deity yoga
4874:Madhyamaka
4767:Deva realm
4662:Mindstream
4612:Bodhicitta
4524:Aṅgulimāla
4391:Devadatta
4367:Yaśodharā
4270:The Buddha
4260:Middle Way
4077:collection
4009:2012. p. 7
3912:2008. p. 1
3802:2010. p. 3
3482:Zhan Ru .
3369:pp. 10-11.
3219:1990. p. 8
3122:2024-01-12
3056:2012. p. 9
2830:References
2623:Prakirnaka
2615:Skandhakas
2611:Khandhakas
2355:, and the
2308:Mahārāṣtra
2132:Paramārtha
2005:Prātimokṣa
1907:Abhidharma
1860:abhidharma
1796:and other
1713:Dīrghāgama
1500:paramārtha
1464:praṇidhāna
1394:Dharmakāya
1331:Mahārāṣtra
1305:calls him
1212:The path (
1135:analambana
1076:srotapanna
1039:ekaksanika
989:) in them.
915:Mahārāṣtra
909:. Cave 4,
879:Apabhraṃśa
776:Appearance
763:, and the
681:Kukkuṭikas
575:nominalism
573:(absolute
393:Mahīśāsaka
368:Vaibhāṣika
343:Mahīśāsaka
107:Abhidharma
102:Prātimokṣa
68:Scriptures
6768:Festivals
6748:Buddhists
6710:Theosophy
6513:Symbolism
6503:Hama yumi
6476:Bodh Gaya
6243:Socialism
6218:Evolution
6193:Economics
6031:Venezuela
5946:Australia
5941:Argentina
5865:Sri Lanka
5860:Singapore
5778:Indonesia
5740:Countries
5681:Tripiṭaka
5643:Ajahn Mun
5518:Nagarjuna
5513:Aśvaghoṣa
5396:Anagārika
5391:Śrāmaṇerī
5386:Śrāmaṇera
5381:Bhikkhunī
5341:Sotāpanna
5230:Passaddhi
5171:Offerings
5146:Nekkhamma
5023:Iddhipada
4943:Practices
4913:Theravada
4886:Vajrayana
4879:Yogachara
4849:Pure Land
4762:Six Paths
4749:Cosmology
4529:Anuruddha
4504:Sāriputta
4494:Kaundinya
4486:Disciples
4461:Vajrapāṇi
4313:Footprint
4278:Tathāgata
2759:Guanzhong
2706:Mahāvastu
2701:Devadatta
2542:does not
2453:Nāgārjuna
2186:Tripitaka
2155:Kukkuṭika
1990:Kharoṣṭhī
1958:monastery
1905:), is an
1865:Dīpavaṃsa
1818:, 舍利弗問經,
1773:Mahāvastu
1758:Mahavastu
1355:lokottara
1270:Padmapani
1239:Thought (
1225:The act (
1158:acetasika
1081:anantarya
1067:samyojana
1019:When the
951:lokottara
875:Saṃmitīya
794:An Shigao
727:Amarāvati
663:Geography
653:Theravāda
626:arhatship
511:Kalashoka
485:) of the
386:Kāśyapīya
380:Theravāda
336:Kāśyapīya
320:Saṃmitīya
307:Sthaviras
193:Devadatta
158:Sāriputta
122:Mahāvastu
82:Tripiṭaka
6786:Category
6715:Violence
6685:Hinduism
6633:Sanskrit
6588:Hinayana
6573:Amitābha
6533:Swastika
6402:Uposatha
6392:Holidays
6377:Calendar
6223:Humanism
6061:Kanishka
6051:Timeline
5875:Thailand
5843:Kalmykia
5838:Buryatia
5823:Pakistan
5808:Mongolia
5803:Maldives
5798:Malaysia
5763:Cambodia
5628:Shamarpa
5623:Nichiren
5573:Xuanzang
5508:Nagasena
5426:Rinpoche
5156:Pāramitā
4998:Devotion
4918:Navayana
4906:Dzogchen
4869:Nichiren
4817:Mahayana
4809:Branches
4687:Saṅkhāra
4436:Mañjuśrī
4393:(cousin)
4385:(cousin)
4353:(mother)
4345:(father)
4333:Miracles
4283:Birthday
4200:Glossary
4173:Buddhism
3452:26289538
3000:(2012),
2792:See also
2782:Ralpacan
2763:Chang'an
2721:(摩訶僧祗律;
2659:Samyukta
2655:Samyutta
2639:samyukta
2605:and the
2495:Xuanzang
2465:Āryadeva
2310:, India.
2148:Rājagṛha
2103:and the
2096:Hīnayāna
2007:Vibhaṅga
1954:Xuanzang
1879:visited
1877:Xuanzang
1756:and the
1701:sūtrānta
1690:, and a
1562:svabhāva
1554:svabhāva
1363:prabhāva
1307:Bhagavan
1173:abyakata
1152:Virtue (
1089:nītārtha
976:prabhava
972:rupakaya
936:Xuanzang
917:, India.
873:and the
849:Language
835:śrīvatsa
790:Parthian
691:and the
685:Vārāṇasī
655:school.
