208:
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53:
316:. This protein-mucopolysaccharide complex binds water, producing non-pitting boggy edema, in particular around eyes, hands, feet and in the supraclavicular fossae. Myxoedema is responsible for the thickening of the tongue and the laryngeal and pharyngeal mucous membranes, which results in thick slurred speech and hoarseness, both of which are seen commonly in hypothyroidism.
340:
stimulation. In Graves' thyroid disease, lymphocytes react against the TSH receptor by inappropriately producing thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (IgG; type II hypersensitivity). Lymphocytes react not only against thyroid receptors, but also any tissue with cells expressing the receptor. This can
756:
Vanderpas, Jean B.; Rivera-Vanderpas, Maria T.; Bourdoux, Pierre; Luvivila, Kapata; Lagasse, Raphael; Perlmutter-Cremer, Noémi; Delange, François; Lanoie, Leo; Ermans, André M. (1986-09-25). "Reversibility of Severe
Hypothyroidism with Supplementary Iodine in Patients with Endemic Cretinism".
350:
It is often possible to diagnose myxedema on clinical grounds alone. Characteristic symptoms are weakness, cold intolerance, mental and physical slowness, dry skin, typical facies, and hoarse voice. Results of the total serum thyroxine and free thyroxine index tests usually will confirm the
377:. In an important study the researchers showed that in the myxedematous type of cretinism treatment with iodine normalizes thyroid function provided that the treatment is begun early in the postnatal period. If not, the prognosis remains dismal.
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diagnosed a 46-year-old woman with the disease. He prescribed an extract from sheep thyroid. The patient improved significantly within a few weeks and lived another 28 years while taking the sheep thyroid extract.
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Myxedema coma is rare but often fatal. It occurs most often in elderly women and may be mistaken for one of the chronic debilitating diseases common to this age group.
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Severe cases, requiring hospitalization can exhibit signs of hypothermia, hypoglycemia, hypotension, respiratory depression, and coma.
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and fluid retention. It is thought that many cells responsible for forming connective tissue react to increases in TSH levels.
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components. The connective fibres are separated by an increased amount of protein and mucopolysaccharides. These can include
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525:
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19:
This article is about skin changes that occur in hypothyroidism. The word myxedema was historically used to refer
508:
Schneider, Arthur S.; Kim, Philip A. Szanto; with special contributions by Sandra I.; Swanson, Todd A. (2009).
184:
Man with myxedema or severe hypothyroidism showing an expressionless face, puffiness around the eyes and pallor
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Though the exact cause of myxedema is still unclear, a wealth of research has demonstrated the importance of
268:, associated with pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos. Pretibial myxedema can occur in 1–4% of patients with
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The increased deposition of glycosaminoglycan is not fully understood, however, two mechanisms predominate:
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via a nasogastric tube. It is essential to identify and treat the condition precipitating the coma.
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Primary treatment is prompted by the administration of adequate doses of either the thyroid hormone
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lead to tissue damage and scar tissue formation, explaining the deposition of glycosaminoglycans.
516:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.
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253:. One of the hallmarks of Grave's disease is pretibial myxedema, myxedema of the lower limb.
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330:(TSH) receptor increases the deposition of glycosaminoglycan, which results in an osmotic
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McConahey, W. M. (March 1978). "Diagnosing and treating myxedema and myxedema coma".
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of the affected area. One manifestation of myxedema occurring in the lower limb is
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Additional findings include swelling of the arms and legs and significant
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stimulation. It is thought that fibroblast stimulation by the
1042:
707:"Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Substitution: Historical Aspects"
616:
469:
Berger, William D. James, Dirk M. Elston, Timothy G. (2011).
331:
297:
160:
154:
122:
52:
409:"Clinical Manifestations of Severe Untreated Hypothyroidism"
407:
Bhutada, Abhishek S.; Kodankandath, Thomas V. (July 2022).
471:
Andrews' Diseases of the skin : clinical dermatology
113:. In this latter sense, myxedema refers to deposition of
700:
698:
385:
Myxedema was first treated successfully in 1891 when
831:
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Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism
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105:change that can occur in hypothyroidism and (rare)
23:in general. For the related medical emergency, see
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662:
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598:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2014-05-05
245:Myxedema is known to occur in various forms of
101:. However, the term is also used to describe a
655:
256:Myxedema is more common in women than in men.
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493:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
159:, meaning "mucus" or "slimy substance", and
215:Myxedema's characteristic physical sign is
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954:
226:Myxedema can also occur in the lower leg (
97:) is a term used synonymously with severe
1106:Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia
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464:
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249:, as well as hyperthyroidism, including
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473:(11th ed.). : Saunders/ Elsevier.
1327:Endocrine-related cutaneous conditions
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468:
289:Myxedema describes a specific form of
949:
459:
300:secondary to increased deposition of
211:Woman with myxedema, Bulgaria, 1930s.
168:
1152:Abadie's sign of exophthalmic goiter
642:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
571:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
280:, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
975:
705:Lindholm, J.; Laurberg, P. (2011).
