113:
Mycorrhizae remain functional underground following extreme conditions, such as a forest fire. Researchers believe that this allows them to obtain minerals and nutrients that are released during a fire before they are leached out of the soil. This likely increases the ability to recover quickly after
104:
The fungi can prevent heavy metals from traveling past the roots of the plant. They can also store heavy metals in their vacuoles. However, in some cases, the fungi do not decrease the uptake of heavy metals by plants but increase their tolerance. In some cases, this is done by increasing the overall
769:
Vogel-Mikuš, Katarina; Drobne, Damjana; Regvar, Marjana (2005). "Zn, Cd and Pb accumulation and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of pennycress
Thlaspi praecox Wulf. (Brassicaceae) from the vicinity of a lead mine and smelter in Slovenia".
425:
Vangronsveld, J; Colpaert, JV; Van
Tichelen, KK (1996). "Reclamation of a bare industrial area contaminated by non-ferrous metals: physico-chemical and biological evaluation of the durability of soil treatment and revegetation".
124:
helps plants increase their magnesium uptake in soils with low amounts of magnesium. However, plants in serpentine soils inoculated with fungus either showed no effect on magnesium concentration or decreased magnesium uptake.
167:
is expanding and is not well controlled. This area is characterized by soil depletion, soil erosion and droughts. It is very difficult for plants to grow in this region, and it is mostly filled with
599:
Doubková, Pavla; Suda, Jan; Sudová, Radka (2011-08-01). "Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on serpentine soils: the effect of native fungal communities on different
Knautia arvensis ecotypes".
105:
biomass of the plant so that there is a lower concentration of metals. They can also modify the response of the plant to heavy metals at the level of plant transcription and translation.
133:
Studies show that mycorrhizal symbionts of poplar seedlings are capable of preventing heavy metals reaching vulnerable parts of the plant by keeping the toxins in the
344:
Luo, Zhi-Bin; Wu, Chenhan; Zhang, Chao; Li, Hong; Lipka, Ulrike; Polle, Andrea (2014). "The role of ectomycorrhizas in heavy metal stress tolerance of host plants".
564:
Buchholz, Kenneth; Motto, Harry (1981). "Abundances and
Vertical Distributions of Mycorrhizae in Plains and Barrens Forest Soils from the New Jersey Pine Barrens".
494:
Rajkumar, M.; Sandhya, S.; Prasad, M.N.V.; Freitas, H. (November 2012). "Perspectives of plant-associated microbes in heavy metal phytoremediation".
721:
186:
commonly known as a mulberry, is a drought-resistant tree that can tolerate barren soils. It has been found that mulberry inoculated with
677:
Salemaa, Maija; Monni, Satu (2003). "Copper resistance of the evergreen dwarf shrub
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi: an experimental exposure".
529:
Meharg, Andrew A. (November 2003). "The
Mechanistic Basis of Interactions Between Mycorrhizal Associations and Toxic Metal Cations".
143:
plants in symbiotic relationships were more resistant to toxins because the fungi helped the plants grow below toxic layers of soil.
220:
which had been selected for increased uptake and sequestration of heavy metals. Analysis showed elevated cadmium concentrations in
202:
250:
growing in contaminated regions had higher rates of certain arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when compared to non-contaminated
301:
Hildebrandt, Ulrich; Regvar, Marjana; Bothe, Hermann (January 2007). "Arbuscular mycorrhiza and heavy metal tolerance".
464:
SHEORAN, Vimla; SHEORAN, Attar Singh; POONIA, Poonam (April 2016). "Factors
Affecting Phytoextraction: A Review".
650:
Lux, Heidi B.; Cumming, Jonathan R. (n.d.). "Mycorrhizae Confer
Aluminum Resistance to Tulip-Poplar Seedlings".
246:
from contaminated soils near a lead mine showed increased levels of cadmium, lead, and zinc. Furthermore,
386:"The heavy metal paradox in arbuscular mycorrhizas: from mechanisms to biotechnological applications"
50:
clade of fungi. Other types of fungi have been documented. For example, there is a case where zinc
819:
139:
51:
722:"Research of Ecological Restoration of Mycorrhizal Mulberry in Karst Rocky Desertification Area"
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The mycorrhizae allow the plants to increase their biomass, which increases their tolerance to
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121:
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agronomist Dr. Rufus Chaney in an effort to detoxify Pigs Eye
Landfill, a superfund site in
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relationship with plants can sequester toxic compounds from the environment, as a form of
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desert areas and, therefore, an increased rate of soil improvement and reduced erosion.