530:scholars
280:Gokulika
117:Avadanas
50:Buddhism
39:a series
6763:Temples
6743:Buddhas
6705:Science
6695:Judaism
6690:Jainism
6608:Lineage
6568:Abhijñā
6538:Thangka
6481:Sarnath
6466:Lumbini
6387:Funeral
6382:Cuisine
6258:Culture
6233:Reality
6183:Creator
6173:Atomism
6043:History
6016:Ukraine
5976:Germany
5895:Senegal
5885:Vietnam
5813:Myanmar
5613:Shinran
5603:Karmapa
5578:Shandao
5548:Dignāga
5473:Śrāvaka
5453:Donchee
5448:Kappiya
5406:Sayadaw
5376:Bhikkhu
5351:Anāgāmi
5308:Nirvana
5274:Samadhi
5161:Paritta
5102:Tonglen
5097:Mandala
5052:Smarana
5033:Mantras
4981:Upekkha
4951:Bhavana
4901:Shingon
4854:Tiantai
4707:Tathātā
4697:Śūnyatā
4692:Skandha
4682:Saṃsāra
4677:Rebirth
4652:Kleshas
4642:Indriya
4544:Subhūti
4429:Guanyin
4383:Ānanda
4375:Rāhula
4255:Nirvana
4195:Outline
3638:23 June
2563:removed
2548:sources
2488:Koñkana
2457:Dignaga
2424:region.
2379:Bharuch
2363:Kashmir
2334:Śrīmālā
2330:Caitika
2280:Prakrit
1901:: 成實論,
1885:bhikṣus
1790:Avadāna
1705:navāṅga
1624:dharmas
1513:śūnyatā
1496:saṃvṛti
1450:durgati
1368:samādhi
1347:dharmas
1296:of the
1282:buddhas
1201:sahabhu
1177:ahetuka
1169:anusaya
1119:anusaya
1109:kariksa
1052:vijñana
1047:indriya
1011:dharmas
1000:samadhi
987:sraddha
955:asravas
947:Buddhas
871:Paiśācī
859:Prākrit
814:reads:
719:Caitika
673:Mathura
669:Magadha
581:History
546:Buddhas
497:of the
465:Chinese
297:Caitika
133:Kangyur
112:Jatakas
87:Nikayas
36:Part of
6758:Sutras
6753:Suttas
6618:Siddhi
6603:Koliya
6578:Brahmā
6493:Poetry
6439:Mantra
6429:Kasaya
6301:Pagoda
6281:Kyaung
6276:Vihāra
6271:Temple
6213:Ethics
6056:Ashoka
6006:Sweden
6001:Poland
5996:Norway
5986:Mexico
5971:France
5956:Canada
5951:Brazil
5890:Africa
5870:Taiwan
5833:Russia
5758:Bhutan
5718:Vinaya
5598:Naropa
5588:Saraha
5523:Asanga
5279:Prajñā
5188:Refuge
5151:Nianfo
5112:Tertön
5107:Tantra
5092:Ganana
5082:Tukdam
5008:Dhyāna
4976:Mudita
4971:Karuṇā
4864:Risshū
4859:Huayan
4792:Naraka
4732:Anattā
4727:Dukkha
4722:Anicca
4627:Dharma
4579:Channa
4514:Ānanda
4499:Assaji
4466:Skanda
4369:(wife)
4338:Family
4318:Relics
4243:Sangha
4238:Dharma
4233:Buddha
4005:Rulu.
3450:
3382:p. 15.
3113:
3008:
2767:Yangzi
2738:Legacy
2727:Faxian
2619:matika
2499:Yijing
2484:Kosala
2480:Odisha
2467:, and
2421:Deccan
2373:, the
2190:Agamas
2136:Ujjain
2019:Āgamas
1962:Bamyan
1873:Faxian
1826:Sutras
1820:Taisho
1794:Buddha
1786:Jātaka
1765:Faxian
1684:Vinaya
1606:kleśa)
1550:caitta
1509:dharma
1290:arhats
1253:asraya
1249:visaya
1231:vipaka
1227:karman
1131:caitta
1125:) nor
1105:ajñana
1101:Arhats
1025:garbha
980:ananta
962:Dharma
861:, the
839:śaṅkha
833:(Skt.
799:kāṣāya
759:, the
697:Kośala
679:. The
641:vinaya
607:Sangha
538:Buddha
522:Vinaya
495:schism
483:nikāya
475:pinyin
461:Sangha
457:Brahmi
225:Ashoka
178:Ānanda
92:Āgamas
48:Early
6730:Lists
6598:Kalpa
6593:Iddhi
6456:Music
6451:Mudra
6417:Vassa
6397:Vesak
6367:Budai
6313:Candi
6296:Stupa
6228:Logic
5981:Italy
5880:Tibet
5818:Nepal
5788:Korea
5783:Japan
5773:India
5768:China
5713:Sutra
5668:Texts
5618:Dōgen
5608:Hōnen
5593:Atiśa
5558:Zhiyi
5468:Achar
5436:Tulku
5431:Geshe
5416:Rōshi
5401:Ajahn
5356:Arhat
5316:Bodhi
5286:Vīrya
5203:Sacca
5198:Satya
5193:Sādhu
5181:Music
5124:Merit
5117:Terma
5077:Zazen
5013:Faith
4966:Mettā
4647:Karma
4607:Bardo
4574:Asita
4564:Khema
4554:Upāli
4539:Nanda
4377:(son)
4351:Māyā
4328:Films
4205:Index
3844:(PDF)
3837:(PDF)
3448:JSTOR
2778:Atiśa
2442:Japan
2394:Stūpa
2235:, in
2140:India
1727:and *
1709:āgama
1659:Texts
1602:Kuiji
1558:jñāna
1546:citta
1446:karma
1379:upāya
1241:citta
1219:kleśa
1214:marga
1123:citta
1097:sabba
877:used
869:used
792:monk
677:Karli
491:India
183:Upāli
78:(EBT)
6628:Pāḷi
6613:Māra
6523:Flag
5924:Iran
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