13:
284:
153:The word myxedema originates from
14:
1343:
1128:Amiodarone induced thyrotoxicosis
827:
363:given intravenously or by giving
141:and other long-standing forms of
312:, chondroitin sulfate and other
189:
177:
51:
801:"Eating Organs to Cure Disease"
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759:New England Journal of Medicine
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272:, a cause of hyperthyroidism.
137:. Myxedema can also occur in
345:
148:
92:
7:
771:10.1056/NEJM198609253151302
711:Journal of Thyroid Research
328:thyroid stimulating hormone
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1101:Thyroid hormone resistance
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161:
155:
18:
1292:Toxic multinodular goiter
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1206:
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1086:
1050:Thyroid dyshormonogenesis
1025:Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome
1003:Congenital hypothyroidism
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240:
70:
59:
50:
40:
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133:, an autoimmune form of
1118:Thyrotoxicosis factitia
1020:Euthyroid sick syndrome
596:Genetics Home Reference
259:Myxedema can occur in:
230:) and behind the eyes (
1194:Graves' ophthalmopathy
387:George Redmayne Murray
212:
16:Extreme hypothyroidism
1132:Hyperthyroid myopathy
1059:Hypothyroid myopathy
210:
139:Hashimoto thyroiditis
1287:Toxic nodular goiter
1231:Subacute lymphocytic
542:"Pretibial Myxedema"
426:10.7759/cureus.26595
1148:Signs and symptoms
1029:Signs and symptoms
811:on 6 September 2017
724:10.4061/2011/809341
314:mucopolysaccharides
121:, which results in
115:mucopolysaccharides
1187:Pretibial myxedema
906:External resources
306:glycosaminoglycans
228:pretibial myxedema
213:
169:Signs and symptoms
127:pretibial myxedema
65:mucopolysaccharide
63:, an example of a
1314:
1313:
1202:
1201:
1096:Hyperthyroxinemia
1068:Hoffmann syndrome
1055:Pickardt syndrome
1033:Queen Anne's sign
993:Iodine deficiency
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942:
480:978-1-4377-0314-6
302:connective tissue
219:, in contrast to
217:non-pitting edema
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30:Medical condition
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1216:Acute infectious
1162:Dalrymple's sign
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807:. Archived from
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567:"Hypothyroidism"
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544:. Archived from
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165:for "swelling".
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1177:Griffith's sign
1167:Stellwag's sign
1141:Graves' disease
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1088:Hyperthyroidism
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977:Thyroid disease
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765:(13): 791–795.
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310:hyaluronic acid
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285:Pathophysiology
270:Graves' disease
265:Hyperthyroidism
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135:hyperthyroidism
111:hyperthyroidism
89:British English
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1304:Colloid nodule
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1282:Endemic goitre
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1123:Thyroid storm
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638:"Lymphocytes"
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618:
617:"Fibroblasts"
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548:on 2016-03-04
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25:myxedema coma
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1038:Woltman sign
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813:. Retrieved
809:the original
804:
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710:
675:(3): 61–66.
672:
668:
645:. Retrieved
641:
632:
620:. Retrieved
611:
600:. Retrieved
595:
592:"Fibroblast"
586:
574:. Retrieved
570:
561:
550:. Retrieved
546:the original
536:
511:
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384:
372:
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365:liothyronine
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232:exophthalmos
225:
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152:
93:
84:
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44:
1270:Enlargement
1249:Hashimoto's
1208:Thyroiditis
1182:Möbius sign
915:MedlinePlus
805:Tacomed.com
361:L-thyroxine
351:diagnosis.
107:paradoxical
41:Other names
1321:Categories
1254:Postpartum
1243:Autoimmune
891:DiseasesDB
717:: 809341.
669:Geriatrics
602:2014-05-10
552:2009-03-27
394:References
355:Management
338:Lymphocyte
324:Fibroblast
308:, such as
61:Hyaluronan
1245:/chronic
1236:Palpation
998:Cretinism
926:eMedicine
779:0028-4793
681:0016-867X
622:16 August
512:Pathology
489:cite book
435:2168-8184
346:Diagnosis
291:cutaneous
149:Etymology
109:cases of
94:myxoedema
72:Specialty
45:Myxoedema
1259:Riedel's
1221:Subacute
1043:Myoedema
1010:Myxedema
934:derm/347
931:med/1581
743:21760981
453:35936163
123:swelling
85:Myxedema
36:Myxedema
1172:lid lag
885:D009230
815:15 June
787:3018564
734:3134382
647:27 July
576:27 July
444:9354917
381:History
198:ascites
117:in the
1277:Goitre
920:000353
785:
777:
741:
731:
689:624451
687:
679:
524:
477:
451:
441:
433:
413:Cureus
375:iodine
295:dermal
241:Causes
162:οἴδημα
119:dermis
874:244.9
859:E03.9
332:edema
298:edema
1073:LEMS
1063:KDSS
896:6558
880:MeSH
869:9-CM
817:2017
783:PMID
775:ISSN
739:PMID
715:2011
685:PMID
677:ISSN
649:2021
624:2018
578:2021
522:ISBN
495:link
475:ISBN
449:PMID
431:ISSN
293:and
156:ÎĽĎŤÎľáľ°
865:ICD
850:ICD
767:doi
763:315
729:PMC
719:doi
518:314
439:PMC
421:doi
234:).
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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