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are in part characterized by a low calcium-to-magnesium ratio. Studies indicate that
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254:. Since manual clean-up is usually inefficient and expensive, mycorrhiza colonized
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96:) that they excrete into their surroundings in order to digest them.
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has many heavy metal mines, which have caused significant regional
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Ferrol, Nuria; Tamayo, Elisabeth; Vargas, Paola (December 2016).
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85:
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80:. The fungi also stimulate the uptake of heavy metals (such as
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42:
These symbiotic relationships are generally between plants and
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United States
Department of Agriculture AgResearch Magazine
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Mycorrhizal amelioration of heavy metals or pollutants
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has a significant arbuscular mycorrhiza association.
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88:) with the enzymes and organic acids (such as
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744:"USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 43, No. 11"
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720:Xing, Dan; et al. (November 2014).
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732:(11): 1998–2002 – via EBSCOhost.
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726:Agricultural Science & Technology
566:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
346:Environmental and Experimental Botany
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652:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
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137:. Another study demonstrates that
16:Process involving plants and fungi
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508:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.04.011
224:biomass. It has been found that
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323:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.09.023
190:has increased survivability in
100:Mycorrhizae on plant toleration
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557:
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390:Journal of Experimental Botany
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699:10.1016/s0269-7491(03)00235-5
478:10.1016/S1002-0160(15)60032-7
440:10.1016/S0269-7491(96)00082-6
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147:Application in bioremediation
792:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.06.021
68:was inoculated in the soil.
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109:Colonization of barren soil
72:Mechanisms of the symbiosis
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38:Mycorrhizae-plant partners
621:10.1007/s11104-011-0785-z
543:10.1017/S0953756203008608
169:drought-resistant plants
151:In China's provinces of
58:was increased after the
772:Environmental Pollution
679:Environmental Pollution
428:Environmental Pollution
140:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
496:Biotechnology Advances
129:Resistance to toxicity
44:arbuscular mycorrhizae
22:is a process by which
188:arbuscular mycorrhiza
122:arbuscular mycorrhiza
531:Mycological Research
784:2005EPoll.133..233V
691:2003EPoll.126..435S
613:2011PlSoi.345..325D
358:2014EnvEB.108...47L
315:2007PChem..68..139H
213:. The team planted
403:10.1093/jxb/erw403
236:soil contamination
201:collaborated with
65:Paxillus involutus
537:(11): 1253–1265.
396:(22): 6253–6265.
258:may be useful in
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282:Phytoremediation
197:In 1993, artist
177:calciphilopteris
118:Serpentine soils
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52:phytoextraction
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820:Bioremediation
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805:
778:(2): 233–242.
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685:(3): 435–443.
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658:(4): 694–702.
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601:Plant and Soil
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572:(2): 268–271.
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472:(2): 148–166.
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309:(1): 139–146.
303:Phytochemistry
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272:Bioremediation
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260:bioremediation
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32:bioremediation
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752:. Retrieved
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78:heavy metals
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173:lithophytes
135:rhizosphere
90:acetic acid
28:mutualistic
26:fungi in a
24:mycorrhizal
466:Pedosphere
288:References
207:Saint Paul
182:Morus alba
94:malic acid
629:0032-079X
352:: 47–62.
262:efforts.
211:Minnesota
82:manganese
814:Category
800:15519454
707:12963307
637:29085114
551:15000228
516:22580219
448:15093499
412:27799283
331:17078985
266:See also
244:Slovakia
232:Slovakia
199:Mel Chin
179:plants.
163:, rocky
780:Bibcode
687:Bibcode
609:Bibcode
586:2484905
354:Bibcode
311:Bibcode
256:Thlaspi
252:Thlaspi
248:Thlaspi
240:Thlaspi
226:Thlaspi
222:Thlaspi
216:Thlaspi
161:Guangxi
153:Guizhou
86:cadmium
62:fungus
56:willows
46:in the
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754:May 9,
750:. 1995
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329:
157:Yunnan
633:S2CID
582:JSTOR
192:karst
54:from
796:PMID
756:2020
703:PMID
625:ISSN
547:PMID
512:PMID
444:PMID
408:PMID
327:PMID
203:USDA
175:and
159:and
92:and
84:and
788:doi
776:133
695:doi
683:126
660:doi
617:doi
605:345
574:doi
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539:doi
535:107
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398:doi
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350:108
319:doi
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